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03 October 2024 morning

2024 - Fourth part-session Print sitting

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Openning of the sitting No 30

Debate: Commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor – Ukraine once again faces the threat of genocide

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:09:48

Good morning.

The sitting is now open. 

 

I remind members that they should insert their badge before taking the floor. As you begin your speech, please press the microphone button once only.

The first item of business this morning is the debate on the Report titled “Commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor – Ukraine once again faces the threat of genocide” (Doc. 16028) presented by Mr Knut ABRAHAM on... sorry, by Lord Richard KEEN on behalf of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights.

 

In order to finish by 12:00 p.m., I will interrupt the list of speakers at about 11:45 a.m. to allow time for the reply and the vote.

Each speaker will have 4 minutes.

I call Lord Richard KEEN, rapporteur.

You have 7 minutes now, and 3 minutes at the end to reply to the debate.

Lord KEEN.

 

Lord KEEN, is your card inserted?

Lord Richard KEEN

United Kingdom, EC/DA, Rapporteur

10:11:12

Apologies, dear colleagues, for the slight time delay that we just experienced.

Good morning to all of you.

At the request of Mr Knut ABRAHAM, our rapporteur, I'm presenting this report before you on his behalf, as Chair of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights. Our German colleague could not cancel his important engagements at today's German Unity Day after the report was moved from Monday to this morning.

Colleagues, the Holodomor was an artificial famine organised by Joseph Stalin that killed between 3.9 and 10 million Ukrainians in the period from 1932 to 1933. The very fact that the numbers are so great and yet so imprecise gives some insight into the horror of these events.

The other two secret documents show that the famine was the intended result of the policies imposed by the Soviet Regime and not some collateral damage caused by the forced collectivisation of Soviet agriculture as was once claimed. This report summarises key findings based on newly disclosed evidence.

At the relevant time in Ukraine, there was no shortage of grain until the authorities confiscated even the seed grain for the following year. The confiscation of food targeted not only grain but all foodstuffs found on Ukrainian farms. The documents now disclosed include harrowing accounts by the perpetrators themselves of the brutal searches that were conducted even when families were already dead or dying in their homes. NKVD troops surrounded stricken villages and entire regions. They prevented the inhabitants from escaping and blocked any foodstuff from entering.

This artificial famine in the countryside was preceded by a campaign of show trials, enforced disappearances and other forms of repression against the Ukrainian intellectual elite in the cities. Whilst other regions of the Soviet Union also suffered from famine, these extraordinary measures were only used in Ukraine and in adjoining regions with a predominantly ethnic Ukrainian population. Indeed, the only other people suffering similar losses in proportion to their population were the Kazakhs, and they were both targeted by Joseph Stalin for similar reasons, namely their strong national revival and their independence movements.

In line with the position overwhelmingly shared by academic historians, the rapporteur considers the Holodomor to be an act of genocide. In agreement with the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, which unanimously adopted Mr Knut ABRAHAM's report in June, I suggest that the Assembly reconfirms this historical truth once again.

The criminal cases against Joseph Stalin and his inner circle, launched after the independence of Ukraine, could not lead to convictions. But what the rapporteur has referred to as the "court of history" should pass judgment on the perpetrators of this horrific crime and do so in the clearest possible terms. The report before you is intended to make a small contribution to this.

Colleagues, it is a matter of great concern that this report has gained topical relevance. Since February 2022, Ukraine is once again facing the threat of genocide. Statements made at the highest level in Russia deny the Ukrainian people's very right to exist as an independent nation. The brutal methods used by the Russian military in the war of aggression against Ukraine, for example, attacks on hospitals, schools, domestic apartment blocks, shopping centres, the electricity and water supplies. All this, and the actions of the illegal Russian authorities in the temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories, indicate their intentions. And that includes the forced recruitment of Ukrainians into the Russian military, forced passportisation, anti-Ukrainian propaganda in the schools. All of this shows that the statements made are more than empty threats.

The persecution of the Ukrainian political and cultural elite by the illegal occupation authorities and the systematic destruction of the cultural heritage of Ukraine demonstrate the intention of the Russian occupiers to destroy Ukrainian nationhood to the extent that they possibly can and wherever they can. The deportation of tens of thousands of Ukrainian children also amounts to an element of that genocide.

The report by a colleague, Mr Davor Ivo STIER, on the legal and human rights consequences of the Russian war of aggression includes many worrying examples of genocidal threats, as do our own ad hoc sub-committee members' findings during their visit to Kyiv, Bucha and Irpin in the summer of 2022, shortly after the Ukrainian army expelled the Russian occupiers from the suburbs of Kyiv.

Meanwhile, similar crimes have been documented by our Human Rights Commissioner and by UN observers in other regions liberated from Russian occupation. All this illustrates that such atrocities were not independent acts but rather examples of an intentional strategy.

Colleagues, in the draft resolution before you, it is proposed that we also recall the 1948 Genocide Convention. This convention legally obliges all contracting parties, including all member states of the Council of Europe, to take appropriate and necessary action to prevent and punish genocide or any attempt thereof.

As parliamentarians, we should therefore urge each of our governments to do their utmost to help the people of Ukraine to fight off the ongoing genocidal assault against their nation, against their people, and to hold the perpetrators to account.

Thank you for your attention, colleagues. I look forward to our discussion.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:18:29

Thank you, Lord KEEN.

In the debate, I call the first speaker.

You have 4 minutes to speak.

The first speaker is Mr Georgios STAMATIS on behalf of the Group of the European People's Party.

Mr Georgios STAMATIS

Greece, EPP/CD, Spokesperson for the group

10:18:43

Thank you, Mister President.

Allow me to speak in the Greek language. 

We must acknowledge what happened then. What exactly happened?

They want us to forget the genocide of the people. We must think about what happened to farmers during the time of collectivisation.

At the time, in Ukraine, human life was deemed to have no value by the Soviet system. Today we are here, many years later, at the Council of Europe, and we continue to follow history, we continue to follow the crimes committed, and we must never forget what happened. We must continue to follow events after the end of the war in Ukraine and transmit the message that genocide currently being perpetrated will never be forgotten because otherwise we might find ourselves again in a similar situation another time.

I'd like to thank the rapporteur because he is giving us the opportunity to say to all of you that all human beings have the same value.

Today, Russia does not appreciate the subject of today's discussion – it's the most important! We're talking about the truth, about history. We must be able to talk about it here. We must be able to ensure this matter be taught. We must pay tribute to the numerous victims of genocide, genocide throughout Europe. We must be aware of this.

It is only through democracy that nations can develop and co-exist. Today is an important day. I'd invite all of you to support this report in order to convey a message to Europe, to all of its citizens, and above all to its invaders from the Russian regime.

Nobody has the right to forget, because we, as the guardians of the rule of law, democracy, and human rights, today, we as the Council of Europe pay tribute to the millions of lives lost completely unnecessarily through forced hunger, the most barbarian form of suffering. A population which died from hunger, progressively, day by day, which makes the events even harder to bear. And it's important that each of us in our respective countries insist that genocide must continue to be part of history and must not be overlooked.

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:22:35

Thank you, Mister STAMATIS.

I now call Lord David BLENCATHRA.

Lord David BLENCATHRA

United Kingdom, EC/DA, Spokesperson for the group

10:22:44

Mister MORRIS, I am delighted to see you in the chair for this important debate. This is an excellent report by Mr Knut ABRAHAM and very ably presented by my colleague Lord Richard KEEN.

Of course, Vladimir PUTIN denies that the Holodomor ever happened. That's just another PUTIN lie, just as he says that Ukraine invaded Russia, not the other way around.

As this excellent report makes clear, the Soviet Union always claimed that the famine was just an act of God affecting the whole of Russia.

But with the collapse of the Soviet Regime, we can see from the files and documents released, that it was a deliberate initiative by Stalin to kill up to 10 million Ukrainian small farmers, so more an act of Satan than of God.

Like all socialist regimes, they wanted state control of the means of production of food. And when Ukrainian farmers objected, then the regime stole all their food, their animals, and even the seed grain.

Farmers who had left Ukraine were brought back to empty lands and empty barns and left to starve. And as the report makes clear, and as the documents make clear, between 4 to 10 million Ukrainians were murdered in this way. We should remember it because it was the first socialist holocaust with many more to follow as always happens with socialist regimes.

All told, the Soviet Socialist Regime under Stalin killed 35 million. The National Socialist Workers' Party in Germany of Hitler killed 6 million Jews in the Holocaust and 20 million others in World War II. The Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong killed 65 million. In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge, and Pol Pot killed another 2 million, and North Korea, about 3.5.

I wonder why it is always these extreme socialist governments which do it.

Now, where I do slightly disagree with the report is that it says that Ukraine again faces the "threat" of genocide. No. That genocide by PUTIN is already happening.

Russia has fired thousands of missiles into civilian housing, shops, and schools in Ukraine. PUTIN is deliberately targeting the civilian people of Ukraine. Now, the definition of genocide is contained in Article 2 of the Convention and describes genocide as a crime committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group in whole or in part.

Since 2022, 12 000 civilians have been killed in Ukraine, not as an accident or a collateral damage from a military attack, but in a deliberate attempt to kill as many Ukrainian civilians as possible and hope to break their morale.

And if Russia wins this war, then PUTIN will exterminate millions of Ukrainians or disappear them to the far north and east of Russia.

Thus, I call on all our governments to recognise the Holodomor as the first Holocaust. Not exactly the same as the Holocaust by Hitler against the Jews, but full-on genocide, nevertheless.

Now that we have the evidence from the official Soviet files, there is cast-iron proof that it was a deliberate genocide masterminded by the socialist regime of Stalin.

So, let's not let PUTIN get away with another lie. Let us all confirm in our national parliaments and countries that the Holodomor was genocide, the deliberate killing of Ukrainians.

Russia committed genocide against Ukraine 90 years ago, and they've started it again.

Let us condemn them for that.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:26:12

Thank you, Lord David BLENCATHRA.

I now call Ms Rian VOGELS of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Ms Rian VOGELS

Netherlands, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group

10:26:23

Thank you, Mister President,

This report commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor in Ukraine gives an important political signal to recognise and remember the cruelty of what happened in 1932 and 1933. Man-made famine by the regime of Stalin led to the death of millions of Ukrainians. It is of the utmost importance to give the victims the recognition they deserve.

Today, not only Russia’s use of food as a tool of war against Ukraine, but also the abduction of Ukrainian children and the ongoing military attacks echo the horror of the Holodomor.

At this moment around 30 countries recognise the Holodomor as genocide.

Genocide is defined in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

Although genocide was not yet recognised as an international crime at the time of the Holodomor, the Dutch Advisory Committee on Public International Law advised that by contemporary standards, the Holodomor could be qualified as genocide, insofar as the requirements of the crime genocide are met.

On the basis of this advice, the Dutch House of Representatives adopted a motion with 145 of the 150 votes that the famine in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933, deliberately caused by the Soviet regime, is recognised and condemned as genocide by contemporary standards.

For the European Liberals it is important that necessary investigations take place so that perpetrators of the crimes against humanity and war crimes can be held accountable.

All contracting parties to the Genocide Convention, including all member states of the Council of Europe, have a duty to prevent and punish any acts of genocide.

It is of the utmost importance to give victims the recognition they deserve. Recognition is necessary to shape a shared future, together.

Thank you.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:28:52

Thank you.

I now call Mr Andreas Sjalg UNNELAND from the Group of the Unified European Left party.

Mr Andreas Sjalg UNNELAND

Norway, UEL, Spokesperson for the group

10:29:04

Thank you. Thank you, President, and thank you, rapporteur,

The Holodomor is a dark chapter in human history. This atrocity, which claimed the lives of millions, was not a consequence of natural disaster or poor policy, but a calculated act of terror by the Soviet regime. It was a deliberate assault on the Ukrainian people, intended to crush their spirit, erase their identity, and secure domination.

The Holodomor was not merely about starvation. It was about control and subjugation, about breaking the backbone of Ukrainian nationhood. Ninety years later Ukraine faces again an attack on their nation. The illegal Russian invasion shows no respect for human lives. And we stand in solidarity with the Ukrainian people.

As we commemorate the atrocity Holodomor, we must recognise that the use of hunger as a weapon is not a relic of the past; it is a reality that continues to plague our world today.

The echoes of Holodomor are not confined to history books. In Gaza, we see how control over food and essential resources has been weaponised.

For years, the blockade of Gaza, which restricts the flow of goods including food and medical supplies, has created a humanitarian crisis where millions are trapped in a cycle of poverty, malnutrition, and despair. It is a situation that can only be described as collective punishment, aimed at breaking an entire population.

Now, a total 96 percent of the population of Gaza is facing acute food insecurity. Almost half a million of these are in catastrophic conditions according to the World Food Programme.

In July alone, more than 1.4 million people in Gaza did not receive food rations. At the same time, there was enough food for the entire population for two months on board trucks that are prevented from entering and are stuck at the border. Israel uses hunger as a weapon against the Palestinians.

In Sudan, hunger is also used as a tool of war. The deliberate obstruction of humanitarian aid in conflict zones has led to widespread famine and suffering. Armed groups and governments alike have used starvation to weaken their enemies and force populations into submission.

The tragic reality is that the weaponisation of hunger remains a powerful and devastating tool. It is a strategy that preys on the vulnerable, the marginalised, and the voiceless. It is a crime that transcends borders, from the fields of Ukraine in the 1930s to the besieged cities of Gaza and the war-torn regions of Sudan today.

We must hold to account those who use starvation as a means of war and oppression. We must demand that governments and armed groups respect the fundamental rights to food and aid, even in times of conflict.

As we remember the victims of the Holodomor and bear witness to the suffering in Gaza and Sudan, let us commit ourselves to action.

We must advocate for stronger international mechanisms to monitor and respond to the use of hunger as a weapon. We must support humanitarian efforts to reach those in need. And we must speak out, loud and clear, against any regime or group that would use starvation as a weapon.

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:32:39

Thank you, Sir.

I now call Ms Miapetra KUMPULA-NATRI from the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group.

Ms Miapetra KUMPULA-NATRI

Finland, SOC, Spokesperson for the group

10:32:51

Mister President, dear colleagues,

Clear blue sky above the yellow grain field, those are the colours of the Ukrainian flag, and this is a story of Ukrainian grain.

In 1932 and 33 the great famine of Ukraine, known as Holodomor, claims the lives of estimated at least 4 million people. Holodomor in English is "death by hunger". The great famine was intentional and targeted.

In 1932 the Kremlin decided how much grain would be obtained and exported from Ukraine. Stalin dismissed all concerns, recording the impossibility of meeting the targets and any dissenting voices were muted.

In this resolution this Assembly recognised the Holodomor of 1932 and 33, a genocide against Ukrainian people.

Ukraine was hit to a catastrophic extent. The borders were sealed to prevent the victims from leaving, which alone serves as a proof of intent to deliberately starve the victims. While Ukrainians continued to die from starvation, the USSR proceeded to ship millions of tons of Ukrainian grain to Moscow and abroad in hopes of securing more international influence. The leadership was acutely aware of the situation on the ground, yet chose not to help the starving.

Dear colleagues, we are here to commemorate the millions of victims of Holodomor from 92 years ago.

I would love to stand here to say "Never again!", but we are not there yet. We keep in our thoughts on men and women on the frontline fighting for Ukraine in this very moment. Furthermore, we are here to testify the atrocities of PUTIN's regime today. Today grain is once again a weapon. Russian has hit grain farms, fields, and warehouses, as well as ports through which the grains have been transported to the world. There are mines on the fields and so on.

The story of grain is once again about politics as much as it is about the hunger, where wheat has become a weapon that destabilises the entire world economy and with which Russia tries to blind its allies to spare influence.

We see the Russian Army deliberately attacking the civilian infrastructure and energy systems in Ukraine. Millions of households have lost power without warning. 50%, or some estimate says even 80%, of the Ukraine power generation capacity has been either occupied, destroyed or damaged. The upcoming winter presents a profound risk of an even deeper shortfall of energy supply.

Dear colleagues, please, when you travel back home, remind your governments and energy sector actors of the possibility to donate parts for the energy system and generators today, not 90 years ago, today.

We, the international community, need to see it today and act accordingly.

We parliamentarians here call all governments to do their utmost to help people in Ukraine to fight off ongoing genocidal assaults against their nation.

And I urge all of us not to let Russia destroy the future of the nation. Utmost efforts need to be done to help the children of the nation. Deportation of children must stop, and children deported need to be brought back.

In this report, we call International Criminal Court prosecutors to examine these crimes.

We acknowledge that we depend on each other, and we stand with Ukraine together today.

"War shows you that individualism is an illusion. When human connection disrupts, you realise how much you depend on them." said Ukrainian philosopher Volodymyr YERMOLENKO.

Slava Ukraini. ["Praise to Ukraine" in Ukrainian.]

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:37:01

Thank you.

I now call Ms Anna-Kristiina MIKKONEN.

Ms Anna-Kristiina MIKKONEN

Finland, SOC

10:37:10

Thank you, Mister Chairman.

Dear colleagues,

Several countries and the European Parliament have already recognised the Holodomor as genocide in Ukraine and as part of the Soviet Union's efforts to crush Ukraine as a cultural and ethnic entity in 1932 and 1933.

Recognition of the Holodomor, a man-made famine, as genocide was widely raised in discussions on the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor, in the midst of the war, following Russia's withdrawal from the Black Sea Grain Initiative.

The UN Secretary-General declared that "millions of starving people are suffering because of Russia's actions". Under the yoke of Russia's illegal war of aggression, Ukraine is once again fighting for its existence. Political and cultural elites are persecuted, and cultural heritage is systematically destroyed.

In times of war, the highest price is always paid by the most vulnerable, especially children. The forced transfer of civilians, of Ukrainian children, and their illegal adoption in Russia are particularly shocking. The number of deported and forcibly displaced children now stands at 19,146. This figure is incomprehensible. Incomprehensible. The fate of forcibly displaced children in Ukraine can also be described as genocide in nature. Russia must be held accountable for this war crime.

Russia's brutal war blatantly violates international law. Ukraine deserves a just and lasting peace, based on international law and respecting Ukrainian sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.

Finland's support will remain substantial.

Thank you very much.

Slava Ukraini.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:40:03

Thank you.

I now call Ms Yelyzaveta YASKO from Ukraine.

Ms Yelyzaveta YASKO

Ukraine, EPP/CD

10:40:12

Dear colleagues,

I want to tell you thank you for each of you who are giving a speech now about Holodomor.

I'm going to say thank you to the rapporteur, for the current chair who are presenting these.

[For] so many years, Ukrainians were waiting until Holodomor would be recognised as a genocide.

You know, at that time, times in the thirties, during Stalin's times, it was such a dramatic time. My great-grandmother used to be telling my mother that during Holodomor, she would go to her work, seeing some people on the street waiting for something. And a few hours later, when she would be going back, these people would be already dead, lying in the street because they didn't have food.

And I want to ask  here one question actually: why was the world silent about that?

Was there, at that time, no information about the fact that there was a famine? What was actually happening?

The fact was that there were reports, and there were countries, there were embassies that were present in Ukraine from different countries that were reporting to their capitals. But what was happening?

According to the archives, for instance, there were Italian diplomats who were reporting to Italy at that time. But at the time, there was Mussolini in Italy. So the Italian authorities actually said, we're not going to talk about that. The same was happening in Germany. There were reports coming to Germany.

Was the United States vocal about that? Unfortunately, no.

And there was one journalist that you may be aware of, a British journalist, his name is Mr Gareth JONES, who travelled to Ukraine. And he reported that there was a real famine, that when he was traveling, the people were screaming and saying, please say it to all the world, we don't have bread.

What happened to him? He was killed after some years, by – there are different versions, but the NKVD probably killed him. So that was the moment when actually the truth was so uncomfortable for so many countries. But there was no will to recognise this truth.

I am calling on this assembly that we talk about such things because the historical truth is so important.

You know, in Ukraine, you still have many families that will be saying today children, please don't leave your food. Always finish the food on your plate. The same would be happening with a piece of bread. If you have a piece of bread and you didn't finish eating it, never throw it in the trash bin. For us, this is something that is very deep in our genetical DNA, and everything that is connected to the grain and to the bread is very important.

I'm asking this Assembly, please, let's make sure that such terrible disinformation or silence about certain truths in history are not silenced for years. We are working on it, and never again.

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:44:10

Thank you, Miss YASKO, for an excellent speech.

I now call Mr Markus WIECHEL of the European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance of Sweden. 

Mr Markus WIECHEL

Sweden, EC/DA

10:44:24

Mister President,

I am most grateful to our rapporteur Mr Knut ABRAHAM for having prepared such a clearly written and factual report on one of the worst crimes on our continent committed in the last century, namely the deliberate starving to death of an estimated 10 million Ukrainians in the early 1930s.

For two years in a row, the harvest in Ukraine was confiscated by Stalin’s henchmen, and then either destroyed or taken to other parts of the Soviet Union. Not even the seeds foreseen for the following year’s harvest were spared!

The purpose was undoubtedly to wipe Ukraine, its people and its rich civilisation entirely off the map – especially since Stalin’s "hunger campaign" was accompanied by the elimination of Ukraine’s cultural and political elites in the cities.

And now, as the rapporteur’s report rightly points out, we have a sort of tragic repeat of that horror in the form of Russian bombs falling from the sky killing thousands of Ukrainian civilians and levelling entire cities to the ground. Not to mention trying to take out the country’s whole heating and energy network as winter approaches, with its long spells of polar cold.

This is something that we in the free parts of Europe must do our utmost to forestall so that the Holodomor of the 1930s is not followed these next few months by an also murderous "Holocold".

Finally, dear friends and colleagues, I fully agree with the rapporteur's recommendation that we call the Holodomor for what it really was, that is, attempted genocide!

This is an issue that I have raised for many years in my own parliament and I hope that many of you distinguished friends and colleagues will do the same in your respective parliaments, and that we now vow to do everything we can to try to ensure that it will not happen again.

Slava Ukraini [Glory to Ukraine!]

Thank you very much.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:46:30

Thank you.

I now call Ms Yevheniia KRAVCHUK from Ukraine.

Ms Yevheniia KRAVCHUK

Ukraine, ALDE

10:46:39

Dear colleagues, dear Chairman of the Committee,

I would like to thank you for this report and for this debate, and I would like to share my story.

Fifteen years ago I was a young journalist working on a documentary about the Holodomor. At that time we were able to film probably the last witnesses of this greatest tragedy of the Ukrainian people. They were kids at the time and their parents were deprived of everything in the 1930s. I was filming these interviews during the day, and when I was going back to the hotel room, I was crying half of the night. I could not understand how the world could just be so silent when millions of people were dying in the most famous country, most famous land with very rich soil, and that was named as the grain basket of Europe. Indeed, the diplomats were reporting, and in this film, we actually found these documents and diplomats of different embassies that were in Ukraine. They read these documents in Italian, in Polish, in German.

And we did go to Aberystwyth, Wales and filmed the diaries of Mr Gareth Jones, the American journalist. And you know what happened to him? He was blamed by Mr Walter Duranty, another journalist in the United States, that he was – Gary Jones was British. Duranty blamed him for lying to the world. And at the same time, Ukrainians who lived in other countries called as diasporas to help those who lived in Soviet Ukraine.

My family comes from the western part. It was Poland at the time. They didn't experience it. But we did find testimonies that Ukrainians were trying from the Polish side, were trying to give grain, and Soviet soldiers were putting this grain into the river that was a natural border between the countries, saying, there is no hunger.

And you know what? The unpunished evil always returns. And it returns right now with the genocide that Ukrainians are experiencing right now and the grandsons, great-grandsons, of those who were coming to Ukrainian houses and taking the grain away, now they're coming to Ukrainian houses to kill, to rape, and to occupy.

Now Ukraine has a voice. Now Ukraine has members of parliament here speaking. Now Ukraine has a state. We have an army, and we are fighting back. That is the difference right now.

We have support from you right now. Thank you for all the resolutions that were passed in your parliaments saying that the Holodomor was a genocide of the Ukrainian people, because the truth has to win, and at the end of the day, justice must prevail.

Thank you so much.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:50:03

Thank you, Madam.

I now call Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO from Ukraine.

Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO

Ukraine, EPP/CD

10:50:16

Hello colleagues,

Thank you for this extremely important debate.

I see a lot of youth representatives here, who might hear the world "Holodomor" for the first time in their lives.

I would like to explain why this historical document is so important and why it is linked to Austria, Britain, and my home city Kharkiv, which was heavily bombarded by the Russian missiles yesterday, and many people were wounded, including a three-year-old child.

So, colleagues, in 1933, Austrian engineer Alexander Wienerberger arrived to Kharkiv very, very randomly. He was not going there on purpose, and he took the first photographs of the Holodomor ever taken on the planet Earth. He had very extended diplomatic links, which gave him an opportunity to share these photographs. So, the world found out for the first time in 1933 that a famine, that deprivation from the right to food, from the right to eating what you grow on the fields at home, existed.

Imagine in 2022, when Russia relaunched the war and started a full-scale aggression on us, his great-granddaughter, British photographer Samara PEARCE, after 90 years, arrived in Kharkiv. She took a picture in the places where civilians were bombarded, where many people died, many children died, many people lost everything they were working for all their life because of the crime of aggression of Russia.

Samara has become a main lady from the movie called Family Album. I'm sure it will receive all the possible awards in film festivals, and I highly recommend showing it. But what it brings to our understanding is that the crime of genocide, which we called in a previous resolution "possible genocide", maybe a genocide. Now it clearly states that what Stalin had been doing to us, deliberately depriving of grain my great-grandparents, the great-grandparents of my colleagues and all Ukrainians, was a deliberate act of genocide, which is continuing up until today.

I think, colleagues, this text clearly shows, and it calls to take all the perpetrators to justice, those who planned and ordered to commit these crimes. Therefore, we think there can be more International Criminal Court orders, because on a daily basis civilians, not military, but civilians, are deliberately targeted.

You may say it's not linked, but now I have to mention the Amendment by Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS from the Estonian delegation. Just a year ago, we became the first international institution to call that it's legitimate to target Russian territory: the oil refineries, the places where Russian airplanes are starting to bombard my home city, Kharkiv, and many other places in Ukraine, where people are peacefully sleeping.

Dear youth, our students and children can't study in my city, Kharkiv. Children are studying in metro schools, underground, because a rocket can kill them at anytime. So, they are deprived not only of food sometimes, but also for the right to education, for the right to peaceful living, for all the rights which are enshrined in European Convention of Human Rights.

Please, colleagues, if you haven't done so, pass same resolutions in the national parliaments.

Let's call for the ICC to issue extra warrants, extra sanctions, long-range decisions for the Ukrainian army to defend Europe yet again.

Thank you.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:54:28

Thank you, Mariia.

And now I call Ms Nadejda IORDANOVA from Bulgaria. 

Ms Nadejda IORDANOVA

Bulgaria, NR

10:54:37

Thank you, Mister Chair,

Dear colleagues,

Holodomor means hunger meant to inflict that. These are the semantics of our universally recognised historical term. The very name of the massive starvation cries out that the famine was intentionally brought upon its victims. The Holodomor in the 1930s was methodically planned and executed by the Soviet regime. As Ukrainian farmers were starving to death, the authorities confiscated more than four million tons of grain, an amount which would have been enough to feed 12 million people per year. Millions of Ukrainians died because of that despicable, horrendous crime: children, men, women.

Among them there were at least 100 000 ethnic Bulgarians. They were killed in one of the most despicable crimes of the twentieth century. Yet again, the horrors of the totalitarian regime set a pattern. Horror repeated just 14 years later. Similarly intentional policies of the Stalin regime led to the same terror famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1946 and 1947.

One ethnic Bulgarian, having survived that period as a little kid, tells a story of cannibalism, mass graves, and entire families being wiped out after the Stalinists have taken away their grain at gunpoint.

And I agree with our esteemed colleague Ms Yevheniia KRAVCHUK that unpunished evil returns again.

Now in the 20th [sic] century, Ukrainian people are facing horror again. Long before the full scale invasion on 24 February 2022, Putin officials openly portrayed Ukrainians as Russians while rejecting their nation state as a mere historical part of Russia. In the past month, Putin has been fighting a war of systematic terror with an emphasis on a scorched earth military strategy, making it impossible for Ukrainians to live in their land.

Today, in these tremendously trying times, it is our duty to remember the crimes against the people of Ukraine and to help them to fight off the ongoing genocidal assault against their nation.

On 1 February 2023, the Bulgarian parliament recognised Holodomor as a genocide against Ukraine and designated each last Saturday of November as a day for commemorating the victims of Holodomor.

I am proud that I was one of those 134 Bulgarian parliamentarians who supported this decision, because we should never forget.

Commemorating the 90th anniversary of Holodomor comes with a moral imperative for all of us to help the Ukrainian people, protect them from Mr Vladimir PUTIN's genocidal campaign by all and any means possible.

The horror of genocide must be stopped now.

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

10:58:18

Thank you.

I now call Mr Rostyslav TISTYK from Ukraine.

Mr Rostyslav TISTYK

Ukraine, EC/DA

10:58:26

Dear Chairman,

Dear colleagues, 

Dear rapporteur, 

Dear youths,

Today we commemorate the 90th anniversary of one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Ukrainian people, the Holodomor of 1932–33, which was deliberately organised by the Soviet regime with the aim of destroying the Ukrainian nation.

For Ukraine, the topic of the Holodomor is very painful because it's not just a page of history, but a national tragedy, the consequences of which we still feel. Even today there are living witnesses of this terrible crime who survived the horrors of artificial hunger and saw the death of their relatives and friends.

After the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, we are once again faced with the reality of the horrors of the past. The actions of the Russian Army in the occupied territories, the mass murders in Bucha and Irpin, and the use of prohibited weapons and the forced deportation of Ukrainian children are all part of the same policy of destroying the Ukrainian nation.

Russia wipes off Ukrainian cities and villages in the war zone from the face of the earth. Such places as Mariupol, Bakhmut, Popasna, Maryinka, Kreminna and many, many others have become symbols of barbarism with destroying buildings and the lives of million people.

Thousands of families were were left without homes, entire families were destroyed, and now only ruins are left there. Next to the living witnesses of the Holodomor there are hundreds of thousands of witnesses of the terrible crimes of the Russian occupiers. These people can tell firsthand about the cruelty and atrocity they encountered in the 21st century. Ukraine has once again become a victim of criminal aggression and the world is once again witnessing new attempts to destroy our national identity.

Russian propaganda openly denies the existence of the Ukrainian people as an independent nation. Perhaps the world should think about whether it's time to overthrow the empire that has continued to wreak chaos, war, and suffering for over a century. Perhaps the fragmentation of its territory into small safe countries would be a guarantee of peace not only for Ukraine but also for the whole world.

We call on the international community to use all available mechanisms to counter this terrible development.

Countries that have signed the Convention on the Prevention of Genocide must take decisive measures to prevent further crimes against the Ukrainian people.

Today, while we commemorate the Holodomor victims, we cannot remain silent about modern threats. Ukraine is once again facing the reality of genocide, and the world has no right to remain aloof.

Thank you for your attention. Slava Ukraini [Glory to Ukraine!].

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:01:38

Thank you.

I now call Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS from Lithuania.

He's not here.

I shall now call Mr Oleksii GONCHARENKO, Ukraine.

Mr Oleksii GONCHARENKO

Ukraine, EC/DA

11:02:05

Dear Chairman, dear colleagues,

First of all, I would like to thank Mr Knut ABRAHAM, rapporteur on this very important issue. Unfortunately, Mr Knut ABRAHAM is not with us today. Today is the National Day of Germany, German Unity Day. My congratulations to all our German friends. It's a pity that he is not here presenting his very valuable report.

Maybe people who are listening to us now in translation, or those young people who are watching us, they're thinking about why these people are speaking about history. Yeah, what was in the 1930s is important, but it was many years ago, almost 100 years ago. Maybe they are just crazy, some people speaking about some old stuff. There was no YouTube at that time in the world, and that was another world at that time, right? What are we speaking about?

We're speaking about what happened at that time, because it has happened again now, and it's happening right now.

Russia is, again, committing genocide against Ukrainians. It is very important to understand what happened two years ago when Russia again started a full scale invasion; 10 years ago, when they started the war against Ukraine.

It's not something new. It's a pattern. They've continued for a long time and like it was 100 years ago in the 1930s.

Do you know who the winner of Pulitzer Prize was in 1932? Mr Walter Duranty. He was the head of The New York Times, the chief correspondent of The New York Times in Moscow. He was saying nobody is starving in Ukraine. Nobody is starving. Soviet Russia is great. They are doing industrialisation. Oh! The New York Times! The New York Times!

The same is happening right now when many, you can hear a lot of Russian propaganda all around you saying, "Oh, no, Russia has the right to attack Ukraine. Oh, it's not just so simple. It's not just that Russia is a crazy dictatorship and barbarians who are killing people." They are crazy barbarians. They did it one hundred years ago. They're doing this now.

They're interested not just in Ukraine. That's important. When we're speaking about the Holodomor, I want to raise your attention [to the fact] that Russia wants to use food as a leverage against all of you. First of all, against poor countries, against Africa, against Asia, against the Middle East, in order for them to suffer, to sow as much chaos in the world as possible, in order to make new waves of migrants who will run away from starvation here in Europe or in other places. That's their aim, and that's why they are attacking Ukraine.

That's why they are so interested in Odesa, my native city, the biggest city on the Black Sea shore. The biggest city, period. Not just in Ukraine. The biggest harbours of the Black Sea. One of the biggest agricultural harbours of the world.

Ukraine is feeding 400 million people in the world. It's not my estimation. Those are United Nations estimations. Just imagine 400 million people and 80% of this is coming through the ports of Odesa. That's why Russia has been blocking the ports of Odesa from the first day of the full scale invasion, attacking, missile attacks. They're doing everything they can to make people suffer and starve throughout the whole planet. That's their plan. They want to occupy Odesa. They want to occupy southern Ukraine to increase their control over the world's food, because today Russia is one of the big exporters. They want to become number one. That's what they are doing, and we need to stop it. We need to speak about food security. We need to protect the Black Sea. We need to protect Odesa. We need air defence and everything else immediately.

This year we started the Black Sea Security Forum in my native city, in Odesa. Next year there will be the next one, at the end of May. I want to invite all of you who are interested to come to Odesa to see for yourself the port which is feeding 400 million people in the world. Understand how important it is to support us today. Together, we can stop starvation in the world, we can prevent it, and we can stop this awful Russian empire.

The Holodomor should never ever happen again, not in Ukraine, not in other places of the world.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:06:27

Thank you, Oleksii.

Now I call Ms Regina BASTOS from Portugal.

Ms Regina BASTOS

Portugal, EPP/CD

11:06:36

Thank you, Chair.

This report is a warning to us all and appeal to those who have shown contempt for human rights

I want to express my gratitude to the rapporteur and to Lord Richard KEEN for this.

History repeats itself. What happened to the Ukrainian people in the 1930s and became known as the Holodomor could happen again. Holodomor, an artificial famine caused by Soviet authorities that ended up causing the deaths of many millions of Ukrainians. Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine and the war that lasts 2 years and 7 months are today a real risk of repeating some practices against the Ukrainian population.

We strongly condemn this war of aggression unleashed by Vladimir PUTIN's regime against Ukraine.

For us it is clear that the people of Ukraine are fighting for the survival of democracy and freedom and for the future of all of us. And that is why we should all be deeply grateful.

The Portuguese Portugal has supported Ukraine, from the outset, with military equipment, other types of goods, or even with the availability to receive Ukrainian refugees.

The Portuguese Parliament approved 7 years ago a vote recognising the Holodomor as a genocide, highlighting that it was planned in a cruel way by the Soviet communist regime, and also expressed its solidarity with the Ukrainian people and condemned all forms of totalitarianism and all types of violations and crimes against humanity, such as those that occurred in the 1930s in Ukraine.

It is immoral and unacceptable that ongoing war is deliberately creating a global food crisis, with Russia destroying and looting Ukraine's grain warehouses and continuing to hinder the export of Ukrainian grain to countries most in need.

We cannot relent or relax our support for the Ukrainian people fighting to defend their country from Russian invaders, as such we all have an obligation to prevent a Holodomor from occurring again.

We will only succeed if we act together and in solidarity.

Thank you very much.

 

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:09:31

Thank you, Madam.

I now call Ms Lesia VASYLENKO from Ukraine.

Ms Lesia VASYLENKO

Ukraine, ALDE

11:09:39

Thank you, President, and thank you to our rapporteur, Mr Knut ABRAHAM, who is not with us today, but he has brought back the topic of Holodomor to this Assembly and he has reinstated historic justice by calling the Holodomor what it really is. The crime of crimes, the crime of genocide that has been committed by Russian leadership against the Ukrainian people in the 1930s.

The Holodomor was just that, the crime of crimes. It was a man-made famine against the people of Ukraine by Russian leadership which was systemically induced, which was artificial and which was directed at millions of people from one ethnic group: the Ukrainians.

From that starvation, between 7 and 10 million Ukrainians have died. Every single family to this day in Ukraine can still recount stories of the Holodomor and the details of the stories the atrocities that were happening in those days. They can only be matched by the stories and witnesses that you heard yesterday from the families of our prisoners of war and of all those Ukrainians that returned from Russian prisons, Russian concentration camps, and the territories that Russia occupies today in Ukraine.

The inhumanity of the Russian regime continues because it has been allowed to continue.

You have heard from my colleagues previously that history tells us that the international community knew exactly what was going on in Ukraine in the 1930s and also knew who was responsible for it. The same today. We know exactly that Russia is the aggressive state. We know exactly that Russia is committing crime after crime on a daily basis, by bombing our cities, by stealing our children, by eradicating the Ukrainian people. This is the goal that Russia is allowed to pursue. Why? Because Russia went unpunished.

The crime of 1932 and 1933, Holodomor, the man-made famine, was never punished. That crime, Russia has done every single thing it could do to make sure that it was never designated, defined as genocide. And because the international community, only 30 countries or so today, recognise Holodomor as a genocide, because there is no unity around it, there was no accountability of the Russian leadership. There was no responsibility by the Russian leadership.

What this means today is that a green light was perceived by the new Russian leadership, that they can go on doing crime after crime without being punished. And this is exactly what they are doing.

Closing eyes, averting eyes from injustices means more injustices in this world. And today it is our responsibility, based on this report, based on the recommendations of this report, to make sure that every single country, member state of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, but also beyond, recognises Holodomor as the genocide of the Ukrainian people.

Only by restoring historic justice can we make sure that justice goes on in this world and that no more injustices are repeated. All we can do, and all we must do is bring an end to crimes, atrocities and injustices. And this can be done only by unified solidarity from all of us.

Russia continues to use food as a weapon of war, to use grain as a weapon of war. By not allowing exports of grain from Ukraine, by blocking the seas and the maritime routes, Russia is today depriving nations in Africa, in Asia, in the Middle East, of the crucial grain, the crucial food that they need. And they already have famines going on there.

So history is repeating itself.

Let's make sure that the words "never again", which sound very many times in this room today, really start to mean something.

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:13:57

Thank you, Madam.

I now call Ms Iryna KONSTANKEVYCH from Ukraine.

Ms Iryna KONSTANKEVYCH

Ukraine, EC/DA

11:14:08

Dear President and colleagues, I would like to thank for this report and comprehensive analysis of the Holodomor in Ukraine as genocide.

Despite almost 100 years that separate us from those tragic events when up to 7 million Ukrainians were starved, this issue has become relevant anyway.

Russia's full scale aggression against Ukraine is a direct continuation of the genocide and component of Russia's imperial policy for 300 years.

The nation issue has always been the main topic, with social, political, and religious persecutions.

The whole 20th century and nowadays, Ukrainians as a nation have been subject to various forms of persecution, destruction and assimilation by the Russian regimes of Tsar STALIN, PUTIN and other rulers of Russia. Nothing has changed for the last 100 years, only the names of the rules of Russia have changed, but the genocide against Ukraine is unchanged.

The famous writer and artist Volodymyr VYNNYCHENKO once said "Russia's democracy ends where the Ukrainian issue begins".

I have moral authority to say that today, as descendant of the family on my mother's side, 70% of whom died of hunger, I have the right to say, as a university professor who lectures a course of Ukrainian literature of the 20th century, that the 20 years were the revival of Ukrainian literature, theatre, cinema, painting, education, science, and journalism. However, all those creators of Ukrainian culture and sciences were tortured in camps and physically destroyed later on. The renaissance of Ukraine and Ukrainians became the "Executed Renaissance". This is a term of the Polish publicist and politician Jerzy GIEDROYC.

We don't want the history of 20th century to happen again. We don't want the citizens of Ukraine to suffer genocide simply because they are Ukrainians.

I call on you to support the speaker's appeal to all national parliaments regarding to recognising the Holodomor as a genocide of the Ukrainian people. Name the perpetrators and recommend the prosecution by the International Criminal Court.

Thank you.

Slava Ukraini.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:17:11

Thank you, ma'am.

I now call Mr Jan Filip LIBICKI.

Sir, can you please make sure your card is in the slot.

Mr Jan Filip LIBICKI

Poland, EPP/CD

11:17:36

Mister Chair, dear colleagues,

First, I would like to thank Mr Knut ABRAHAM and Lord Richard KEEN very much for this very important and even shocking report. 

In this report, we are actually talking about two events: about the great famine, which took place 90 years ago in Ukraine, and which we commemorate and we commemorate up to 10 million Ukrainian citizens who died. We commemorate not only the victims. We also recall this – one could say the satanic plan of the Stalinist regime – as a result of which millions of inhabitants of a country that under normal conditions could feed the inhabitants of all of Europe died of hunger. This is the first part of this report.

The second part talks about the unprecedented, brutal Russian aggression against Ukraine, as a result of which thousands are killed, thousands lose their homes, hundreds of children are abducted, and thousands of injured people will never regain their former fitness and will need support.

But the key element of this report is to point out that although these two events are separated by 90 years, they have one fundamental issue in common. What they have in common is the belief of the authorities of former Soviet Russia and now the Russian Federation that Ukrainians have no right to independence, to their country. So, both of these events are connected by Russian imperialist thinking, which leads to denying neighbouring countries the right to independence and self-determination and that for Russia, despite the hope expressed here by Vladimir KARA-MURZA, nothing has changed on this matter.

This is the essence of Russian imperialism that must be constantly pointed out. Mr Knut ABRAHAM and Lord Richard KEEN's report clearly indicates this. That's why it is so important and valuable.

Thank you very much, Mister Chair.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:20:16

Thank you, Mister LIBICKI.

I now call Mr Serhii SOBOLIEV, from Ukraine.

Mr Serhii SOBOLIEV

Ukraine, EPP/CD

11:20:26

Thank you, Mister Chair.

First of all, I want to thank the author of this report that opens the terrible shadow pictures and pages of world history and especially of Ukrainian history.

Everybody knows about the atrocities of the hundreds of deaths at the beginning of the 1920s. There is a lot of literature about this and it was really hungry days all over the only forming new Russian empire. But nobody knows that in the Hoover Library and Hoover's Archive, the biggest archive of the soviet period, there are a lot of pages that the only places where it was prohibited in the beginning of the 1920s to go for American and European expeditions that helped millions and millions of people to survive, it was the territory of Ukraine in Kuban, where Ukrainians are living this time.

It's very important to understand why in this report you can find places such as Kuban, Kursk, of course Ukraine, the northern Kazakhstan. Somebody asked, it's not ethnocide, it was again the hungry death Holodomor of all peoples of Soviet Russia. But the most important, if you will identify these places, you will see that it's places where mostly from 70% to 90% each were Ukrainian population. In northern Kazakhstan, in Kuban, in Kursk, and of course in the territory of Ukraine.

So it was ethnocide that was organised by the new formed Russian empire after Tsar empire. It's important to understand that the figures from 4 to 10 million dead people, it's impossible now to identify because everything was closed. It was impossible to the representatives of international community even to go to these places. Even in the beginning of the 1920s it was possible to enter the Soviet Union and to help, and we know about this help from the United States and Europe. During this period all these zones were closed and everybody knows that it was closed for a long, long period of time.

And the author of this report opened these horrible pages of world history and gave us a new possibility to analyse how Russia organised the killing of millions of millions and million Ukrainians for a long period of time.

Once again, they organised this at the beginning of 2022.

We can understand that it was a period of prosperity of Ukraine when we can export millions and millions of tons of grains all over the world. So it was impossible to organise Holodomor against Ukraine. So they organised the open aggression first in 2014 and then in 2022.

And we can see how it's the same methods of Russia when they are bombing Odessa and other ports in order to organise again Holodomor in Ukraine and not only in Ukraine but all over the world, especially in Africa and Asia.

So I think that this report is very important to find real pages of world history and to punish PUTIN and his regime for all these atrocities as well as with a regime of Stalin, Tsar regime and all others.

Thank you.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:24:46

Thank you, Serhii.

I now call Ms Lesia ZABURANNA from Ukraine.

Ms Lesia ZABURANNA

Ukraine, ALDE

11:24:56

Dear Chairman, dear rapporteur,

We highly appreciate that now we have the possibility to discuss such important questions and [these are] not important questions only for Ukraine, but for all the world.

Actually, what is the world's biggest mistake? Maybe now for all of the democratic world, it is that we do not learn from our mistakes in the past.

In the beginning of the 20th century, in the centre of Europe, we had a really awful tragedy. We had a special manmade famine, the Holodomor.

I have the honour of representing the Ukrainian delegation, and I would like to tell you that each of us has their own personal story. I also would like to tell you about my family story.

My grandmother was born in the central part of Ukraine. This is the richest region for wheat production. But when the Holodomor was started in Ukraine, she was two years old. She was a very interesting, funny girl. She played, she ran, but at one [point] she stopped doing it because she was hungry. And [at] four years old, she started to learn to walk again. Please imagine at four years old, she started to walk again.

What we have now, we have now the same situation. It's not only about Ukraine. But if we talk about our country, you know that Ukraine is really a bread basket of Europe and not only for Europe but for all the world.

Despite the war in our country in 2022, our president started a big initiative for the [whole] world, a special initiative "Grain from Ukraine". But since the beginning of the Russian invasion, Ukrainian exports of grain have been severely disrupted.

If we talk about the figures, I would like to say that over 50% of 15 African countries' wheat imports came from Ukraine.

So, if we talk about the Holodomor, about being hungry in the world, we have it now, right now, because of Russian activity, because of the Russian aggression policy.

Our national memory has always been and should continue being a source of strength and resilience. Empowered by the spirits of the past, we are guided in our way of fighting for identity and freedom. It's high time to stand in solidarity with Ukraine, to reaffirm our commitment to combating dictatorship, tyranny, and human rights.

Today we have a complicated task: to preserve the memory of those who suffered and ensure their stories are not forgotten, do everything possible to save as many stories of today as possible. The horrors of the Holodomor and realities of today remind us of the price of freedom that we paid for the chance to have a country, state, nation, and soul.

Thank you very much.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:29:07

Thank you, Lesia.

I now call Ms Boriana ÅBERG from Sweden.

Ms Boriana ÅBERG

Sweden, EPP/CD

11:29:14

Mister President, dear colleagues,

Holodomor – from the Ukrainian words for famine and death - is the name of the catastrophic famine in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. A tragedy that has not received the recognition it deserves. A terrible famine disaster where 20 people died every minute, 1 200 lives were extinguished every hour, 28 000 died every day, totalling 10 million people.

Holodomor is the Holocaust of famine, orchestrated by the barbaric Soviet communist regime.

In true communist fashion - where promises of freedom and prosperity always end in oppression, hunger and murder.

Mass starvation has never occurred in democratic countries, only under dictatorships like the Soviet Union, China, Cambodia and North Korea.

In Ukraine, this mass starvation was a direct result of the forced collectivisation of farmers and Stalin's goal to crush the Ukrainian people.

Everything was confiscated – livestock, grain, flour. Hiding food was punishable by death. Stalin used the skeletal hand of famine to force Ukrainians into the kolkhoz.

While people starved, Soviet propaganda blamed Ukrainian farmers for the crisis. The famine in Europe’s breadbasket was described as sabotage, orchestrated by Ukrainian nationalists in their struggle to break away from the Soviet Union.

Do you recognise this rhetoric, dear colleagues? Do you see how history repeats itself? Just as Stalin did, PUTIN is now committing genocide against the Ukrainians – bombing kindergartens and hospitals, abducting children and executing civilians.

What we are witnessing today is another ethnic and political genocide. PUTIN seeks to destroy Ukraine, driven by his fear of Ukrainian democracy and independence, which threaten his autocratic regime.

In November 2003, ahead of the 70th anniversary of Holodomor, Ukraine urged the UN to recognise it as a genocide committed by the Soviet Regime. Russia vetoed it.

Today, in this Assembly, we must acknowledge Holodomor as an act of genocide against Ukrainian people. And we must do everything in our power to help Ukraine fight off this ongoing genocidal assault. We must punish the war criminals, create mechanisms for compensation and rebuild Ukraine.

Slava Ukraini [Glory to Ukraine!]

 

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:33:33

Thank you for that impassioned speech.

I now call Mr Dmytro NATALUKHA from Ukraine.

Mr Dmytro NATALUKHA

Ukraine, EC/DA

11:33:48

Dear President, thank you very much, dear colleagues, for this report, to Mr Knut ABRAHAM, to Lord Richard KEEN.

The report reminds us that there has been no repentance, no repentance throughout history for all the crimes committed by Russia, the Russian Empire, the USSR, whatever it has been called throughout history. What matters is that the spirit stays the same. An imperial colonial spirit, an autocratic spirit, a spirit that was driven by destruction, by death. And the Holodomor literally means "to exterminate by famine". One might think, what is wrong with those guys? I mean, with Russians and the Ukrainians, they have a war now and they used to have this Holodomor back in the twenties. How come it's still happening? Some of you might have heard it for the first time, especially our honoured guests here. Some of you might know of it, but this is precisely the consequence of the imperial policy that Russia keeps on applying in the territory of Ukraine.

You see, the problem is, the difference between Eastern imperialism and Western imperialism used to be, thank God, that Western imperialism was all about not providing the opportunity to reach up to the titular nation of the empire. Russian imperialism is very different. The essence of Russian imperialism is that if you think that you are not Russian, then you are a deviation, and they should exterminate you. Either you should be Russian or you should be wanting to become one. There is no other option. This is the only way. That is why Russia has been historically exterminating other nations, cultures, languages, history, religions, because the Russians think that other countries are a deviation and "which countries do not belong to Russia?". The former emperor of Russia, Alexander III, said, literally, "Russia never ends anywhere." Anywhere! This is the position.

So it means, for the moment, those who are suffering are the countries that Russia can physically reach. But it has no intention to end there. It will be considering a deviation any further nation, any further population that will be within its reach. It will be weaponising every single thing it can to exterminate these populations: children, hunger. They will be weaponising food. They would be weaponising air if they had invented how to do it. This is the real tragedy because throughout all these years, throughout all these centuries of gory, brutal imperialism, there has never ever been any repentance. The absence of this repentance by Russia, by the Russians, and by the government of Russia is the direct consequence of the war we are seeing today. I am so thankful we are bringing up this topic of the Holodomor which is incredibly crucial, but it symbolises that we still need the Russians to repent, to turn this page and then basically leave this story in history however sad it might be. But the repentance should come, and this resolution is there to remind the people about the necessity to stop this evil, to stop this imperialism, and to make Russians repent.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:37:53

Thank you.

I now call Ms Marianne BINDER-KELLER from Switzerland.

Ms Marianne BINDER-KELLER

Switzerland, EPP/CD

11:38:01

Dear Chair,

Dear colleagues,

I allow myself to speak in my mother tongue, German. And thank you for this report.

It shows the mercilessness of the Stalinist dictatorship and the diabolical concept. To eliminate a nation, you stage a famine and kill the pillars of society.

You have read the report, I don't need to summarise it. But in times of galloping historical oblivion, in times in which personal opinions and ideologies subjugate the facts, in times in which propaganda lies soften the brains, it is fundamental. It brings history to mind and leaves us no escape from reality.

This report shows the mechanisms of dictatorships and terror regimes in Stalin's time, in the Third Reich, in some of today's fundamentalist religious groups, in today's omnipotence and great power fantasies of some racist and fundamentalist concepts.

I am a child of the Cold War. Europe was divided by a wall. Today is the day of remembrance of the fall of the Wall. Anyone who wanted to escape the dictatorship was shot at the Wall. I will never understand how voices can be heard in the western part of Europe talking about the last descendant and kipper of the communist dictatorship, a KGB spy. After all, the very values that we in the West so naturally demand for ourselves and for which we are fighting here in this Council are in danger in Ukraine.

This report records history and reminds us that it is repeating itself. With a similar concept, namely the targeted eradication of another country's culture, cultural assets, the destruction of vital infrastructure, energy sources, water catchments, the mining of cornfields, attacks on the civilian population, the kidnapping of people.

Never again. That is the slogan of this report. It is about preventing any repetition of these crimes against humanity.

Never again. That was the slogan after the Second World War. If Jewish children in Europe no longer dare to go to school today or if there are cries for Sharia law in the streets of the West, then we have failed. Let us stand up against falsification and propaganda. It is the weapon of demagogues and dictators. Let us stand up for freedom and international law. They are our weapons.

They are being defended in Ukraine right now.

Thank you.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:41:25

Thank you.

May I now call Ms Olena MOSHENETS from Ukraine.

Ms Olena MOSHENETS

Ukraine, ALDE

11:41:31

Dear colleagues,

We thank Mr Mr Knut ABRAHAM for his excellent report.

Hungry eyes, pale faces, cold, thin hands and the same question, "Do you have any bread?" These are the words of Ukrainian journalist Nadiya SUKHORUKOVA who, together with her family, survived the occupation of Mariupol by Russian troops. She writes that people in Mariupol did not have bread, did not have food, were dying of hunger and cried with happiness when they received the first piece of bread after the occupation.

Those who survived cried but many Ukrainians died from Russian bombs and starvation. There are thousands of such testimonies and this is the real genocide of Ukrainians but the Russians have not invented anything new. The totalitarian regime has already killed Ukrainians through starvation. More than 90 years ago, Moscow committed genocide against the Ukrainian people by organising artificial hunger. The destruction of the political and cultural Ukrainian elite and then of millions of peasants who formed the backbone of the Ukrainian nation was meant to be genocide. The Soviet Regime organised it through total confiscation of food, blockade and terror. Ukraine lost between four and 10 million human lives as a result of Holodomor.

We thank the parliament and governments of the countries that have recognised the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people. We are also grateful for the recognition of the Holodomor as a genocide by international organisations – the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the European Parliament, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the United Nations Human Rights Council and others.

However, today the genocide has returned to our land brought by Russian troops who once again want to destroy the Ukrainian nation. To do this, the occupiers killed and deported, destroyed cities and stole our grain. They do not hesitate to boast about stealing grain from the occupied territories of Ukraine.

Since 2022, Russia and its partners have sold nearly 1 billion Dollars worth of grain stolen from Ukraine. As the rapporteur correctly pointed out, the deportation of tens of thousands of Ukrainian children can also be an element of genocide. The information campaigns of the Holodomor and the current Russian aggression are very similar. Both then and now, the occupiers are trying to hide crimes and create an artificial reality, far from the real reality.

Statements made at the highest level of the Russian Federation deny the very right of the Ukrainian people to exist as an independent nation.

I agree with the speakers and today we cannot bring the perpetrators of the Holodomor to justice. They are dead. Therefore, there really should be a "Court of History" that will establish and preserve for future generations the true facts about the Holodomor genocide and its legal status.

I support the conclusions of the Assembly and call on all national parliaments that have not yet done so to recognise the Holodomor as the genocide of the Ukrainian people and on governments to do everything possible to help the people of Ukraine fight off the ongoing genocidal attack by the Russians and bring to justice those responsible for the crimes of genocide and war crimes committed by Russians against Ukrainians. Never again. Thank you.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:45:42

Thank you, Madam.

I now call Ms Belén HOYO from Spain.

Ms Belén HOYO

Spain, EPP/CD

11:45:50

Many thanks, Mister President,

Ladies and gentlemen,

When I began to be able to be aware of things and think about our history, I thought that future generations would never suffer the same horrors that our grandparents did.  But unfortunately, I was wrong.

Today, I shall attempt to explain to my daughters the horrible pictures that come to us from Northern Europe and the Middle East and sometimes I don't have words for this. I don't have words, because I cannot manage myself to understand how in this century, with theoretically the most advanced society that the world has ever known, we can find ourselves dealing with the horrors and the most bloody violence that we are actually seeing. I don't want to try to imagine what you are experiencing in the first person, in these wars and in these situations, and how you can possibly explain to your children what is happening around you. 

I sometimes wonder if the years of peace that we have lived through were just a brief one-off phenomenon and whether it's not human nature which always ends up in situations of violence and cruelty. I would like to believe that that is not so. However in the complicated times that we are living in, I would think that it is of basic importance to have this Assembly to guarantee freedom and peace and human rights. Justice, to honour the victims of Holodomor. Stalin's regime carried out a massacre of the Ukrainian population to deprive them of food and to have them die in the most inhumane way. Its authors must pay for this, and must be judged, just as Mr Vladimir PUTIN must be judged and his whole regime must be judged for carrying out another genocide today. 

I don't want to conclude, Mister President, without thanking all of the members of parliament from Ukraine and all of the different political parties represented here today, who, in spite of everything they are experiencing day upon day, the complicated situation that they have to live, in their homeland, in their own homes, in their country come here, plenary after plenary, to share with us the things that they are experiencing, and to share with us their experience and help us understand. 

Thank you.

(Light applause)

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:48:47

Thank you, Madam.

I may now call Mr Yuriy KAMELCHUK.

Yuriy.

Mr Yuriy KAMELCHUK

Ukraine, EPP/CD

11:48:57

Dear chairman, dear colleagues,

I also have my own story from the Holodomor.

My mother's family house was destroyed by Russians in the Berlin region because they tried to establish some kolkhoz, if you know what it is, a collective farm.

During the Holodomor, the Soviet Kremlin authorities created collective farms. People were driven there to work. People didn't have the right to keep cars. They were driven to collective farms to give milk for dairy factories. People didn't have time to cultivate their fields, or these fields were simply taken from them. For a few ears of wheat, they could be sent to Siberia or shot.

Ninety years ago, the genocide was aimed at exterminating millions of innocent Ukrainians through an artificially-created famine caused by the Soviet regime. The Holodomor was not just a tragedy, but a deliberate political campaign aimed at breaking the national identity of Ukrainians and suppressing their desire for freedom. We have no right to forget these terrible lessons of history.

Today, Ukraine is once again on the verge of such a threat. The Russian aggression against our country is not just a war. It's an attempt to destroy the Ukrainian people, our culture, our language, our right to exist.

Russia is waging war not only on the battlefield but also through targeted attacks on civilian infrastructure, hospitals, schools, creating a humanitarian disaster and leaving millions without water, food, and electricity.

What is happening in Ukraine today is a threat not only to us, but also to the whole of Europe and the whole world. If we allow the aggressors to achieve their goals in Ukraine, they will never stop.

Russia is trying to blackmail the world with oil and grain, and they steal grain in Ukraine. Kremlin barbarians do not know how to create anything, except how to steal, appropriate, and pass [things] off as their own.

Therefore, we must stop them with real effective sanctions, real means of air defence, and destroy their means of war on the territory of Russia.

There is no need to be afraid of a mad beast. It must be destroyed.

Millions of people of enslaved nations in Russia are waiting for adult and strong decisions from the world.

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

Caucasus Emirate.

Ingushetia.

North Ossetia–Alania.

Kabardino-Balkaria

Karachay-Cherkessia.

Adygea.

Kalmykia.

Tatarstan.

Bashkortostan.

Chuvash.

Mordovia.

Udmurtia.

Mari El.

Erzya

Buryatia.

And others.

Let's "Make Russia Small Again".

Today Ukraine is fighting not only for its independence, but also for those values that are fundamental for every democratic nation: the right to life, the right to freedom and dignity.

I believe that the victory in Ukraine in the war with Imperial Russia will light up democratic movements and forever bury the totalitarian regimes of the world.

Pass this resolution to the national parliaments, implement it, and never let it happen again anywhere in the world.

Slava Ukraini!

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:52:28

Thank you, Yuriy. A very fine way to end and conclude the list of speakers.

I now call Lord Richard KEEN, rapporteur, to reply.

Lord KEEN, you have 3 minutes.

Lord Richard KEEN

United Kingdom, EC/DA, Rapporteur

11:52:42

Thank you, Chair.

Colleagues, I would like to thank everyone who's contributed to this important debate. I would also like to express my thanks to all the members of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights who gave such support to our rapporteur, Mr Knut ABRAHAM in the preparation of his report.

The rapporteur organised significant hearings with leading historians from Ukraine and Germany, and the Committee also heard a detailed presentation by the Ukrainian prosecutor general. The prosecutor general presented evidence, collected and analysed meticulously from the newly declassified official files that I mentioned before. It was on this basis and in the foundation upon, solidly researched data that our Committee was able to come to its conclusions. And these are summed up in the Committee's draft resolution and explained in more detail in the report.

I would like to stress one aspect which gives frightening new relevance to this report. This is not only a commemoration, however important, of a past crime and however horrific it may have been, for now, as our Committee and many colleagues this morning note, history is in the process of repeating itself. Russia is once again committing acts of genocide against the Ukrainian people. As Chair of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, I wholeheartedly support our Committee's draft, including the appeal to all our governments to give Ukraine the means to defend itself against the renewed attempt to compromise and destroy the integrity of that nation state. Thank you.

Vote: Commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor – Ukraine once again faces the threat of genocide

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:54:46

Thank you, Lord Richard KEEN.

The debate is now closed.

The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights has presented a draft resolution to which 7 Amendments have been tabled.

I remind you that speeches on Amendments are limited to 30 seconds.

Any Amendment which has been unanimously approved by the committee seized for report shall not be put to the vote in the plenary and shall be declared as definitively approved, unless ten or more members of the assembly object.

I understand that the Chairperson of the committee wishes to propose to the assembly Amendments 5, 7, 4, 3, 1 and 2 to the draft resolution, which were unanimously approved, to be declared as approved.

Is that so, Lord Richard KEEN?

Lord Richard KEEN

United Kingdom, EC/DA, Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights

11:55:34

Chair, that is the position.

All of those amendments are moved by me on behalf of the Committee, and I confirm that all were unanimously approved by the Committee and I therefore invite the Assembly to pass those amendments.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:55:51

Thank you, Lord KEEN.

If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be approved. Is there an objection? No objections.

Amendments 5,7,4,3,1 and 2 to the draft resolutions are therefore approved and will not be called.

I understand that Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO wishes to withdraw Amendment 6. Is that correct?

Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO

Ukraine, EPP/CD

11:56:22

 Yes, President, this is correct. We have agreed upon this with the Committee.

Mr David MORRIS

United Kingdom, EC/DA, President of the Assembly

11:56:28

Thank you, Mariia.

We understand that nobody wants to take up this amendment so Amendment 6 is withdrawn.

We will move on.

We will now proceed to vote on the draft resolution contained in the document as amended. A simple majority is required.

The vote is open.

The vote is now closed.

I call for the result to be displayed.

It is unanimous.

The minister is due at 12:00 p.m. We will now hear when that happens an address by Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia.

Address: Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:01:01

The sitting is open.

I remind members that they should insert their badges before taking the floor.

As you begin your speech, dear colleagues, please press the microphone button once only.

The first item of business this morning in a debate of the report titled commemorating. (No, I'm sorry...really sorry. Okay?... It's not about a commemoration, about a hearing).

And I have the opportunity to welcome in our assembly the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia, Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI.

I will invite him immediately, since it is 12:00 p.m as you see, Mister Minister, to take the floor and address our Assembly, who is waiting for your speech.

Then I just want to inform you that questions will be asked to you from the representatives of the five political groups and from parliamentarians.

You may proceed. Thank you so much for being with us today.

(Applause)

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:02:29

Dear President of the Parliamentary Assembly, 

Esteemed parliamentarians, 

Excellencies, 

Ladies and gentlemen,

I am deeply honoured to address this esteemed body, the oldest international parliamentary assembly, here in the historic city of Strasbourg, symbolic of post-war European unity, reconciliation, and hope for justice for citizens across Europe.

This year we celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Council of Europe, our beacon for human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Such milestones often make us forget the horrors of the past and take for granted the peace and co-operation we enjoy thanks to the vision of European leaders who built this institution.

It is our collective duty, as politicians, diplomats, and international representatives, to safeguard and continuously improve this multilateral system. We must remain vigilant, using the tools and mechanisms developed over the years to address emerging threats, ensuring that armed conflicts are never the result of complacency or neglect.

Sadly, the reality is that we are once again witnessing aggressive nationalism and a blatant disregard for international order. Europe faces a war of aggression against Ukraine, a fellow member state. This Assembly's political recommendation to expel Russia in 2022 was a necessary and just decision, reflecting our commitment to the values that we share.

North Macedonia has stood firmly with Ukraine, joining solidarity efforts and aligning fully with the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, including sanctions on Russia. We endorsed the enlarged partial agreement on the Register of Damage caused by the aggression, hoping it will lead to compensation and accountability. In this context, we support the efforts to establish a compensation mechanism and a special tribunal on crimes of aggression. Additionally, we supported the action plan for Ukraine's recovery.

While defence is crucial, diplomacy remains the key to achieving lasting peace, grounded on international law and respect for Ukraine's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognised borders.

Allow me to commend my Lithuanian colleague, Mr Gabrielius LANDSBERGIS, the current president of the Committee of Ministers, for his leadership in advancing critical priorities. Besides the unrelenting support to Ukraine, the abolition of the death penalty, gender equality, combating violence against women, freedom of expression, combating disinformation, hate speech, and corruption. The Republic of North Macedonia shares these values and is committed to promoting them in the Human Rights Council if elected for 2025–2027. We also will continue to work closely with the future Council of Ministers' presidencies in light of our own upcoming chairmanship with the Committee of Ministers in November 2027.

I would like to extend my gratitude to the previous Secretary General, Ms Marija PEJČINOVIĆ BURIĆ, and wish every success to Mr Alain BERSET, who pledged to foster the culture of dialogue, consensus building and relations between the Council of Europe and other international organisations, especially its closest strategic partner, the European Union.

Ladies and gentlemen, the Council of Europe's 4th Summit in Reykjavík reinforced our unity and commitment to our core principles. We now have the Reykjavík Declaration to guide us and a real growth budget to implement it. We particularly value the adoption of the principles for democracy to address the democratic backsliding and a renewed focus on strengthening the European Court of Human Rights and ensuring the execution of its judgments as we face complex challenges ahead – democratic backsliding, extremism, climate change, and new technologies – the Council of Europe must continue to play a pivotal role. These issues all have a human rights dimension, and for this, we need strong internal cohesion within the organisation. Furthermore, it is crucial not to be silent when fundamental values are threatened if we want to keep the political relevance of our organisation.

It is both an honour and responsibility to stand before you today to reflect on a matter that strikes at the very core of our shared European identity, our collective commitment to human rights, the rule of law, and the integrity of the institutions that safeguard them. At the heart of this commitment lies the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), an institution that serves not merely as a court of last resort, but as the bedrock of justice and dignity for millions of our citizens. As Former President of the Court, Síofra O’LEARY said, "The Convention serves as an instrument of peace and a guardian of democracy and rule of law across Europe".

My country, like every member state, has faced difficult moments when confronted with ECHR rulings that challenged us to do better. But in these moments, we have embraced these rulings not as an imposition but as an opportunity, an opportunity to reaffirm our commitment to the values we all claim to uphold. Whether through legal reforms or sometimes confronting uncomfortable truths about our own systems, we have chosen the path of compliance, no matter how difficult. This is not simply a legal obligation. It is a moral imperative.

However, there is a growing tendency in part of our region to view ECHR rulings as suggestions rather than binding judgments. This undermines the very foundations of our human rights architecture and risks eroding the credibility of our institutions. When countries delay or refuse to implement these rulings, particularly when they concern the rights of minorities or vulnerable groups, they send a very dangerous message that some rights are negotiable and that justice can be deferred indefinitely. We reject this notion. We have chosen to act when faced with ECHR judgments, even when those decisions required us to make hard choices and to address deep-seated issues. We understand that true democracy is not just about the will of the majority, but about the protection of every individual's rights, no matter how small or marginalised that voice may be, it is easy to abide by the law when it is convenient. But it is in moments of discomfort and difficulty that our commitment to the rule of law is truly tested.

I firmly urge all of us, especially in our region, to reflect on this reality. Failing to implement ECHR decisions not only harms the individuals or groups whose rights are at stake, it weakens our standing as democratic nations. It tells the world we pick and choose when to honour the institutions we have pledged to respect. This, I believe, is a far greater threat to our unity and our future than any political discomfort that may arise from implementing difficult rulings.

My nation is by no means perfect, but we have made a choice to do better, to uphold the standards of justice that this body stands for. I call upon all of us to do the same for the credibility of our shared values, for the dignity of our citizens and for the future of Europe.

Ladies and gentlemen, let me turn to the Western Balkans and our EU integration. First, I would like to thank this Assembly for its reinforced commitment over the last few years to our EU integration and the support of the Council of Europe in that process.

I have just returned from the Berlin Process Ministerial Meeting marking its 10th anniversary. The Berlin Process has been essential in driving co-operation and reform in the region. But despite these efforts, the path to EU membership remains long and fraught with delays.

Next year, my nation will mark 30 years of membership in the Council of Europe. While this milestone reflects the steady progress our nation has made towards democratic change and integration with European values, we also face another, more sobering anniversary. It will be 20 years since the European Council granted us the status of an official EU candidate country – 20 years of waiting, of hoping and of striving to prove ourselves worthy of full EU membership.

Yet, despite all the efforts, reforms, and sacrifices, our path to EU membership remains obstructed by obstacles that feel increasingly unjust. The process has become heavily politicised, and the goalposts seem to shift just as we approach them. Our journey has been marked by vetoes imposed by more powerful neighbours, using their influence to shape the narrative in ways that do not reflect fairness or mutual respect. The promise of integration has at times been dangled before us, only to be withdrawn under the weight of geopolitical interest and domestic considerations within the EU itself. This has not only tested the resilience of our institutions but also the patience of our people. Imagine the disillusionment of a nation that has done everything asked of it, only to be told that the goal is still out of reach. How do you maintain hope when you feel that the very principles that the European Union stands for – solidarity, justice and unity – are being applied unequally? We have endured profound injustices on this journey. We have navigated name changes, identity debates, and historical disputes, all to meet the demands set before us. And while many will tell us not to regret making these compromises for the sake of peace and progress, we cannot ignore the emotional toll it has taken on our nation. The sense of betrayal runs deep, especially when our sincere efforts to align with European standards are met with further delays and uncertainty.

Despite this, we refuse to give in to despair. We will not allow these injustices to fuel Euroscepticism or narratives of victimhood. Instead, we will continue to fight for our rightful place in Europe, driven by the belief that justice will ultimately prevail. The path may be long, but we remain committed to the values that Europe represents, and we will keep pushing for a process that is fair, transparent and based on mutual respect.

In the words of Václav Havel, "hope is not the conviction that something will turn out well, but the certainty that something makes sense regardless of how it turns out". For us, belonging to the EU simply makes sense, and we are determined to see this journey through, no matter the obstacles we face.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:16:43

Before I give the floor to colleagues, dear Minister, allow me to remind my colleagues that you have been appointed since June this year as a Minister of Foreign Affairs. But you are very experienced and you have also been experienced as a local elected representative. And that brings in my mind this very famous American phrase that all politics is local. And the Americans explain it because they say that local refers to the fact that politicians need local skills to succeed. So I know that you have a lot of experience, though you're very young.

I want to welcome you once again to this Assembly and I now give the floor to my parliamentarian colleagues to ask you questions.

As you know, the procedure goes with questions addressed first to you from the parties.

On behalf of the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group, it is Ms Anna-Kristiina MIKKONEN who has the floor.

Ms Anna-Kristiina MIKKONEN

Finland, SOC, Spokesperson for the group

12:17:53

Thank you, Mister President, and thank you, Minister, for your review.

Having in mind the statement made by your Vice Prime Minister Alexander NIKOLOSKI on Bulgaria, the reaction of the Greek authorities on your negation of the Prespa Agreement and in line with the recent decisions to separate Albania from North Macedonia on the European Union accession path, is your government sincere in making North Macedonia a full EU member state?

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:18:33

 Mister Minister, would you like to respond?

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:18:41

Hello. Thank you for your question.

I am a firm believer that sincerity is proven through action. We have had many governments in the past who have said that they are committed to the EU path, but we need to start practicing what we preach.

And as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe mentioned, I myself am a former mayor and very deeply understand that citizens believe in tangible results, not just good words and political promises.

So let me tell you, in the last three months what we as a government have done to prove that we are committed to the values of the European Union.

First, as I mentioned in my speech, we have remained 100% aligned with the EU's common and foreign security policy.

Second, we have remained principled in our support for Ukraine, support which I just recently reiterated with my wonderful new Ukrainian colleague in New York. But support that is not just political, but that is very tangible on the ground.

Third, our government managed within the first two months to adopt the reform agenda, the reform agenda which opens our nation to the EU's growth plan, which we see as fundamental in advancing on the path towards the European Union. We are prepared for the difficult reforms and we will do the difficult reforms together with the European Union.

But on the other hand, that is the European Union that I believe in, the European Union based on a coherent common foreign and security policy, a European Union based on the acquis communitaire.

I do not believe in a European Union that allows bilateralisation on the basis of subjective criteria on the path towards EU membership.

Our government will be honest, not just with the EU institutions, but with all of the member states who we see as our allies. We see international public law as a fundament of our foreign policy. I myself, being a professor of Roman law, teach students about a principle called pacta sunt servanda. Agreements must be kept and that is how we will behave with all of our neighbours. Sometimes we might not be happy about these agreements, sometimes we might disagree with the substance of them. But it is essential to the world in which we want to live that we uphold international public law. And in that sense, that is my answer to you in relation to the bilateral relationship with our neighbours.

But we also expect this of our neighbours as well; to also upkeep their obligations under ratified, signed, international agreements that we have between each other, even those that are of a bilateral nature.

I believe in values. I believe that you, like me, are a member of a younger generation of politicians. We have an obligation to uphold traditional values, but also an obligation to understand that younger generations want quick results from us, quick results that bring us closer together. I believe that we are all European.

I also believe that as a nation we have many more things that we need to do before we get to the process of EU membership. But I also, as I argued in my speech, fundamentally believe that not this year - many many years ago, we deserved at least to have opened accession negotiations. I will stand principled in that view.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:22:41

Thank you, Minister.

On behalf of the Group of the European People's Party Mr Ioannis OIKONOMOU.

Mr Ioannis OIKONOMOU

Greece, EPP/CD, Spokesperson for the group

12:22:47

Mister President,

Welcome Mister Minister, and thank you for your speech.

I suppose you agree that the respecting of the European acquis and also the international agreements, such as Prespa Agreements, particularly regarding core provisions, such as the name, or the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with Bulgaria, are not only bilateral issues but also fundamental conditions for the European integration of the West Balkan countries, which includes, of course, North Macedonia, a process that the Group of the European People's Party strongly supports.

So my question is, what actions will you take to ensure that the Prespa Agreement is fully respected and to fulfil your obligations towards the European Union, complying with all international agreements you have.

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:23:33

Thank you, Mister OIKONOMOU.

Mister Minister, would you like to respond?

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:23:37

Thank you for your question.

I believe, as I said, that we must adhere to the values that we speak about in this room. And in that sense, one of the issues that I reaffirmed only a few days ago with my Greek colleague in New York is that as much as politically as individuals discerning ourselves from our current political functions, we might not like the Prespa Agreement, under international public law we are obliged by it. But that obligation is for both sides. Many things both sides can do better, not just when it comes to the Prespa Agreement, to the bilateral relationship.

When it comes both to Greece and Bulgaria, more should unite us than what divides us. And I think if we have goodwill, if we have understanding, then tangibly moving forward on the things that change citizens' lives, we will also upkeep our obligations under international public law.

But as I also remember very well, the Prespa Agreement had certain preconditions that allowed for our nation to become a member of NATO. Such preconditions exist in the good neighbourly treaty with Bulgaria, in which Bulgaria obligates itself to not impede us on our path towards the European Union. Quite to the contrary, in writing, obligates it to help us. I, to this day cannot understand and will not understand how debates on history, language, identity can be an impediment of this nature, not on the basis of facts, but on the basis of subjective criteria.

What I can promise you is that my government will show goodwill, we will show patience. We want an excellent relationship with all of our neighbours, and we believe relationships are not just political, but they are based on issues such as trade, energy, and infrastructure. What unites us with Greece is a necessity for enhancing the infrastructure in Corridor 10. What unites us with Bulgaria is the necessity for investments, further investments in the infrastructure on Corridor 8. And these are priorities of our government. We have challenges in the issues of energy. We have done so much good work together with both of these countries, in collaboration between educations of higher institutions. Why do we allow day to day politics to be an impediment to our bilateral relationships? To this day I cannot understand.

And that is why I may sometimes be unconventional, but what I will commit to you is that in all of the challenges, in all of the issues that we will face, our government, our new government, will approach them in a positive manner and in a manner which aims to find a solution rather than to create further problems. Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:26:46

Thank you, Minister.

On behalf of the European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, Mr Dmytro NATALUKHA.

Mr Dmytro NATALUKHA

Ukraine, EC/DA, Spokesperson for the group

12:26:52

Thank you very much.

Dear Minister, dear President, thank you for your speech.

As a Ukrainian, let me thank you also for the firm support North Macedonia is providing for Ukraine. But as a member of the Conservatives Group, you are a central right government, which we share very much the values of. You are also a member of NATO. To be honest, the Balkans and the region is a complex one.

So, my question would be to you, how would you, in a way, see North Macedonia contributing to the regional security and stability? And how will you balance this security co-operation with the domestic concerns that the region definitely has?

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:27:36

Thank you, Dmytro.

Minister, would you like to respond?

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:27:41

First of all, I apologise for not facing you directly when speaking to you, but I cannot be faced at the microphone in this sense.

We will continue to support your nation because your nation is fighting a principled battle, and I say a battle of values, a battle of ideals.

But I will repeat again and again, a battle that is related to upkeeping international public law. And this I view in light of our foreign policy priorities is especially a key issue for small and landlocked nations.

We believe that we need to remain a reliable partner of NATO, and that is why we will not only retain at least 2% spending of GDP on our defence budget, but we will go above and beyond. And I have even publicly said we are willing to support calls for even raising that threshold if necessary, not from an offensive asset, but from a defence and deterrence aspect.

The Western Balkans is a region that sadly has been known for its political volatility. And I do understand the risks that are associated with this political volatility.

That is why we need diplomacy, we need understanding, and we need, as politicians, and I say this especially as a young politician, to affirm that the path forward is the European path. The path forward is adhering to the highest standards of the European Union.

But the path forward is also cultivating a culture of dialogue between ourselves. I think that is something that lacks very much. And as I said on the answer to one of the previous questions, it is very easy to find issues that divide us.

I am sad that that has been practice in our region in the past. Let's start talking about what unites us and what concretely unites us, as I mentioned previously, and that is also related to the issue of security, as you asked is challenges related to energy, challenges related to food security, challenges related to enhancing our infrastructure so that it is better prepared to anticipate security challenges for the future.

And in that sense, we as a government have offered many tangible ideas moving forward, and we hope to co-operate on an equal basis with not just our immediate neighbourhood, but our wider neighbourhood, to move our continent forward.

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:30:29

Thank you, Minister.

On behalf of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, Ms Marijana PULJAK.

Ms Marijana PULJAK

Croatia, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group

12:30:36

Thank you, dear Mister Minister, for your speech.

First, let me express, in front of European liberals, support for North Macedonian EU integration.

Since the election, your government has emphasised continuing this process without bilateral issues, as Macedonian citizens are really frustrated, and I might say something that we coming from Croatia, we Croatians understand very well.

Last week your prime minister suggested that if integration must follow the EU Council conclusions, the response would be "no thank you" [spoken in Croatian] or no, thank you. Given the geopolitical context, can you afford to delay the process? And how can we help in your issues and your dialogue with your neighbours?

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:31:26

Thank you.

Thank you, Marijana.

Mister Minister, would you like to respond?  

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:31:33

First of all, thank you for your support.

In many ways, we started our path towards the EU membership together. I was in Zagreb and to this day remember the video of prime minister Mr Andrej PLENKOVIC, president of the European Commission Ms Ursula VON DER LEYEN, sitting in the wonderful Kraš cafe on Trg Ban-Jelačić. And as they ordered their coffee, the bill came. Mr PLENKOVIC took out euro bills and paid. That same day, together with my family, we crossed the border between Croatia and Slovenia. No passport was necessary.

We started the path together. You are now a member of Schengen. You use the euro as your national currency. We are still waiting to open accession negotiations. Is that fair and merit-based? I will leave it as a question. You can come to the conclusions yourself.

The practice of bilateralisation of any nation's EU path has created unseen precedents and has harmed perception about the EU's enlargement policy. That is a reality that we have to face. The practice that is being set with the Macedonian case is a prime example.

Our prime minister has said, on the basis of merit and on the basis of harmonisation with the acquis, we will accept all of the arguments. We have so much more to do. We know that and we understand that. But to impede us on our path because of subjective issues that are not related to a reality is unfair, unjust and not in line with the standards of the European Union itself. We are ready to speak with our neighbours. We are ready to resolve challenges. But please, not challenges that are political. Rhetoric can mean a lot of things. Let us speak about objective issues. Let us speak about, as I mentioned in my speech, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. That is an objective criteria, that is the highest I personally believe, the court that sets the highest global standards in terms of application of human rights. On the basis of these issues, we will discuss and we will move forwards.

What the EU needs, in our view, is a resilient approach, and to understand that in light, as you mentioned, of these geopolitical circumstances, it is necessary to move all of the countries of the Western Balkans forward so that malign actors, even in our region, don't point a finger and say, why would you trust the EU? Look at what they are doing to the Macedonians. 

On the basis of criteria, we are willing to discuss, debate and move forward, because we, as a government, as I said, through tangible things that we have done, through tangible policies that we have implemented, believe that there is truly no better path than full EU membership.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:35:07

Thank you, Minister.

On behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left, Mr Berdan ÖZTÜRK.

Mr Berdan ÖZTÜRK

Türkiye, UEL, Spokesperson for the group

12:35:13

Thank you.

Dear Minister,

Recalling the 2023 conference held in Skopje regarding the inter-parliamentary dialogue for further promotion of European integration into the Western Balkans, it seems that recent developments may slow down EU accession of North Macedonia.

Due to the whole complexity of the region, we know that if things don't go well in one country, it may easily spill over into others.

How do we see the current opportunities and dangers for the region and the role of North Macedonia in maintaining stability?

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:35:58

Thank you, Berdan.

Dear Minister, would you like to respond?

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:36:02

We, as a government, have argued that our stance to be firm on de-bilateralisation, primarily, first of all, to be very honest with you, protects us as a nation, but from a second perspective, also protects the EU enlarged policy, as a composite policy in its fundamentals.

So in that sense, I say we need to push forward a merit-based approach.

Do I believe that there are risks in the regions? I believe there are factors who want to cause risk and there are factors who want to destabilise the region in which we live.

But we, as a collective society, who in huge majorities, believe in the values that we're speaking about today, need to work together.

If we sit down and we have an honest approach between each other, then I believe that the path forward is inevitable.

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:37:04

Thank you, Minister.

Now I will give the floor to colleagues in groups of three. And you will reply to the first three afterwards.

Mr Piero FASSINO is next.

Mr Piero FASSINO

Italy, SOC

12:37:26

I also lament the many delays of the European Union in the enlargement process... we wait....

Thank you.

Like you, I lament the too many delays and the too long timeframe of the European Union's enlargement. But I think that in order to prevent these times from being even longer, we have to avoid fuelling new conflicts and new crisis points.

So, I ask you a very clear and direct question. You belong to a party that, when you were in opposition, contested the agreement on the name "North Macedonia" and contested the Prespa Agreements. Now that your party is in government, and you are its authoritative minister, will you respect these agreements and implement them or will you call them into question?

Because calling them into question, in my opinion, means fuelling further reasons for conflict and thus delaying North Macedonia's accession to the European Union.

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:38:34

Thank you, Piero.

Ms Sibel ARSLAN is next.

Ms Sibel ARSLAN

Switzerland, SOC

12:38:42

Mister President.

Dear Mister Minister, congratulations on your election.

I'm one of the members of the Monitoring Committee, the rapporteur.

So, can you tell us something about the state of relation with Bulgaria and the situation with Corridor 8, please?

It is known that you are receiving half a billion dollars from Mr Viktor Mihály ORBÁN without clear conditions.

How will you implement this money?

Thank you very much.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:39:14

Thank you, Sibel.

Ms Saara-Sofia SIRÉN is next.

It looks like she is not present, so I am going to Mr Georg GEORGIEV.

Mr Georg GEORGIEV

Bulgaria, EPP/CD

12:39:30

Thank you, Mister President, Mister Minister,

Your neighbour.

Regardless of the ongoing, unfounded and negative rhetoric against my country, Bulgaria supports the integration of the Western Balkans, including the Republic of North Macedonia, based on the agreed European compromise.

In the context of the extraordinary challenges in front of us and above all, Russia's war in Ukraine, the full EU integration of the Western Balkans is a must. This process should also lead to the full respect of EU decisions and the Council of Europe values and standards.

In this regard, when your country will fulfil the European decision from 2022, which clearly outlines the steps to achieve European integration, amend your constitution, as it was agreed between the Republic of North Macedonia's government and the EU, and include the Bulgarians in the constitution.

Thank you.

Mr Theodoros ROUSOPOULOS

Greece, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly

12:40:18

Thank you, Georg.

Mister Minister, would you like to respond?

Mr Timcho MUCUNSKI

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of the Republic of North Macedonia

12:40:25

To the first question.

As I previously mentioned, not just my political party, but I personally, as an individual, and I abstract myself from my political position, believe that the Prespa Agreement has many flaws. But, in my political position, I understand that there is a political and legal reality that stems from respecting international public law. And I would be contradictory to the values that I teach to students at university, but also contradictory to the values that I must uphold as a lawyer, if I say that I will not respect the principle of pacta sunt servanda.

But to add to that, I also expect that from all of our neighbours, when they have to also implement certain aspects of not just the Prespa Agreement, but other international agreements, including the good neighbourly treaty that we have signed with Bulgaria.

If we all uphold international public law, then there would be no space for this debate that we are having right now. My nation would currently be at least negotiating with EU membership.

Sadly, some have chosen to defy it. But again, with positive energy, with cultivating an aura of positivity, we will find solutions to all the challenges before us.

When it comes to Corridor 8.

Corridor 8 is a key strategic infrastructure priority of our government, together with Corridor 10. But that also means getting Corridor 8 done. Because if Corridor 8 stops at the border of my country, then it is not functional, especially when it comes to the railway infrastructure.

That is why we have chosen to open dialogue, especially with our neighbour Bulgaria, to find a way that the project in Corridor 8 gets done. Because we are a government that believes in getting things done, not just speaking about things, but getting projects efficiently done.

So what I can tell you, as with Corridor 8, which we see as very important, we also fundamentally believe in Corridor 8.

I believe your question was, when it comes to the loan coming from Hungary, an EU member nation, currently presiding with the European Union and a member of NATO, and a key ally in NATO, not just of us, but of all other members, how will government the use the money?

The 500-million-Euro loan coming will be used for two primary issues. 250 million Euros will be used for CapEx projects going directly to municipalities. As the President said, being a previous mayor, I also truly believe that projects in local government, new kindergartens, new schools, new roads, new waste management projects, are projects that change people's lives.

Half of those finances will be going there.

The second half will be going directly to business. We inherited as a government a horrible financial situation. The fiscal aspect, the fiscal policy of the government was devastated. And that is why we believe we need to take specific steps, a better taxation policy, lowering taxes, but also giving money to business, giving money to entrepreneurs, so that we stimulate the domestic economy and we finally start to create some growth.

I thank my Bulgarian colleague for his comment, and I would say, let's start talking about what unites us. Let's start talking about what we can do together.

Let's move forward on the EU path, because after our country, nobody has a bigger interest in us becoming an EU member state than our neighbours. We will reap the highest benefits, but after that, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Kosovo, Serbia will also reap higher benefits from this membership.

There are many things that can move us backward. I do not know of a case of the Bulgarian minority being harmed in our country, but if you know a case, then let's speak together. Let's work institutionally. Let's work to advance the rights of minorities in both countries. Understanding the different constitutional systems that we have.

You give us examples of what we can do better, but we can also give you examples of what you can do better, when it comes to implementing the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Here we are a model country.

If we work together, by example, with continuity in our models of governance, then we will advance our region forward.

We are young generations in politics. We can look back at the history of the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. But let's talk about the 21st century. Let's talk about artificial intelligence. Let's talk about trade. Let's talk about the huge tourism potential that exists between the two countries.

All of our neighbours are our friends and we will behave in that way. But help us so that we can help you.

Let's move the region forward towards the EU membership.

Our path will not be easy, but if we respect the agreements that we have achieved, such as obligations for you to help us move forward in light of the good neighbourly treaty, then without a doubt there is a European future for the whole region.