Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:03:02
Good afternoon.
The sitting is open.
I remind members that they should insert their badge before taking the floor. As you begin your speech, please press the microphone button only once.
The first item of business this afternoon is the debate on the Report titled “Women in the economy: employment, entrepreneurship and gender-responsive budgeting” (Doc. 16068) presented by Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination.
In order to finish by 5:50 p.m., I will interrupt the list of speakers at about 5:35 p.m. to allow time for the reply and the vote.
I call Ms ÇELİK KANAT.
You have 7 minutes now, and 3 minutes at the end to reply to the debate.
Dear President,
Dear colleagues,
According to the World Bank, 2.4 billion women today do not have the same economic rights as men, and “geopolitical tensions and the fragmentation of world trade threaten to roll back decades of advances in women’s economic empowerment”.
The OECD reports that 58% of women in OECD member states are employed compared to 73% of men, and only one-third of managerial posts are held by women. Women in full-time work earn 12% less than men, compared to 19% in 1995, with an even wider gap in part-time employment.
Despite undeniable progress, economic equality between women and men remains far from reality.
Why is this so?
As I underlined in my report, women have come a long way in affirming their rightful place in the world’s economies. But as in other areas, progress is much too slow. The economic impact of recent crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic and conflicts within and beyond Europe, has exposed the fragility of gender equality gains, creating a real risk of backsliding.
It is more urgent now than ever to promote gender equality in the economy. In this context, my report outlines persistent economic inequalities and makes recommendations to address them.
Financial autonomy is key to ensuring women take their rightful place in their homes, communities, and society. Yet, in many countries it remains out of reach.
The unequal distribution of care responsibilities remains a major barrier to women’s full participation in the economy, despite advances in parental leave and childcare, which are often hindered by insufficient investment in infrastructure and human resources.
Education for girls and women has improved, levelling academic results, but this progress is not reflected in professional outcomes. Women remain overrepresented in education, health, and social work, while under-represented in high-profit sectors such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), due to persistent prejudice, and at times their own lack of self-confidence.
Women face multiple barriers to entering and remaining in the labour market. They experience more discrimination than men and are disproportionately affected by conscious and unconscious gender biases. These disadvantage women in recruitment and promotion, where they are expected to prove their competence and leadership to a greater extent than men and their caregiving responsibilities often cast doubt on their perceived ability to perform efficiently.
There is still insufficient recognition that empowering women would boost the economy as a whole. Greater acknowledgment of this would encourage broader support for gender equality.
The recommendations I put forward in the draft resolution aim to address the underlying reasons preventing women’s economic empowerment.
I call for legislation and policies that are designed to ensure that no one is left out or left behind. Equality is not yet a reality anywhere, but for women and girls who are structurally under-represented in the labour market, it is even further away. This exclusion results from systemic barriers, often reinforced by additional vulnerabilities, such as belonging to an ethnic or religious minority or having a migrant background.
I urge member states to take decisive action by enacting and enforcing laws that address these forms of discrimination which intersect with and compound gender inequalities in the economy.
Policies must be tailored to the specific challenges of women from disadvantaged backgrounds and diverse groups, including single mothers, pregnant women, women with disabilities, women from minority groups, and women from rural areas, to ensure their equal access to economic opportunities. I call for reform and stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination laws with sanctions against racism, intolerance, and all forms of discrimination that undermine women’s economic participation.
Policymakers must make gender-responsive policies a top priority to accelerate meaningful change. In the resolution, I set out clear recommendations for member states to adopt measures to close gender gaps in employment and entrepreneurship, promote better work-life balance, and increase women’s representation in economic decision-making positions both in public and private sectors. These measures are not optional, they are essential for increasing women’s employment and ensuring equal opportunities in entrepreneurship.
We must continue to advance and enforce laws. Legislation is slow but is steadily creating new opportunities for women. Many good practices in member states can guide effective action, from improvements in parental responsibility-sharing, to funding for micro-projects and start-ups led by women.
I advocate for pay transparency, to expose and sanction gendered pay gaps. So-called “women’s jobs” are characterised by low pay, disadvantaging women and failing to attract more men. Employment in care and medical fields, in particular, must be rewarded at its true value.
I call for further promotion of women’s participation in male-dominated sectors, such as STEM, as well as in emerging fields like Artificial Intelligence and the digital and green economy. Training and mentoring programmes are crucial to fostering a more inclusive digital and green future.
In the uphill battle for gender equality, I believe gender-responsive budgeting is the most important and effective instrument policy makers have at hand. That is why in my report I have detailed GRB tools that should be used to create gender-equal budgets by restructuring revenues and expenditures to close gender gaps. Unfortunately, GRB is implemented less widely than expected in Council of Europe member states and its potential benefits remain underutilised.
This is why in the resolution I urge all member states to introduce and advance GRB by establishing strong legal frameworks and integrating gender analysis at all stages of the budget cycle, ensuring broader application at national, regional, and local levels. Budget decisions must be taken with women at the table.
I call on all member states and parliaments to benefit from the good practices of countries with advanced GRB systems such as Austria, Spain, and Sweden, ensuring that budgets are gender-responsive from conception to implementation, with solid accountability mechanisms to measure results and adjust policies.
I hope you support the resolution to address inequalities and promote women’s economic empowerment.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:11:23
Thank you, Madam Çelİk Kanat.
Now in the debate, I call first Ms KOSTADINOVSKA-STOJCHEVSKA from the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group.
North Macedonia, SOC, Spokesperson for the group
16:11:41
Thank you, Madam President.
First of all, let me congratulate the rapporteur for this wonderful report. Why is it wonderful and necessary? Because when more women work, economies grow.
Women’s economic empowerment increases economic diversification and income equality for shared prosperity. Women’s economic empowerment means ensuring women can equally participate in and benefit from decent work and social protection; access markets and have control over resources, their own time, lives and bodies; and increased voice, agency and meaningful participation in economic decision making at all levels from the household to international institutions.
Promoting women’s economic justice and rights in the economy and closing gender gaps in the world of work are key to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Increasing women’s and girls’ educational attainment contributes to women’s economic empowerment and more inclusive, environmentally sustainable economic growth. Education, upskilling, and re-skilling – especially to keep pace with rapid technological transformations affecting jobs – are critical for women’s and girls’ health and well-being, as well as their income-generation opportunities and participation in the formal labour market.
Women remain less likely to participate in the labour market than men around the world. Globally, the gender gap in labour force participation has hovered at 30% since 1990, with men’s participation at around 80% and women’s at 50%. Labour force participation rates for women aged 25–54 in 2022 was 61.4% compared to 90.6% for men. Women in the same age group with at least one child under six experience a so-called “motherhood penalty” as the gap widens from 29.2% to 42.6%, with female participation at 53.1% and male participation at 95.7%.
Violence and harassment in the world of work affect women regardless of age, location, income or social status. In 2021–2022, 43% of bilateral allocable Official Development Aid (ODA) – which is aid that is paid directly from official government sources to recipient countries – had gender equality as a policy objective, down from 45% in 2019–2020. Of this aid, only 4% was dedicated to programmes with gender equality as the principal objective, a similar share from the previous period.
The present report calls for more account to be taken of research showing women’s potential and for more action to be taken, notably through gender-responsive budgeting tools embedded at all stages of national budget cycles and with built-in accountability mechanisms.
European leaders should respond to the challenge of changing mindsets. There must be a will to break the glass ceilings and mend the “broken rungs” of the economic ladder.
Let’s help the rapporteur do exactly that.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:14:53
Thank you.
Now, Ms Albana VOKSHI from the Group of the European People's Party.
Albania, EPP/CD, Spokesperson for the group
16:15:00
Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed colleagues,
On behalf of the Group of the European People's Party, I reaffirm our commitment to gender equality in the economy.
Women's economic empowerment is not just about fairness. It's essential for social justice and sustainable growth.
Despite their significant contribution, women still face systemic barriers in employment, entrepreneurship and financial access.
While progress has been made, deep-rooted inequalities persist.
The gender pay gap remains a reality in many countries, with women earning less for the same work, and having to struggle for career advancement.
Many lack access to financial capital, limiting business opportunities and economic independence.
In some cases, the challenges have worsened.
In Albania, discrepancies in the reported gender pay gaps between Instat and the Ombudsman reflect an ongoing debate. Although women hold numerous ministerial and parliamentary positions, economic status and access to essential services have not approved accordingly.
While I support all of the resolutions' key points, accuracy in reporting is crucial. To mention a few facts that are reflected in the report, for example: in Durres, six years after the devastating earthquake, hundreds of women and children still live in tents, lacking proper housing and support. The claim about new schools is misleading, many were EU-funded schools and remain unfinished. Thousands of children are forced into late afternoon shifts, creating hardship for working parents.
In Tirana, despite high female representation in leadership, many directors are currently under investigation.
Strengthening the independent role of civil society is critical to advocating for women's rights and economic inclusion.
The Covid-19 crisis exacerbated economic instability for women all around the world.
To address these challenges, we would recommend mandate-pay, transparency for gender equality wages ensuring independence, civil society participation in economic policy making, improved access to credit and investment for women entrepreneurs, expanded affordable childcare, strengthened gender responsive budgeting for fair resource allocation.
Women's economic empowerment is not a women's issue; it is a priority. Equal participation would significantly boost GDP and economic stability.
Now is the time for bold action and structural change. Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:17:35
Thank you.
Now Ms Katalin Csöbör from the European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance.
Hungary, EC/DA, Spokesperson for the group
16:17:43
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dear colleagues,
Although the number of male owners and managers remains higher in the majority of Hungarian companies, the number of successful companies run by women is also significant. Currently, around 247 000 women owners and 162 000 authorised signatories contribute to the running of Hungarian trading companies. These figures are encouraging, but still far from ideal.
In Hungary, many programmes have long been in place, and several new ones have been launched to help women integrate into economic life. For example, in March 2024, the Women in Leadership League foundation was set up to enable women in Hungary and Central and Eastern Europe to progress into leadership roles. The city produced a study summarising research findings on women leaders, which was presented on 15 October 2024 at an event organised in partnership with the Budapest Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In addition, an online survey was conducted in collaboration with Budapest Airport, asking young female middle managers about their career paths, including the factors that supported or, on the contrary, hindered them.
But this is just one example. Many other training programmes and courses are offered in Hungary to help women broaden their entrepreneurial knowledge and develop their networks, as well as setting up and developing their own businesses. Other initiatives aim to recognise successful role models among women entrepreneurs and managers.
I am convinced that these efforts will continue to produce increasingly visible results, enabling women in Hungary and Central Europe to occupy the place in economic life that they truly desire.
Thank you for your support.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:20:08
Thank you.
And now Ms Sona GHAZARYAN from the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
Armenia, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group
16:20:15
Dear colleagues,
It's an honour to stand here before you to address an issue of timeless relevance and urgent contemporary importance: women in the economy.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the rapporteur for her commitment to advancing gender equality and publishing this very important report.
Over the decades, women have made extraordinary strides in the economy. Women today lead corporations, shape innovative industries and create transformative enterprises, yet we cannot ignore the stark realities we face today.
Systematic barriers continue to hinder equal participation. Many women today still face discrimination in hiring practices, underrepresentation in decision-making processes and the lack of opportunities in booming sectors like STEAM.
While it is clear that empowering women is a catalyst for economic growth, many nations still grapple with persistent wage gaps and limited access to capital for women entrepreneurs. The glass ceiling may have developed cracks, but it remains unbroken.
The report we are discussing today offers the solution, and I would like to bring your attention to the solutions.
One of them is gender-responsive budgeting. This isn't merely an abstract concept. It's a practical framework for transformative changes. By consciously directing public resources, we can address the gender disparities at the source. Think about it. How can we expect women to excel in their careers if public budgets overlook crucial investment in child care, maternity leave and tailored upskilling programmes?
Gender-responsive budgeting illustrates that financial choices are moral choices – they are moral decisions – advocating for policies that are not only uplifting individuals but enhancing societies overall.
Entrepreneurship is another cornerstone of the conversation. Women entrepreneurs are not just creating jobs. They are redefining industries and fostering innovation. Currently, only 2% of venture capital globally goes to women-led startups. This is not merely an inequality. It's a missed opportunity that dampens potential and stifles progress.
The report underscores a crucial truth. Achieving gender equality is in the economy. It's not just a moral obligation. It's an economic necessity.
So, let's advocate together for policies that reflect women's realities. And let's ensure that every girl born today can grow up in a world where her potential is measured not by her gender, but her dreams.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:23:27
Thank you.
Now, Ms Sevilay Çelenk Özen from the Group of the Unified European Left.
Türkiye, UEL, Spokesperson for the group
16:23:39
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dear colleagues,
First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the rapporteur for her well-prepared and insightful report.
The report's focus on empowering women's entrepreneurship and promoting gender-responsive budgeting at all levels is commendable. I also greatly value its emphasis on the mindset shift necessary to improve women's economic status and the call to address this challenge.
Furthermore, the report rightly highlights the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe's stance that breaking glass ceilings and fixing the broken ranks for women's leadership requires collective commitment.
However, as I read this report authored by a member of my country's delegation, I cannot overlook the stark gap between the approach presented here and the reality of women in Türkiye's social and economic life. This is not a problem unique to Türkiye. It reflects a broader systemic issue that demands open discussion.
As members of this international Assembly, we must confront such contradictions and seek collective solutions. As for Türkiye, the government calls on women to have three children while offering little guidance or support for their economic survival. This approach puts family values over women's rights, marginalising women within the family and excluding them from full participation in economic life.
This persistent emphasis on the Turkish family structure undermines efforts to prevent cultural traditions from maintaining inequality, which in turn hinders progress on women's rights.
While gender budgeting is mentioned in Türkiye's development plans, its meaningful implementation is sorely lacking. Even more concerning is the growing opposition to the concept of gender equality itself and the outright rejection of the term "gender", driven by President ERDOĞAN and the ruling party.
Instead of promoting gender equality, the idea of gender justice is being advanced, a concept that weakens women's progress by embedding political ideologies into the discourse on women's rights. These issues are deeply concerning, and I believe they are critical to address within the context of this report.
Thank you for your attention. I remain hopeful that meaningful change is possible through our shared efforts.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:26:32
Thank you very much.
Now we go to the list of speakers.
We have 21 speakers on the list, and the first is Ms Christiana EROTOKRITOU from Cyprus.
Thank you, Madam President.
First of all, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the rapporteur for her important work in preparing this report.
Every effort aimed at advancing gender equality and a more inclusive job market must have gender budgeting at its core, thereby creating more diverse, resilient, and innovative economies. Gender budgeting has been on the agenda in several European countries and international organisations for some years now.
Raising awareness of the important benefits of gender-responsive policies and ensuring that the issue remains on the agenda isn't, however, enough. What is imperative is consistent political will and resolve in addressing all forms of existing gender inequalities in state economies and labour markets.
For this to happen, an intersectional and horizontal approach for gender budgeting across all sectors of the public and private domain at the national, regional, and local levels must be pursued so that the different needs of women as well as their specific experiences and priorities are taken into consideration, ensuring at the same time that sufficient resources are allocated to this effect.
Specific policies aimed at supporting women entrepreneurs, fair employment practices, equal pay and transparency in wages, measures to support the work-family balance, access to financial resources, and promoting women leadership in all sectors of private and public life should constitute the cornerstone of our efforts in empowering women and cementing their pivotal role in the economy.
Dear colleagues,
The Council of Europe has demonstrated in practice its commitment to upholding the principles of equality and social justice. Equally important is that its member states step up efforts to reduce gender gaps and inequalities, particularly systemic inequalities. To this end, increased data availability as well as improvements in capacity building, training and expertise within government institutions and public services are necessary.
We encourage national parliaments to disseminate best practices and share their experiences in successfully implementing gender-budgeting initiatives and ensuring accountability through effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Dear colleagues,
As a woman in politics, I am acutely aware of the unique challenges and the structural barriers women face in accessing resources and opportunities. The complete and meaningful participation of women in all spheres of life must not be hindered by entrenched norms and biases of the past.
I firmly believe that gender budgeting is not only about social justice but also a strategic imperative for a peaceful, just, and sustainable future.
When women are empowered through equal opportunities, society as a whole benefits from their increased participation in all walks of life. It is high time that the Council of Europe member states be part of this momentum of change and change in mindsets, mindsets so necessary for an equitable future for all.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:29:51
Thank you.
And now I call Ms Jessica STEGRUD from Sweden.
Madam President,
As I read Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT's report on gender equality, I reflected on the progress made in the West. A hundred years ago, only 14 nations in the Council of Europe had granted women the right to vote. Thanks to the Suffragette Movement, our societies have evolved, but the road is not over.
Elsewhere, millions of women still suffer terrible oppression. In Afghanistan, they are deprived of their fundamental rights. In Iran, their activism is brutally repressed. These examples demonstrate the fragility of progress.
Even in the West, our gains are under threat. The immigration of cultures that do not share our values of equality represents a challenge. We must defend our principles and insist on integration.
Finally, equality means equal rights and opportunities, not imposed outcomes. Quotas ignore individual choices. Equality must reinforce freedom, not restrict it.
Let's remain optimistic. With courage, we can achieve true equality.
Thank you, Madam President.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:31:35
Thank you.
Now I call Ms Kadri TALI from Estonia.
Okay, as she's not here. Now, Ms Wanda NOWICKA from Poland.
So, Madam Chair.
The unequal status of women in all societies, in all spheres of life, like economic, social, public and cultural, is of a systemic nature. It is due to the patriarchal structure of our societies, which is still widespread in the world.
Despite the fact that women are struggling against these barriers and achieved many successes like higher education in Europe, in most countries women are better educated than men, still their position also in economic life is much lower than men's.
Unfortunately, what places against women is the fact the gender stereotypes about the roles of men and women in societies are still of a conservative and traditional nature, meaning that women are those who are primarily, sometimes only, responsible, not only for the economic side of the family, but also for childcare or care of disabled or elderly members of families.
That of course causes serious barriers to women, and actually, this triple burden is used against women in, for example, them receiving lower pay. The pay gap is still very, very strong. Also, it is justified by the fact that women are those who have other things to do than just have a professional career.
So it shows that the issue with which we are struggling is not easy to be resolved, although there are mechanisms and instruments adopted in different countries to overcome these barriers. For example, the European directive on the reconciliation of family and work roles is meant to engage men more in family life so that the burden of caregiving will not be only on women but equally shared by all partners in the family.
This is in theory a good mechanism, yet so far it still is not efficient enough since not many men are using this mechanism. They are not taking paternity leave.
And anyway, I wanted to say that I do support this report because any mechanism we can adopt can play a positive role in improving the situation of women in the labour market.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:36:08
Thank you.
Now I give the floor to Ms Marija PETRUSHEVSKA from North Macedonia.
"Thank you, Madam President. Ladies and gentlemen," [spoken in French]
I would like to begin with congratulating the rapporteur on her excellent report. As stated in the previous resolutions adopted by the Assembly “equality between women and men in the economy is a precondition for advances in all other spheres of public and political life”.
Macroeconomic policies, health, education, and the living standard of people can improve if we consider the different needs of female and male citizens. Public expenditure may be more effective and more transparent if resources are allocated in a manner that equality of opportunities is respected in the distribution of public resources and services.
In our law on the national budget, we take into account the assessment of budgets from a gender-responsive perspective.
Parliamentarians have an important role to ensure equal rights of men and women. I would like to share the positive example of the Parliamentary Women’s Club that exists in our National Assembly.
The Women's Club is an informal group in the parliament, composed of all women members of parliament, regardless of their party affiliation. The Club acts with a common and unique goal: to achieve gender equality and the promotion of women's rights through legal solutions and active inclusion of women in the decision-making processes. Cross-party co-operation, as a model for which the Women's Parliamentary Club is recognised, has contributed to equal rights of women and men in the texts of numerous laws.
From increasing the participation of women in political life, in decision-making, to improving the living conditions of women in rural areas, protection of the rights of single parents, and female workers in case of pregnancy to the promotion of equality rights of women and men in the labour market.
I will conclude by quoting Ruth Bader GINSBURG, the first Jewish woman who served as a Supreme Court Justice in the USA . "Women belong in all places where decisions are being made."
Thank you for your attention.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:38:24
Thank you.
Now I give the floor to Ms Zeynep YILDIZ from Türkiye.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Esteemed colleagues,
First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my dear friend, Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT for her exceptional work in producing this comprehensive report which, following a detailed filed analysis, offers practical and well-considered solutions.
In shaping both social and professional life, it's vital to bear in mind the fundamental principle that the well-being of individuals ultimately constitutes the well-being of society at large.
This should serve as a key starting point for any discussions and actions on this matter. It is our fundamental responsibility to create an environment where women are not compelled to make a choice between their role as mother and their ambitions within their professional careers.
From this perspective, women-responsive budgeting is a valuable tool. It ensures women's ability to make life decisions without the overwhelming pressure of economic constraints, thus empowering them to have true agency over their personal and professional lives.
Furthermore, I consider it of great significance that the discrimination faced by women who wear headscarves in the workplace across Europe has been documented in this report under the auspices of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. This serves as a stark reminder of three purposes of this institution to safeguard the rights and freedoms of all individuals.
The report also highlights the systemic discrimination faced by women wearing headscarves in their professional lives in Europe. A report by the European Commission published in 2020 shows that women with test scarves face significantly higher unemployment rates, with Muslim women experiencing unemployment rates 35% higher than their non-Muslim counterparts. This issue is even more pronounced in sectors with a strong corporate or public-facing element where headscarf-wearing women often face exclusion or career hindrances.
These statistics emphasise the urgent need to fight against discrimination. The report's recognition of these challenges calls for the implementation of inclusive and progressive policies to ensure equal opportunities for all women.
It is now a necessity to articulate a new and realistic human rights paradigm that ensures women who have historically faced the most severe labour exploitation to meet surplus labour demands of savage capitalism, can live free from economic coercion. This paradigm will allow them to remain women in the truest sense without being forced to make a choice between their family and career and to define their own priorities in life.
Once again, I would like to express my appreciation to the rapporteur and to the Committee for their unanimous approval of this report, which enables a more comprehensive consideration of human rights and human rights at large.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:41:52
Thank you.
Now, Ms Olena KHOMENKO from Ukraine.
But I don't see [if] the card is on.
Okay, she's not here. Ms Sibel ARSLAN from Switzerland.
And your card is done?
"Okay, thank you very much Mister President" [Spoken in English]
Ladies and gentlemen,
esteemed colleagues,
please allow me to make my speech in German. As a politician and as a woman, I would like to thank the rapporteur warmly for her important and well-founded report. In recent years, we have made progress in terms of economic gender equality. But these achievements are fragile. The Covid-19 pandemic has ruthlessly shown or demonstrated how deep-rooted inequalities are holding women back. Our economy cannot afford to do without the potential of 50% of the population. Our society certainly cannot.
Women still earn less for the same work. They bear the burden of unpaid care work. They face obstacles when starting a business and are all too often ignored in decision-making processes. These structural inequalities are not just a moral failure, they are an economic failure. But we have the means to change this. We also see these points in this report. And now is the time to act.
On the one hand, we need equal pay for equal work. This must no longer be an empty phrase, but must become a reality. It goes without saying that equal pay and transparency must be enshrined in law. More women are needed in STEM professions in forward-looking sectors. Artificial intelligence and the green economy must no longer be male domains. There are also young women who are much more interested in these professions, but who perhaps do not have any role models, as the report also explains. Support is also needed for female entrepreneurs, namely support in setting up a business and in dealing with bureaucratic hurdles. This must all be facilitated. Access to capital must be made easier.
Fair distribution of care work also means that paid parental leave for both parents and comprehensive childcare are not extras, but economic necessities. In Switzerland, too, we are currently discussing this and we have a broad alliance where we want to focus much more on this fair distribution and parental time for the children, so that fathers can also take on their responsibilities because they want to. Gender budgeting is needed; this gender budgeting must finally be integrated into all budgetary decisions in a binding manner. During the reporting, I noticed that it would apparently work very well in Turkey. Unfortunately, however, my knowledge has led to the feedback that this is not the case. Perhaps we need to know more examples and concrete cases there too.
It is time not only to talk about change, but to make it happen. Ladies and gentlemen, let's not only break through the glass ceiling together, but also shape the entire economic structure so that it no longer leaves women behind. Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:45:48
Thank you.
Now I give the floor to Ms Saara-Sofia SIRÉN from Finland, but I don't see [if] the card is on.
So, Ms Lesia ZABURANNA from Ukraine.
Hello.
First of all, I would like to say thank you to the rapporteur for the great work, and actually, I would like to talk a little bit about this very important issue and very important problem in Europe.
In today’s changing global economy, gender equality is not just about fairness – it is essential for economic growth. All around the world, women’s involvement in the workforce, access to business opportunities and the adoption of gender-sensitive budgeting are helping shape the future of our economies.
Despite the significant progress made in certain areas, women continue to face substantial barriers – be it in the form of wage gaps, limited access to leadership roles or underrepresentation in critical sectors of the economy.
However, in addition to these challenges, we must also acknowledge the profound impact of external factors, such as Russia’s full-scale war in Ukraine. The Russian war of aggression has not only caused immense human suffering but also deeply disrupted the economy, leading to significant shifts in the labour market.
Amidst this ongoing conflict, women have increasingly taken on roles that were once largely out of reach, showcasing remarkable resilience and adaptability in the face of extraordinary challenges. While the challenges remain considerable, the potential for transformative change is equally vast.
With many men enlisted in the military, women have stepped into traditionally male-dominated sectors. The construction industry now employs twice as many women as it did in 2021. Similarly, the mining sector saw a rise, with women representing 49% of workers in 2023, compared to 27% two years prior.
Currently, women occupy 34% of director positions in businesses, reflecting significant progress toward gender equality in decision-making. This shift is not only a step forward for women’s empowerment but also a positive sign of the broader efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in the country’s business landscape. Businesses are hiring more women and teenagers to address labour shortages exacerbated by the war. Companies are revising recruitment criteria and offering more benefits to attract a diverse workforce.
While we continue to work towards economic and social growth, we are simultaneously united in our commitment to protecting our sovereignty. These two processes strengthen our nation from within and defend it from external threats.
Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:49:25
Thank you very much.
Now I give the floor to Ms Gökçe GÖKÇEN from Türkiye.
Thank you, Madam Chair, dear colleagues,
To be completely honest, when I read this report, two issues caught me by surprise. I will thank the rapporteur for one of them and I will offer a critique on the other.
First of all, violence against women is not limited to physical violence. It can also be economic. To strengthen the role of women in the economy, governments must take steps towards gender-responsive budgeting. The most powerful and yet most attacked instrument of the Council of Europe in combating all forms of violence against women is the Istanbul Convention.
Türkiye made great efforts to make the convention happen and for it to be called Istanbul. These efforts were made by its government, its opposition, its civil society and Turkish feminists. It was also adopted by the Turkish parliament unanimously. On one night, with the signature of one man, Türkiye withdrew from this very important instrument. Unsurprisingly, this report makes a clear and positive reference to the Istanbul Convention. Instead of using the commonly known name, the official title has been used. Despite being from a party of a government that withdrew from the Istanbul Convention, I find the rapporteur's reference meaningful. I would like to thank the rapporteur for this.
And the second point: as you all know, gender and sex are very different concepts. In Türkiye, the term gender was removed from all educational content in 2019 because it was considered to be against national values. Yet the concept of gender is very well used throughout this report. In the memorandum of the report, there is a reference to Türkiye's development plan as a good example. I do not know how this is a good example when it never even mentions, not even once, the word gender. It only talks about equality of opportunities of women and men. Not equality, but equality of opportunity. And the same plan talks about "global genderlessness trends", and how this is a threat to Türkiye.
Dear colleagues,
I do not express my criticism just to criticise, but this is an excellent example that shows how consistency is important.
We work at the Parliamentary Assembly, we take decisions, we vote for reports for the people we represent. Then these texts should mean that we will change something back home. I hope the points made in this report are respected in member states – all member states, including my country. This is why I will vote in favour.
And I thank Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT for her work. Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:52:13
Thank you very much. And now I give the floor to Ms Flordeliz OSLER from Canada.
Microphone, please.
"Thank you, Madam President" [Spoken in French].
Dear colleagues,
Let me begin by thanking the rapporteur for her meaningful report, which unfortunately remains as relevant as ever.
First, I would like to commend the goal of prioritising inclusive approaches to diversity to “challenge and dismantle pervasive stereotypes.”
Unlike Canada's neighbour to the south, we have strengthened and prioritised diversity, equity and inclusion (or DEI) in the elaboration of our federal policies, programmes and legislation.
In 2015, the Canadian government renewed its 20-year-old commitment to use Gender-based Analysis Plus “so that it can be more inclusive in its approach to developing, delivering and evaluating initiatives.”
When women work, economies grow.
Women’s economic empowerment increases economic diversification, boosts shared prosperity and is good for business.
But to achieve this, women and girls, in all their dimensions, need education, up-skilling, full control of their reproductive rights and an end to gender-based violence.
As the rapporteur points out, we need to address “one of the greatest challenges in establishing women’s place in the economy, which is changing mindsets.”
One of the measures in the report is the establishment of gender-responsive budgeting practices and tools to ensure "that government budgets, policies and programmes pay specific attention to the needs and priorities of women.”
Canada continues to believe in equity practices and tools.
Last year we established funding for an affordable Canada-wide early learning and childcare system, including before- and after-school care, to support the well-being of children and families, gender equality and the rights of women to participate in the economy. In December 2018, the Canadian Gender Budgeting Act entered into force, committing “the Government of Canada to strengthen its financial administration by ensuring gender and diversity is considered in budgetary decisions.”
To this end, Canadian law requires that all measures adopted are formulated using a Gender-based Plus approach.
We have also taken initiatives to recognise that “the full and equal participation of women in the economy is essential to competitiveness and prosperity”.
In February 2024, Canada announced funding to support the project: Changing the Narrative – Unleashing the Full Potential of Women-owned Enterprises, “which aims to foster innovation, enhance workforce diversity and tackle systemic barriers experienced by women entrepreneurs.”
The resolution points out that “there is still a long way to go”, and unfortunately, we are bearing witness to multiple global examples of equality backsliding.
I, for one, pledge to continue to put the rights and full economic participation of women, in all their dimensions, at the forefront of my work as a parliamentarian.
Thank you for your attention, "merci, meegwetch" [Spoken in French and Algonquin].
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:55:41
Thank you.
I give the floor to Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU from Türkiye.
Thank you, Madam President,
And I would like to first say thank you to Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT for her compassionate the report. But, we would appreciate if she put efforts to advocate these ideas before her colleagues in Turkiye.
Gender-responsive budgeting is a gender equality strategy, based on how public resources are collected and allocated with three phases: budget preparation, implementation, and audit. All stakeholders should be involved through these phases, and gender-disaggregated data needs to be transparent.
In Türkiye, however, these gender-responsive budgeting strategies, which are expected to be in practice since 2014, remain only on paper and toothless.
The budget allocation for women’s policies has been consistently reduced over the years, while substantial resources have been directed towards family policies. In the latest budget, 454 million euros were allocated to family policies, whereas only a third of that amount was designated for women’s policies.
Last week, 2025 was announced as “Year of the Family” by the presidency, emphasising conservative policies on marriage and fertility.
Considering the exclusionist family definition of the government, we are critical of these overarching policies threatening mainly women who do not conform to the prescribed family model of the government.
Limited public expenditures addressing gender inequalities over the years and persistent ignorance of issues such as women's unemployment, a high female proportion in NEET, and insufficient childcare services are only pieces of unfortunate evidence for our critics. On top of that, the rise in violence against women, especially in family institutions, has not been addressed by the government.
Dear colleagues, gender-responsive budgeting is not only a financial process. It requires fundamental political support with an explicit emphasis on gender equality and women's rights. Right populist governments encourage women to adhere to patriarchal roles and reinforce traditional family structures, significantly intervening in women's autonomy. This inconsistency under right populist regimes, depreciates any implementation efforts for GRB strategies.
So, for effective and encompassing gender-responsive budgeting policies, yes, we need accountable and transparent governments. And yes, the report is highlighting this. However, sincere and consistent political discourse is needed to get to the heart of the matter to achieve de facto implementation.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
16:58:45
Thank you.
Now, I give the floor to Ms Santy MONTEMAYOR CASTILLO from Mexico.
Hi, I'm Santy Montemayor from Cancun, Mexico.
Good afternoon. I would like to send regards to all of the participants. I hope the conclusions from the Parliamentary Assembly's activities will serve as the basis for developing proposals that will continue to strengthen the various nations.
Today, we are discussing the issue of the participation of women in the economy, to which end, gender parity in the various facets of society is often discussed.
Today, it is almost unimaginable for there to be professional sectors and public positions without a representation of women. Nonetheless, it is necessary to bolster the participation of women with a legislative framework and public policy.
In Mexico, a recent study showed that seven out of 10 men participated in the economy, whereas only four out of 10 women did.
Furthermore, in Mexico, women's active participation was only around 43% – a figure below the world average of around 48%, even below similar economies like Colombia and Brazil.
In the same vein, in February of last year, the United Nations Women highlighted that despite being in the 21st century, the salary gap was 20%, that is, that globally working women earn 80% of men's earnings.
This is likely a particular or sectorised situation, which may be typical of a particular region, but it can help us continue to highlight the ongoing inequalities between women and men.
Major global advances have been made as far as human rights, economic rights, and social rights of women, however, the current challenge is to guarantee that they can exercise these rights fully.
And in Mexico, in addition to having the first woman president in our country, currently, the congress – to which I belong – and government entities enjoy parity between men and women. Such participation doesn't only comply with a poorly named "quota", but the inclusion of gender perspective in the solutions and attention to the needs regarding our gender, promoting the best policies that aim to improve the lives of the women in my country.
Guaranteeing and giving visibility to the importance of women's participation in the economy is a topic that does not only affect the compliance of rights, it is about the tangible benefits in individuals' economies, as well as national and global economies.
In this regard, Mexico's competition institute estimated the economic benefits of having more women workers in the labour market and analysed the importance of women's working conditions to increase their numbers and permanence, estimating that by 2030, Mexico's GDP could be 15% greater than in 2020 thanks to women's work.
I trust that we are on the right path to achieve this, as the subject is laid on the table of such an important Assembly, so those of us who participate are enriched by the experiences of each of you to therefore be able to design and adapt proposals that correspond to our country.
Thank you for your attention.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:02:23
Thank you.
Now Mr Abdurrahman BABACAN, the first and last man in this debate.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dear colleagues,
I welcome this report and congratulate Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT for her excellent work. I am very happy to be taking part in this discussion, as I am well aware of the role men have in furthering the place of women in the economy.
Any issue concerning women in fact concerns the whole of society. Recent studies show that women’s participation in economic activity positively affects children’s wellbeing and development, increases growth, reduces poverty, and improves household wellbeing.
However, women’s economic empowerment is not a single-faceted issue that could easily be solved through economic measures. One of the most damaging obstacles to women’s economic empowerment is the intersectional discriminations they face.
One overlooked example is the discrimination towards Muslim women in Europe. Specifically, in European societies that pride themselves on principles of equality and human rights, the treatment of Muslim women often tells us a different story. Across Europe, Muslim women routinely face prejudice, marginalisation, and systemic barriers simply for choosing to practice their faith. They are scrutinised for how they dress, whether wearing the hijab, niqab, or other religious attire. Workplaces are no exception. Muslim women are disproportionately excluded from employment opportunities due to stereotypes and outright discrimination. Studies consistently show that a Muslim woman’s chances of being called for a job interview drop significantly when her name or appearance suggests her faith. This not only undermines her economic empowerment but also perpetuates damaging cycles of marginalisation.
In public spaces, too, the discrimination is palpable. Hate crimes against visibly Muslim women, including verbal abuse and physical attacks, are alarmingly frequent. Legislative measures, such as bans on headscarves in schools or government offices, serve to institutionalise Islamophobia and restrict personal freedoms.
In order to uphold all women, regardless of their faith, dress or religion, we must enforce anti-discrimination laws, promote diversity and support education and economic access. Only when we invite all women to the table, we can ensure that women have their rightful place in the economy and social life.
In this context, the recommendations of the resolution, both regarding the specific title and women's participation in economic activity in general, and the inferences and analysis based on the objective data are quite remarkable.
Thanks to the rapporteur. Thanks all.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:05:21
Thank you.
And now I call Ms Valérie PILLER CARRARD from Switzerland.
Thank you, Madam Vice-Chairwoman.
Dear colleagues,
First of all, I would like to thank our colleague Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT for drafting this important report, which aims to strengthen the place of women in the economy, also in view of the number of male speakers in this debate. Incidentally, I'd like to thank Mr Abdurrahman BABACAN for speaking. He's the only one.
I can see that we still have a long way to go to change people's mindsets so that we can find our true place in this economy. Indeed, as we can see, the last time the Assembly tackled the subject of women's place in the economy was in 2018, with the report entitled "Empowering women in the economy", which gave rise to a resolution.
Since then, the world has experienced the Covid-19 pandemic with all its negative fallout that persists to this day. The economic consequences of conflict have also shown the fragility of progress towards equality between women and men, and that much remains to be done.
More than men, women face discrimination, and gender prejudice works against them. During recruitment processes, they have to prove their abilities to a greater extent than their male counterparts. Not only are they always on the front line when it comes to caring for loved ones, but this heavy responsibility also means that they are seen as less economically-efficient and therefore discriminated against on the job market.
This report calls on European leaders to take up the challenge of changing mentalities so that women are recognised for their true worth and no longer underrepresented in higher education in science, technology, engineering or mathematics. These fields offer better employment prospects than the professions in which women predominate.
According to the latest OECD study, carried out in 2023, notable progress has been made in two areas: in the distribution of childcare responsibilities and in transparency, particularly with regard to the gender pay gap. In 55% of the 37 OECD member countries, private companies are now required to report on pay differentials.
This is a major step forward, but it is not enough. In particular, equality remains very fragile. Women are still the main caregivers, while there is a crying lack of financial recognition for this type of work, both at home and in institutions.
In addition to the slow pace of progress, there is a risk of backsliding, especially in the current context. We need to take better account of the research demonstrating women's economic potential and take more steps to accelerate change, especially in the times we live in, with a shortage of skilled labor.
We know that one of the biggest obstacles to women's professional advancement is still, and all too often, motherhood. It's not right that women should still be made redundant when they have their first child. This discrimination is totally intolerable in 2025. We need to put in place genuine family policies in our countries to encourage the reconciliation of family and working life, develop high-quality, sufficient and affordable out-of-home childcare facilities, and introduce parental leave.
Dear colleagues, let's take up the challenge of changing mentalities and support this report.
Thank you for your attention.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:09:19
Thank you.
Now I give the floor to Ms Jurgita ŠUKEVIČIENĖ from Lithuania.
Thank you, Madam President.
As representatives of our nations, we stand here not only as policymakers, but as advocates for a fairer, more equitable future.
The Parliamentary Assembly has long been a beacon for advancing human rights and equality. Yet we must recognise that the journey toward economic gender equality remains fraught with challenges.
Gender equality is not just about fairness. It's an economic imperative. Women contribute significantly to our economies, yet they are often underutilised and undervalued. The session comes to a critical juncture. The Covid-19 pandemic has laid bare the vulnerabilities of women in the workforce, while global conflicts have further strained the economic opportunities.
Now more than ever, we must act with determination to ensure women have equal opportunities to thrive economically.
Lithuania has taken significant strides in promoting gender equality through progressive parental leave policies. Recent reforms encourage shared caregiving responsibilities, reducing the burden of women and enabling them to remain active in the workforce. These policies not only benefit families but also set a precedent for other nations, demonstrating that equitable parenting is both possible and beneficial for society.
The Lithuanian parliament has played a key role in shaping and enacting these reforms. Legislators continue to monitor their impact and refine them based on outcomes. Sharing Lithuania's policies through Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe can inspire other nations to adopt similar measures, fostering regional harmony in gender equality. Furthermore, Lithuania has introduced initiatives to support women entrepreneurs, such as simplified grant application processes and targeted funding for startups.
Lithuanian women are increasingly taking on roles in the green and digital economies, aligning with global trends. These sectors represent the future of work. And women's participation is crucial for ensuring inclusive and sustainable development.
Economic empowerment is not charity. It is a smart investment in Europe's future. As stated in Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe discussions, empowering women is not just a matter of equality, but a proven driver of societal and economical progress.
Lithuania stands ready to lead by example, working collaboratively with other nations to ensure that women's contributions are fully recognised and utilised. Together, we can build a future where gender equality is not just a goal, but a reality.
Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:12:25
Thank you very much.
Now I give the floor to Ms Pelin YILIK from Türkiye.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dear colleagues,
I would like to congratulate the rapporteur for her excellent work and for this wonderful report.
The report successfully addresses women’s place in the economy and subsequently explores how gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) could be an answer in coping with the existing gender inequalities in many areas of life.
More importantly, budget expenditures are generally and incorrectly regarded as gender-neutral documents. The report reviews the budgetary processes and public expenditures from the gender perspective and thus, shows that budgets and public services affect women and men differently, and more often compound existing gender inequality.
In this regard, GRB is a perfect tool to ensure that public expenditures and services are distributed in a gender-equitable fashion. This would promote equality and contribute to equal opportunities for both women and men.
As revealed in the report, a number of member states have undertaken reforms in this direction. Although these are encouraging steps, we are still far behind establishing common standards for GRB and thus achieving equitable distribution of expenditures.
In this context, I should also like to emphasise that women’s participation in the budgetary decision-making process is key. Fiscal policies are generally male-dominated areas. Creating a gender balance would contribute to more gender-sensitive budgetary processes.
While anti-discrimination laws have been in force for long years in member states, women still continue to face various forms of discrimination and persisting gender inequalities. Gender equality must be achieved in practice too.
Discrimination and existing inequalities manifest themselves more visibly in women’s employment, gender pay gaps and women’s advancement to managerial positions.
I would like to conclude by emphasising that GRB and women’s place in the economy must be constantly addressed and monitored in this Assembly, because we know that achieving equality in practice is a complex and fragile matter which is prone to setbacks.
Lastly, I wish more male parliamentarians would pay attention to this report, and talk about the issue.
Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:15:16
Thank you, Miss Pelin.
And now, Ms Meryem GÖKA from Türkiye.
Thank you.
Dear President and colleagues,
As a parliamentarian with roots in grassroots politics, advancing women’s involvement in economic life has always been deeply important to me.
I would like to begin by commending my esteemed colleague, Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT, for her exceptional work on this report.
Türkiye places utmost importance on empowering women and ensuring their rightful place in all aspects of life.
Economic empowerment is not merely a policy choice for us, it's a transformative strategy. Policies such as tax incentives for companies hiring women, flexible working models, maternity benefits, the expansion of childcare services, and neighbourhood daycare centres have supported this progress.
These measures have enabled countless women to balance family responsibilities and professional ambitions, contributing actively to the workforce. Initiatives like the "Women Entrepreneurs Support Programme" have provided thousands of women with funding, mentorship and training, empowering them to establish businesses that drive growth and inspire communities.
Türkiye has integrated gender-responsive budgeting into its public spending, ensuring policies consider women’s needs and is recognised by the OECD as one of 23 countries implementing this approach. This strategy has improved access to healthcare, education, and job opportunities, particularly for women in rural regions.
Over the years, we have launched numerous programs to support women in resuming and completing their education, fostering a generation of empowered and educated women. The STEM-focused "Turkey’s Engineer Girls Project" stands out as an important example supporting female students aspiring to become engineers. Tailored programmes for women provide access to education, vocational training, and entrepreneurial resources, ensuring that no woman is left behind.
While we take pride in these significant achievements in Türkiye, as part of the Turkish diaspora, I have witnessed first-hand the struggles faced by Muslim women across Europe. As stated in the report, these women often encounter a "triple penalty" in the labor market: being women, belonging to a minority, and being Muslim. Despite their qualifications and potential, they are frequently excluded from opportunities and stigmatised due to biases tied to their identity. In some cases, Muslim women are even dismissed from their jobs simply for choosing to wear a headscarf, highlighting the persistence of deeply rooted prejudice.
Addressing these challenges requires more than just legal reforms. We all together must actively work to dismantle stereotypes and systemic barriers.
Ready to share and learn, we strive for a world where every woman can contribute, lead and succeed.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:18:51
Thank you very much. That concludes the list of speakers.
And now I give the floor to Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT.
You have 3 minutes.
I would like to thank all my colleagues for their constructive and insightful contributions, which demonstrate our shared commitment to gender equality.
The discussion has highlighted progress in some areas while reaffirming how much work remains to be done.
It has also confirmed the importance of implementing the recommendations in the resolution.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the Secretariat, in particular Ms Penelope DENU, for their invaluable support in preparing this report.
Some colleagues highlighted the often-neglected issue of discrimination against Muslim women in the labour market, one of the most economically disadvantaged groups in Europe.
My report references research showing that Muslim women in Europe are three times more likely to be unemployed than women generally due to a triple penalty: being women, being from an ethnic minority, and being Muslim.
Reports of Muslim women being denied employment or dismissed for refusing to remove their headscarves are deeply concerning and demonstrate the disproportionate impact of anti-Muslim racism on Muslim women, which must be addressed.
As highlighted in the resolution, member states must take decisive action to eliminate and sanction racism, intolerance, and intersectional discrimination against women from all diverse groups in the labour market.
We have also heard good practices from my country Türkiye. One of the 23 OECD countries that have implemented gender-responsive budgeting. The section on Türkiye in the report is based entirely on the information I received during my exchanges with UN women. The constructive co-operation between the Turkish government and UN women has yielded positive results with further efforts underway to advance the system.
I will not respond to certain comments on Türkiye as they fall entirely outside the scope of my report and pertain to domestic politics. But I would like to stress that the importance given to women and the family are not contradictory. In fact, they are complementary. In this respect I am proud of our government for supporting women and families and support all future advances in this respect.
Dear colleagues,
I would like to emphasise that I have continuously advocated for all recommendations in this resolution in my country during my 10-year mandate as a parliamentarian. Most importantly, while proposing and implementing legislation and policies, we as parliamentarians and leaders of opinion must tackle the greatest challenge of all: changing the mindsets.
Our societies must move beyond persistent stereotypes and clichés and uphold glass ceilings and broken rungs preventing women from advancing in the economy.
I began with figures, and I will close with them. Empowering women strengthens entire economies. According to the World Bank, closing the gender gap could increase global GDP per capita of nearly 20% and generate 5 to 6 trillion in economic gains if women started businesses at the same rate as men.
The evidence is clear. Women's full economic empowerment benefits all of society. Men and boys must take an active role in changing perceptions and above all be convinced themselves that the whole society benefits from this win-win situation rather than perceiving it as competition.
In this context, I would like to also thank Mr Abdurrahman BABACAN for being the only man who contributed to this discussion.
I hope you will not only adopt this resolution unanimously, but also take its recommendations back with you to finally achieve economic equality and unlock the full potential that comes with it.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:23:08
Thank you very much.
I now give the floor to Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO. You have 3 minutes.
Ukraine, EPP/CD, on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination
17:23:16
"Dear Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT, thank you for this important report" [spoken in Ukrainian and Turkish too].
You know, colleagues, we were just laughing that there was one man speaking. This is not funny. But even more not funny is that we're still debating and discussing and there's still a need for such resolutions to enhance, enlarge and higher up the understanding of how underrepresented women are still in the global economic market.
Even though, as the rapporteur has mentioned, us women are more than half of this planet earth. Well, we'll see what happens further with AI and other technologies. But currently in this file there are several very concrete proposals to our governments to undertake after we – I hope – all vote in favour.
The first one, colleagues, this is gender-responsive budgeting. And I do know that many ministers still don't understand what gender means, what budgeting means. And altogether it is a total mix of things for them. But it's not only about them. It also takes us to the very ground of grassroots of diplomacy, where gender budgeting is coming from, where the division of budgeting is coming from, so that we do look as directly representative members of parliaments and people.
How do we actually spend this budget? On what do we spend this budget? Are we taking care about parents in general, parental leave at the workplaces? Do we actually assess somehow in the global data the unpaid work as is stated in 10.3, I think 10.4, I think.
The real time challenges put us through this timely proposals conducted by the rapporteur. And I know that she used an amazing database of herself collecting the opportunity of questionnaire she has shared with us at the very beginning of her report to share how the national parliaments of the Council of Europe are conducting at least the gender budgeting.
Colleagues,
We have discussed with you the importance of education and history. Today we should pay attention to curriculum in general. How are the stereotypes spread, even from the kindergarten and schools, and then further to universities, when girls, ladies and then women are deciding their future upon their professions, how they may be misled by the different stereotypes. I hope all of them will vanish and woman power will genuinely prevail and be assessed also in the workplaces via equal pay and many other benefits.
Thank you. And I highly ask to support this report and maybe give a little time so the room will be filled up within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:26:20
Thank you very much.
The debate is closed.
The Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination has presented a draft resolution, to which five amendments have been tabled.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee wishes to propose to the Assembly that amendment 2, 3, 4 and 5 to the draft resolution, which were rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared as definitively rejected.
Is that so Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO?
Ukraine, EPP/CD, on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination
17:26:59
Yes, President.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:27:01
Thank you.
If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be rejected. Is there an objection?
No.
Amendments 2, 3, 4 and 5 to the draft resolution are rejected and will not be called.
OK. Now I call Ms Petra BAYR to support Amendment No.1.
You have 30 seconds.
Yeah. Thank you very much.
We think that keeping women away from the labour market by paying them for staying at home is not in the spirit and not in line with this report. And so we suggest to delete this Paragraph 12.6.
Thank you very much.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:27:57
Does anyone else wish to support this amendment?
No. Okay.
Does anyone wish to speak against the amendment?
Sorry: no.
What is the view of the Committee, Madam Chairwoman? Sorry.
Ukraine, EPP/CD, on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination
17:28:19
Dear President,
The Committee hasn't taken any position on that, so we have to consider it in the plenary hall.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:28:25
And what is the view of the rapporteur?
Dear Chairwoman, dear colleagues,
I have included this recommendation in the resolution in order to support women who undertake childcare, elderly care, disability care, in the absence of enough sufficient, let's say employment opportunities or sufficient childcare infrastructure. So this concerns more the disadvantaged communities, disadvantaged families and supporting them.
However, I do also see the point that my colleague Ms Petra BAYR is making, which is relevant in countries which are above a certain development level, that are serving as disincentives for women.
Therefore, I would very much like to keep my text, but I would like to leave it to my colleagues to decide how to vote and considering the context of their own countries, especially considering the importance of social protection and social security coverage for everyone, including people who are involved in unpaid care work.
Thank you.
Poland, EPP/CD, President of the Assembly
17:29:50
Thank you.
Now I shall put the amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I call for results to be displayed.
34 for the amendment, 24 against, 12 abstentions.
It was agreed. Yes.
We will now proceed to vote on the draft resolution contained in document 16068, as amended.
A simple majority is required.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I call for the result to be displayed.
63 in favour, 2 against, 5 abstentions.
The draft resolution is adopted.
Congratulations.
Okay, thank you.
A 1-minute break and there will be the next point of the session.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:35:14
Good afternoon, colleagues.
We are about to start the second and our last debate today.
But before that, a colleague wishes to make a point of order.
Order, please. Order, please. There is a speaker.
Thank you very much, Mister Chair.
I was going to say yes at previous resolution, but wrongly I pressed no. I would share it with you.
Thank you very much. Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:35:48
Thank you very much. That will be noted. Thank you very much indeed.
The next item of business this afternoon is the debate on the report titled “Regulating content moderation on social media to safeguard freedom of expression” (Doc. 16089) presented by Ms Valentina GRIPPO on behalf of the Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media.
I call Ms Valentina GRIPPO, the rapporteur.
You have 7 minutes now, and 3 minutes to reply at the end of the debate.
You need your card.
Mister Chairman, colleagues,
Today we present a report that addresses one of the most complex challenges of our time: the regulation and moderation of content on digital platforms.
Recently, Mark ZUCKERBERG promised "more free speech and fewer errors" in Meta services, disrupting the work of third-party fact-checkers. Google made a similar decision regarding Search and YouTube.
These decisions can only see us opposed, because they will contribute to the proliferation of online misinformation.
However, not everything Meta has announced is wrong. The intention to prioritise enforcement of illegal and high severity violations, for example, goes in the direction of correcting the excesses that can result from errors and abuses in content moderation and is in line with some aspects of what our report envisions.
Indeed, the report strikes a delicate balance between two fundamental principles: on the one hand, the responsibility of platforms to ensure that online content does not violate fundamental rights; on the other hand, the need to prevent moderation tools from being used arbitrarily, compromising freedom of expression.
We are well aware that in today's digital environment, a simple bot or algorithm can be used to defame a person, violate children's rights, foment hatred, and incite violence. Those who own and operate a communications empire with the ability to shape global public opinion cannot exempt themselves from responsibility for what happens on their digital spaces.
At the same time, the report stresses the importance that moderation tools do not become a weapon of arbitrary censorship. Platforms have the right and the duty to act against harmful content, but they must do so with clear, transparent and controllable criteria.
Certainly content moderation is a complex undertaking, and yes, accidental removal of content can happen. And it also happens all too often that content is removed, demoted, or accounts are terminated for unclear purposes or for reasons that are not best identified.
From the war in Ukraine to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, from the U.S. elections to the assault on Capitol Hill, from the discussions at the time of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, just to name a few important events, there have been many occasions where platforms have been accused of moving in a non-neutral manner with content being removed or being made inaccessible on social, or conversely others promoted and targeted with a specific strategy.
In the words of Irene KHAN, UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, this is the result of "inherently biased policies, opaque and inconsistent content moderation, heavy reliance on automated tools for moderation and translation, and a permissive approach to state requests for content removal."
In any case, whether by accident or design, the wrongful removal of content or suspension of user accounts is a serious democratic problem, a problem that is at the heart of the resolution I am presenting to you today.
On the one hand, it must be remembered that the right to freedom of expression is not an absolute right, and social media companies have a legal obligation to remove unlawful content from their services.
In addition, social media companies also hold fundamental rights, such as the right to property and freedom of enterprise, meaning that they are free to determine to a certain extent how users can use their services and what content they can publish. This is contractually regulated in so-called "terms and conditions." But in the face of these terms and conditions the parties are not equal and we have to take them into account.
Now, these general principles are important but we what we did with this report, and I am very proud of the direction that the Council of Europe is going to give, was to also find practical ways by which it was possible to give direction to information giants that weigh more than states both economically and in terms of their international presence. And we defined for this some very important actions from the practical point of view.
First, of all, the terms and conditions must be accessible, clear and inform about what users can and cannot do and the consequences to which they expose themselves if they do not follow the rules. Second, when a piece of content is moderated, the user who posted it should be notified without undue delay, and given a proper explanation, avoiding the underhanded practice, so called, of shadow banning.
Also, let us not forget that not all content is born equal. Content provided by the press or broadcasters is already heavily regulated and cannot be moderated or censored like any other content.
Another type of sensitive content that we remarked on in the report is content that arrives in war zones. Videos that arrive can serve as evidence of war crimes in a court of law and cannot be permanently removed from servers and social media, even though this would be allowed under the terms and conditions.
Another key issue we address in the report is who is in charge of content moderation. As you know moderation is often done by automated means, by artificial intelligence, but what artificial intelligence cannot do is fully understand the subtleties of human interaction, irony, parody, satire, and it cannot evaluate content in context as a human would. That is why human moderators must remain the cornerstone of any moderation system. But let's remember that human beings can also be biased, and that's why we said in the report that we need standards and we need proper training. We also paused to look at the work of human moderators because human moderators are not machines; they are under a lot of stress. We tried to ask for certainties so that they can see their work stress recognized.
Finally, one measure that could prove useful in conflict resolution is the establishment of independent extra-judicial dispute resolution bodies. Collaboration among social media companies in establishing such bodies could also be helpful here. We have urged them in our meetings. You may be aware that a new body, the Appeal Center Europe, was created at the end of 2024. This body resolves disputes about the content policies of Facebook, TikTok and YouTube, and we think it is in the right direction.
So I hope you will support our proposals that will open up a scenario of greater recognition of rights that are so important to people.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:44:46
Thank you, Miss Grippo. Thank you very much.
We'll now continue the debate and I will call the speakers on behalf of the political groups.
Mr Benjamin DALLE on behalf of the Group of the European People's Party.
You have 3 minutes.
Dear President, dear colleagues,
It's a great honour for me, for the first time, to speak before this Parliamentary Assembly about human rights, which is so fundamental.
Freedom of expression indeed is a cornerstone of our democracies. Without it, there's no open debate, no rule of law, and no real democratic participation.
In today's digital society, social media plays a crucial role in public discourse. It connects people, amplifies voices, and provides access to diverse sources of information. However, with power comes responsibility.
Social media companies have a dual obligation.
First, they must, of course, respect freedom of expression. They must ensure that their platforms remain open spaces for democratic debates. This means that social media companies must refrain from arbitrary content removal, shadow banning, or algorithmic suppression of lawful content. Their moderation policies must be transparent, non-discriminatory, and subject to due process.
Second, they must take responsibility for limiting the spread of harmful content. While freedom of expression is fundamental, it does not mean an unrestricted right to spread disinformation, incite hatred or promote violence. The principle is very clear. What is illegal in the physical world must also be illegal online. Hate speech and incitement to violence have no place in our societies, whether in the streets or on our screens.
At the same time, we must acknowledge the risk posed by disinformation. Social media platforms have become powerful tools for the spread of disinformation, threatening democratic processes, human rights and public trust.
Censorship, dear colleagues, is not the answer. But promoting accurate, verified and reliable information is the answer. That is why we believe that our amendment on collaboration with fact checkers and journalists is essential.
Finally, regulation must strike the right balance. It must protect free speech while ensuring that social media does not become a breeding ground for harm.
And above all, dear colleagues, we must ensure that social media companies do not become the ultimate arbiters of truth. Content moderation should not be dictated by private companies, but must be guided by democratic institutions.
Our responsibility is clear. We must ensure a free, open and responsible digital environment where fundamental rights are respected.
We thank the rapporteur for her work and of course we will support this resolution.
Thank you very much.
(Light applause)
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:48:16
Thank you very much.
Our next speaker is Mr Paweł JABŁOŃSKI on behalf of the European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance.
You have 3 minutes.
Poland, EC/DA, Spokesperson for the group
17:48:23
Mister President, dear colleagues, and most of all the citizens of European countries, because it is about you and not about these politicians here, let it be said very clearly: Freedom of speech is under attack. And the spectre is haunting Europe today. A spectre of censorship.
The censorship is disguised sometimes as protection from hatred, from populism, from so-called hate speech. But in reality, it's about power, it's about control.
Left wing politicians want to control what you say, what you write on the Internet, how you think, how you vote. And if you do not fulfil their demands, they want to punish you. If you say, for example, that there are only two genders, they say it's hate speech. If you say that children should not be subjected to transgender surgeries, they call it incitement of violence and they want it censored.
This is why they are acting so aggressively against Internet platforms, against social media, against the platform X, against Facebook's new moderation policy, against TikTok, against all the platforms. This is about control.
What we had in Poland prior to 1989 was absolutely undoubtedly censorship. There was a law that allowed the government officials to remove, to block any content that they deemed illegal, that they deemed to be somehow harmful, and then the citizens could appeal to the court of law.
Well, obviously they could have done so, but in reality, nobody in their right mind could consider this to be in line with the convention, with Article 10 of the convention, everybody understood somehow that this is censorship.
And yet again, somehow, regulations as such are being prepared, are being drafted, are being introduced all across Europe. And we here in this Assembly, our first and utmost duty is to safeguard basic human rights, including the right to freedom of speech, to freedom of expression.
We have drafted several amendments to this resolution. The resolution isn't very bad, but it lacks concrete means to stop censorship.
First and foremost, I agree with my colleagues that if something is illegal in the real world, it should also be legal on the Internet. But if something is legal in the real world, it should never be removed, it should never be censored without prior judicial control.
And this is the reality, right now, that the governments, by virtue of administrative decisions, want to remove content, want to censor content, and people are left without proper means of remedy. If we give simple appeal, this will require a lot of time for the proceeding to be concluded. So in fact, we will have the basic problem: justice delayed is justice denied.
So I call upon you, dear colleagues, let us fight censorship together, and let's improve this resolution by adding these important amendments.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:51:35
Thank you very much.
Our next speaker is Ms Béatrice FRESKO-ROLFO on behalf of Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
Monaco, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group
17:51:43
Thank you, Mister Chairman.
Although complex, the subject that brings us together today occupies a central place: how to balance moderation of expression with respect for our democratic values, bearing in mind that the digital world has become an essential sphere of public debate, even if it remains prey to excesses that we cannot ignore.
This debate is taking place at a time when several platforms have decided to put an end to all moderation, which could lead to an upsurge in hate speech and greater visibility for the darker sides of our societies.
Nevertheless, as far as platform regulations are concerned, they are largely the sole initiative of private multinationals, which define and apply them according to their own interests. Moreover, how can we fail to be concerned by the fact that some of these private interests can promote one and only one opinion on their networks, can use disinformation and can have the power to steer the outcome of elections, which thus lose their democratic essence? We have a recent example of this.
Self-regulation can therefore guarantee neither freedom of expression, nor the protection of users from illicit or harmful content.
We have a responsibility: to establish an institutional framework that ensures that the digital world does not attempt to muzzle dissenting opinions, become a lawless zone, a deprivation of the expression of opinions or even a place for online abuses.
In accordance with Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, any restriction on freedom of expression must be necessary, proportionate and justified. It is therefore essential to ensure the transparency of decision-making processes, and to provide citizens with effective means of redress in the event of any violation of their rights.
As you can see, coordination is a strategic priority. Today, divergent rules in the member states create confusion for companies and citizens alike.
But regulation alone is not enough: its application must be rigorous and fair, with clear mechanisms for challenging arbitrary decisions by platforms.
The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe would like to express its support for the quality of the rapporteur's proposals, which form a solid basis for progress on this issue. However, we feel it is essential to stress one fundamental point: removed content, including its metadata, must not be permanently deleted. Indeed, such content can represent valuable evidence for documenting serious crimes or war crimes. Deleting them would deprive victims and the justice system of essential means of establishing the truth and accountability.
Similarly, it is vital that users have the right to challenge decisions made by platforms. Too often, citizens are faced with a lack of clarity and inaccessible remedies when content is moderated by the platform, or an account suspended. We need to guarantee clear, predictable and fair procedures.
What's more, we can't ignore the new challenges posed by artificial intelligence technologies. AI-generated content, sometimes indistinguishable from reality, poses unprecedented problems of misinformation and manipulation. Solutions such as digital watermarking to authenticate such content should be explored and improved.
I cannot fail to mention the need to ensure the good mental health of those who work on content moderation: it's a question of human dignity.
Thank you very much.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:55:07
Thank you very much and our next speaker is Mr Berdan ÖZTÜRK on behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left.
Three minutes.
Thank you, Mister Chair.
First of all, I would like to thank the rapporteur for the comprehensive report "Regulating Content Moderation on Social Media to Safeguard Freedom of Expression". It looks in detail at the responsibility of social media platforms to protect freedom of expression and recognises their influence on social behaviour, democratic processes, and the flow of information.
The report highlights critical issues such as algorithmic bias, disinformation, content removal, access restrictions, and platform prioritisation. However, it could also examine the risks of biased or politically influenced decisions by social media companies, which are often influenced by government pressure. For example, platforms such as X, owned by Elon Musk, openly display their political bias, raising concerns about their role in shaping public discourse.
Importantly, while states must protect citizens from the actions of social media companies, they must also protect freedom of expression from their own interference. In Türkiye, conventional/mainstream media is heavily controlled by pro-government/AKP interests, forcing citizens to rely on social media, which has increasingly come under state control.
For instance, a 2020 law on social media imposes strict obligations on platforms such as Facebook and TikTok, with heavy penalties for non-compliance. The Disinformation Act of 2022 criminalises the public dissemination of “misleading information” and has led to investigations against at least 56 journalists in two years. They are either mostly Kurdish journalists or employees of media outlets that maintain a publishing approach sensitive to the Kurdish issue. The accusations are often vague and range from military-related reporting to reporting on natural disasters.
Social media platforms have been fined under broad accusations such as “terror propaganda” or “incitement to hatred". Recently, for example, the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office filed a lawsuit against the Istanbul Bar Association for publishing a social media post about the murder of two journalists (Nazım DAŞDAN and Cihan BILGN) by an armed drone in Rojava. The lawsuit demands their removal and the election of new members.
Finally, SLAPP lawsuits remain a significant obstacle to press freedom in Türkiye. Both social media companies and states must act to protect freedom of expression in an increasingly restricted digital space.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:58:45
Thank you very much.
And our final speaker is Mr Jone BLIKRA from the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group.
Thank you.
The way we communicate with each other and how we spread messages and forward statements from others is in constant change.
Without rules and regulations – we will have anarchy.
The activity on social media is regulated by the content moderation rules included in social media companies’ terms and conditions.
It is a challenge that these rules can be different from company to company and users are bound by them on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.
Another challenge, as the rapporteur mentioned, is that content moderation is increasingly carried out by automated means. Of course, it is more efficient, but artificial intelligence is not human – artificial intelligence has problems understanding humour, parody and satire.
Social media companies have a say in how the users can use the services and what content they can post.
There are examples of challenges concerning the regulation of social media. On the one hand, we need regulation. On the other hand, we must secure freedom of expression.
The report is a professional and important report and it describes the dilemmas. It gives us an excellent update as of today. The most important is though, all recommendations and the call to member states of the Council of Europe to enquire and promote several measures.
This report is not the only one on the topic of social media, communication and fake news, but will strengthen the work to safeguard freedom of expression.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:00:49
Thank you very much.
That completes the main political contributions.
And we now get on to the wider debate.
And the first person to be called is Mr Francesco VERDUCCI.
Thank you, President,
Colleagues,
This report holds together, in a way that I think is right, two issues that are not only not antithetical, but instead are indispensable to each other: giving rules to social network platforms to strengthen everyone's freedom of expression and preventing, as is now the case, the freedom of expression of some from being at the expense of, impeding, denying the freedom of expression of others.
This is the case with hate speech, which cannot be justified, colleagues, as freedom, but must be opposed as a denial of the dignity and freedom of the individuals who are victims of it.
There can be no democratic freedom - real, equal for all - outside of rules that apply to all.
The private owners of multinational web platforms -- like X, like Meta, like TikTok, like Google, and I could go on -- wield unlimited, absolute, media, economic, commercial power, which if divorced from rules, as in fact it is now, constitutes not only conditioning, intimidation, a threat to liberal democracies, a gigantic conflict of interest that distorts freedom of expression and the free formation of public opinion and electoral consensus.
Some time ago, responding to a hearing in the Italian Senate, Michelle BACHELET said, "it must be people who decide, not algorithms." Yet not enough has been done in recent years, either in individual countries or especially at the supranational level, and we risk it being too late.
And it is not a question of left or right, it is a question that concerns everyone, that concerns our democracy in the face of the looming risk of new authoritarianism and new totalitarianism.
That is why the rules adopted by the European Union must be strictly enforced.
They must apply to everyone. No more Far West!
It is unacceptable for Meta and X to cancel fact-checking programs, because this means deliberately leaving the field open to disinformation, hate speech, indeed more, the monetisation of disinformation and hate speech.
Instead, to protect everyone's freedom of expression and democracy, we need a digital world that is safe and inclusive, where no one is discriminated against by arbitrary and personal power.
Today's resolution goes in this direction, and for that I want to thank the rapporteur Ms Valentina GRIPPO and my colleagues on the Culture Committee.
Thank you Chairman.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:04:29
Our next speaker is Mr David SMOLJAK.
Thank you for the floor.
Ladies and gentlemen.
First of all, let me emphasise that freedom of speech or expression is protected and granted by the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the UN, and other countries too.
What we are talking about is freedom of reach. And this is more complicated because it's adjusted by algorithms which slow down or speed up the content. And we are definitely not familiar with how it works.
But the most important thing is another: we lost the data diversity. The majority of people consume the content primary from online, the majority of people in the whole world, and they consume it especially from social media, which are owned and influenced by two people, Mark ZUCKERBERG and Elon MUSK and the Chinese Communist Party, of course, which takes control of the algorithms of TikTok.
Where is Europe? If we want to strengthen our resilience, plurality, and independence of our online media environment, we definitely need to create a European social network: strong, relevant, with strong identity of users, and algorithms which will amplify quality, not hate speech.
So ladies and gentlemen, let's make European media great again.
Thank you for attention
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:06:38
The next speaker, Mr Markus WIECHEL.
Mister President,
Upon examining our rapporteur Ms Valentina GRIPPO's report titled “Regulating content moderation on social media to safeguard freedom of expression,” I am struck by the challenges faced in managing digital platforms compared to traditional newspapers.
In the world of print, journalists produce articles based on specific assignments from an editor, who reviews and publishes these pieces in a straightforward and well-defined process. This structured approach seems relatively uncomplicated and safe.
Conversely, social media platforms rely on dedicated teams of content moderators who work tirelessly to review and manage a vast volume of user-generated content daily. These moderators are tasked with approving, removing or modifying potentially thousands of contributions that come in at a rapid pace.
While some submissions comply with community standards, others may be overtly aggressive or infringe upon democratic principles and human rights. It is crucial to distinguish between clear illegal content, which must be removed, and provocative content that, while potentially offensive, may fall within the bounds of free expression. Each piece undergoes extensive scrutiny before a decision is made regarding its status.
However, the process often resembles David fighting Goliath for these overworked moderators. The relentless influx of content can take a toll on their mental health, as highlighted in the report. Many moderators suffer from anxiety and stress due to constant exposure to challenging material.
Moreover, some users have pursued legal action against platforms, claiming improper removals or modifications of their content, which adds additional pressure to the moderation teams.
In conclusion, we cannot accept arbitrary censorship and one can only hope that, as a society, we will gradually evolve toward a future where content moderation becomes obsolete, as we learn to communicate with greater civility and respect for one another.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:09:21
Thank you.
Our next speaker is Ms Louise MOREL.
Thank you, Mister Chairman.
Madame rapporteur,
Dear colleagues,
This is the first time I've taken the floor in this hemicycle, and I'm delighted to do so on a subject in which I have a keen interest.
Allow me first of all, Madam rapporteur, to salute the quality of your work. The subject you are tackling must be of concern to us all, especially in the current context. Following the election of Mr TRUMP, the digital giants, particularly the Americans, have announced that they want to give free rein to this famous freedom of expression and reverse the role they previously played in content moderation.
I'd like to share a figure with you: in France, the French spend an average of almost 3 hours 30 minutes a day on the Internet, and more than half of this time is spent on social networks. This just goes to show the importance of the regulations we're imposing on them.
I was one of the Members of Parliament responsible for applying the European regulations, the DSA and the DMA, and I'd like to share three thoughts with you on these subjects.
Firstly, I think we need to ask ourselves what place the State has in our regulations. Using a social network means having a contractual relationship with the network that offers it. Given the impact of social networks on our lives, the rules governing this contractual relationship must strictly respect the laws of the member states in which they operate.
To take a current example, I don't think the issue is whether or not we should leave Twitter - or X. I think the issue is how Twitter - or X - complies with the rules we impose here. And of course, the more we succeed in harmonising the rules in our member states, the stronger we'll be able to stand up to the digital giants.
My second point concerns freedom of expression. Today, we find ourselves in the midst of a huge paradox, since it is the opponents of our democracies and the rule of law who claim to be the defenders of freedom of expression, and this creates a great deal of uncertainty for our fellow citizens. In this field, it seems to me that our thinking should revolve around time and the rapid capacity of States to act.
Let me give you an example: if someone makes racist or anti-Semitic remarks, it's quite normal for them to be condemned; but if they make these same remarks and they are filmed and the video is seen millions of times on the Internet, then the impact is much greater and much more serious for the victim. Now, moderating social networks takes time, so this question is central: how do we manage our time and protect victims in this area?
And finally, my third thought concerns anonymity, and I'd like to take a metaphor from road safety: when you drive a car, if it doesn't have your name on it, you have a license plate; but if you break the highway code, then the State knows who you are and can punish you. But when you surf the Internet anonymously, we don't necessarily know who you are, and we ask the platforms to provide us with information, and that doesn't always work.
So I think that if we want to make progress in this area, we absolutely must strengthen our thinking on the role of the State, on the role of time and, finally, on the role we want to give to anonymity in this field.
Thank you all very much.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:12:42
Thank you.
Our Next speaker is Ms Jamila MADEIRA.
Dear President,
First of all, I would like to thank the rapporteur for such a relevant report with such a deep concern about freedom and proper information dissemination.
Like the music says, "video killed the radio show", so now we know that social media is killing video, and video is aiming to survive the aggressive communication approach that is being used at this extreme level.
We know that if the dog is the aggressor of the man nothing spicy is there to communicate, but if the man bites the dog, then it’s news.
At this level of communication we must know that somehow it's biased information, but it is still information.
But today, communication is different. What this report signals is the danger of private internet operators and online media platforms with dominant positions on internet services that restrict information and disseminate disinformation with a clear violation of users’ rights to information. Not only that, but the danger that these operators may use the information that they have from users to deliver driven messages with ideological purposes and with anti-human rights content.
Communication in our time is increasing between more isolated people. Social media increases loneliness and that changes the way an individual reacts to events in his life and to other collective events that are reported in social media. People become more negative, depressed, and have low self-esteem. And that affects awareness and perception.
We should bear in mind that a Supreme Court in Europe already demanded the repetition of an election in a European country following this clear violation of users’ rights.
Today we may say democratic process was always challenged by the transparency of media, and that was tough for us. But now, it is being abused by the internet social deregulated media. Today, more than ever, without self-regulation.
High level dangers are in front of us, and we must not avoid acting in accordance.
Responsibility, accountability, ability for a speedy action that avoids and diminishes unappropriated messages is essential and urgent.
I would like to enhance the urgency that the Spanish PM made a few days ago to implement the European Digital Act, underlining the need to end anonymity in social media, to open the algorithm black box, to call accountable the CEO’s of the social media that violate digital laws.
Let’s fight for that. Only that way we fight to defend democracy and freedom and human rights.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:15:43
Thank you.
The next speaker, Mr Mustafa CANBEY.
Dear President,
Dear colleagues,
I would like to thank the rapporteur for her precise report.
Freedom of expression is a fundamental pillar of modern democracy; without it, genuine democracy cannot thrive. In our increasingly interconnected world, the exchange of ideas and opinions predominantly occurs online, especially through social media platforms, websites and search engines. Upholding this right, both online and offline, is vital for fostering open dialogue and diverse perspectives that enrich our democratic society.
Social media platforms have transformed the dynamics of freedom of expression and freedom of information. Social media has shown to be a double-edged sword in terms of this interaction. On one side, it has facilitated discussions and connections among individuals on a level that was once beyond imagination. Conversely, this platform has also been utilised to advance prejudice, bias, fear and hatred, disseminate false information, and provoke violence and harassment.
This situation clearly shows us that freedom of expression is a fundamental but not an absolute right and It should be regulated with a balanced approach that considers the responsibilities of the government, social media companies and citizens.
States have both an obligation not to interfere individual’s freedom of expression and also to take positive measures to ensure that the right to freedom of expression can be effectively enjoyed online. Therefore, governments should take proactive measures to ensure the protection of human rights standards on social media platforms.
In addition to the obligations of states, it is crucial for social media platforms to formulate their terms and conditions in such a manner that individuals are able to fully exercise their freedom of expression online. Social media companies should refrain from implementing regulations that may result in censorship; however, they must also take measures to address content that includes hate speech, harassment and misinformation.
However, I firmly believe that in today's digital landscape, restrictive measures are insufficient. A more effective approach is to promote media literacy, which empowers individuals to critically evaluate media messages and make informed choices about the content they consume.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:19:17
Thank you. The next speaker is Ms Larysa BILOZIR.
Dear President,
Dear colleagues,
I would like to thank the rapporteur Ms Valentina GRIPPO for a very important report.
As social media became the modern-day Agora and we become very reliable on information and we get most of it from social media, we can share our thoughts, we can engage in debate, and more than 2 000 years ago, Octavian launched a disinformation campaign to destroy his rival Mark Antony and eventually become the first Roman Empire, Caesar.
Since those ancient times, information has been fabricated and manipulated to win wars, advance political ambitions, hurt the vulnerable and make financial profits.
This resolution is a safeguard for democracy, truth and justice and I absolutely agree with the rapporteur that while social media companies have a responsibility to combat illegal content, their power must be regulated to prevent the unjust silencing of voices.
I would give one example, just several days ago, the world witnessed a horrifying crime – a video showed Russian soldiers executing six unarmed Ukrainian prisoners of war. These men were shot in the back, defenceless, helpless, murdered in violation of the Geneva Convention and God's laws.
Social media played a crucial role in bringing this atrocity to light and this crucial evidence of crime, like many others, was deleted under vague content moderation rules.
The voices of victims are often being silenced. Their testimony is lost in this digital delete because an algorithm misidentifies suffering as sensitive content.
This is why we must support this resolution. I absolutely agree that content, even if removed due to legal obligations, must not be permanently deleted if it holds a very vital and evidentiary value.
We must ensure clear, accessible and fair content moderation policies that uphold the fundamental rights of people. We must establish clear international safeguards.
Let us stand for the truth and justice. Remember the words that have been said hundreds of times in this hemicycle. The path of human rights is the one we all must follow.
Thank you very much indeed.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:22:17
Thank you.
Our next speaker is Ms Marija PETRUSHEVSKA.
Thank you, distinguished chair,
Dear colleagues,
I would like to congratulate and thank the rapporteur on her work.
Communication on the Internet and social networks provides us with the freedom to express ourselves freely on various topics that we are interested in.
However, concerns have been expressed that hate speech and disinformation spread on the social media might undermine the social cohesion and democratic integrity of a society.
Social media platforms have become major channels for the dissemination, exchange and circulation of information to billions of users around the world over the internet. Just look what Russia disinformation campaign has done to the democracy! Or what disinformation, fake news and hate speech has done to the EU enlargement policy for the Western Balkans including my country.
Creating and implementing appropriate policies that will address these challenges are of global importance.
The Council of Europe's intervention on freedom of expression and the media is based on a holistic approach, which aims to include and engage all relevant actors and stakeholders in improving the application of freedom of expression, based on European standards and best practices.
The capacities of the media regulatory bodies must be further strengthened and consolidated for better implementation of their powers regarding the protection of human rights and freedom of expression.
Media stakeholders and relevant partners, including universities and civil society organisations, must also co-operate and contribute to an environment that enables freedom of expression and freedom of the media.
Our common responsibility is to maintain an environment where the plurality and diversity of views and opinions is encouraged, but at the same time the users are protected from disinformation, fake news, and hate speech, which present a threat to human rights and democracy.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:24:34
Thank you.
Our next speaker is Ms Luz MARTINEZ SEIJO.
Not here?
Then I call Mr Martynas GEDVILAS.
Dear colleagues,
I thank the rapporteur for this important work.
It is a fact that social media is a very powerful tool today. For years, social media has helped people in Europe and given a voice to those who need it. It has also supported democracy, connected communities and even helped in times of crisis, showing the power of free communication.
However, the influence of a few major companies now threatens this freedom. Decisions about what we see, share and discuss are often made with limited transparency and accountability. This creates risks for democracy, personal security and human rights. Social media is not just a business anymore; it has become a basic need that connects us all. That’s why we cannot allow social media to be used to spread lies or hurt democracy.
Also, we need clear rules so people know why their content is removed. They should also know before if their account will be banned. Workers who check content also need better pay and protection. They work hard but are treated badly.
Finally, social media should not just make money for big companies. It must keep helping society, sharing true information and respecting people’s rights. We must make sure it stays fair for everyone.
Let’s work together for a fair and democratic digital space.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:26:24
Thank you.
I call Madam Liliana Tanguy.
Mister Chairman,
Dear colleagues,
Today, social networks have become essential spaces for expression and discussion. But a key question remains: how can we effectively regulate online content without falling into excessive control that would undermine public debate?
The Council of Europe took up this issue back in 2017 with its first report on freedom of expression on the internet. The draft resolution that brings us together today pursues this objective by advocating platform transparency, a ban on "shadow banning" and the establishment of independent bodies to settle disputes.
I welcome this initiative and emphasise that regulating online content requires a concerted approach, involving both international bodies and national legislation.
The European Union has adopted the Digital Services Regulation, which imposes stricter obligations on major platforms in terms of transparency and responsibility in content moderation. It also provides a framework for combating hate speech and disinformation online.
In France, progress has been made, notably with the law on influencers, aimed at regulating their practices and combating abuses on social networks. In addition, stronger measures against online hate have been put in place, including increased penalties and closer co-operation with platforms to ensure rapid removal of illicit content.
The stakes are high: supporting the rise of artificial intelligence while effectively combating misinformation. Society expects answers, but these must preserve our democratic principles.
Thank you all very much.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:28:31
Thank you.
I call Mister Christophe Lacroix.
Thank you, Mister Chairman.
I'm going to speak in French.
I'm going to confess something to you, a very guilty sin: I suddenly had the crazy urge to launch a petition on social networks to better regulate them, or even ban them.
Do you think it's possible? Well, yes, it's possible. But who's going to read it? My friends on Instagram, Facebook, X? No, you won't. It's the algorithm that will decide, based on my ideas, which audience will be targeted. And so, since the algorithm will see that I want to suppress its existence somewhere, well, my opinion won't be able to get past the algorithm. Why won't it? Because these algorithms, in a very perverse framework, decide themselves, according to criteria and biases that have been determined by employees of Google, Meta or X, how one could get a sounding board.
Now, that might sound ridiculous, but it's not: because that's how opinions are shaped, of course. It's by collecting billions of pieces of information, data and reactions from a population on social networks that we manage to determine, orientate and shape a political opinion and therefore interfere in a democratic process, by shaping an opinion and therefore building majorities and trying to put in place governments that are in favour of deregulation.
And why is Elon MUSK in the US government? Quite simply, he's working alongside Donald TRUMP to take on the European Union, because the European Union is the only body that today has rules governing social networks. And so, to continue to control the power of money and in the interests of Mark ZUCKERBERG, Sundar PICHAI, the boss of Google, and therefore Elon MUSK, there is a conspiracy, in any case a conjunction of interests between populists and the far right and the billionaire owners of social networks to effectively interfere in the electoral process - and we see this in Germany, to what extent Elon MUSK is siding with the AfD, therefore the German far right.
So, the little Goebbels in this House would have us believe that it's a question of freedom of expression. It's not. They want to continue to pour out their propaganda without limit, without regulation, to capture democracy. And so we must remain vigilant.
This is a very useful report, which sets out guidelines for intelligent regulation, clear regulation, which promotes artificial intelligence as a fulfilling solution for our democracies, but with safeguards and limits.
Thank you for your attention.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:31:45
Thank you.
The next speaker is Mr Brian FRANCIS.
Honourable colleagues,
Both in Canada and internationally, freedom of expression is a fundamental right. But, like all rights, it is not without limits. For instance, there are clear prohibitions against hate speech and discriminatory language, which undermine the rights and dignity of others.
It is precisely this kind of harmful speech that has proliferated in recent years on social media platforms.
Rapporteur GRIPPO's report emphasises the critical role social media companies play in content moderation. And it couldn’t have come at a more crucial time.
As we know, Meta announced it would cease its fact-checking program, in the US on Facebook and Instagram. This decision poses a significant risk of amplifying hate speech and misinformation, with serious consequences. For marginalised communities, this is particularly concerning.
In previous interventions in this Assembly, I have highlighted the issue of residential school denialism in Canada. That is, the refusal of some to acknowledge the profound abuses inflicted upon Indigenous Canadians in these institutions and the long-lasting trauma that endures.
This denialism goes beyond the mere claim that residential schools did not exist. It actively distorts the history and the impacts of the system, minimising the lived experiences of survivors and undermining their suffering. There is an urgent need to combat this dangerous phenomenon.
In Canada, the Independent Special Interlocutor for Missing Children and Unmarked Graves and Burial Sites – a role created in response to the legacy of residential schools – has highlighted the “lack of educational and punitive measures” to counter denialism. She has called on the Canadian government to require search, social and digital companies to immediately remove the spread of misinformation and falsehoods about residential schools, missing and disappeared children, and unmarked graves.
Today’s report, in addition, emphasises the need for human moderators who are trained to recognise and address unique cultural and territorial nuances. I wholeheartedly support that recommendation.
Combating denialism, in all its forms, is not only an Indigenous issue. It is a societal responsibility for all of us.
It is our collective duty to ensure that this denialism does not undermine progress towards truth, justice and reconciliation for vulnerable communities, both in Canada and around the world.
Wela'lin. Thank you. Merci.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:34:49
Thank you.
I call Ms Sandra REGOL.
President, dear colleagues... [...] I will speak in French. [Starts in English then switches to French]
"United in diversity" is Europe's motto. And it's this very diversity that's under attack with its apologies for freedom of expression. It's under attack from a globalised, organised, monetised offensive to normalise what we say, what we live, what's left of our democracy, but above all, who we are.
We've heard a lot about freedom of expression. It's supposed to be the guarantor of this diversity, it's supposed to be the guarantor of our democracies and, in a crazy, absolute reversal of values, it's now the tool that's destroying this diversity. This is why it has been attacked, hacked, pirated. It's precisely to be the tool that turns against our democracies, to damage them from the very tool that sustains them: communication between people.
And so today, this freedom of expression is the freedom to misinform, to lie, to make racist, anti-Semitic, misogynist, masculinist comments and so on. Because what was once a fear is now a reality.
Yes, social media is attacking our democracies. We saw it in Romania, where elections had to be re-run. We've seen it in Germany and England. We see it in reality in all our countries, absolutely all our countries, where these tools are used to prevent any diversity, any voice, any real freedom of expression. Because once freedom of expression has been silenced, what's left of our democracies?
Our legislators are indeed moving slowly, very slowly. I can tell you this from France. Because in the face of an offensive that is reactionary, concerted and at the service of the wealth of a few, we need to act together, united in our diversity. And that's why I'm so pleased with this report, which gives us some guidelines and advice for all our countries in organising internationally. Because in the face of an international offensive, we need to be united if we are to fight back.
It's always the same rights that are under attack: those of women, those of minorities, those of the weak. And perhaps together, united in our diversity, we can build this legal, scientific, sensible wall: that of our values in the face of the offensive that aims to destroy them.
Thank you for your support.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:37:49
Thank you.
Our next speaker is Mr Alfred HEER.
Thank you, Mister Chair,
It's a very interesting debate that we can follow and I thank for the report.
I think we have a few problems here in Europe. The first problem is that we do not control any of those social media; they're mainly controlled by US companies, by Chinese companies and also by Russian companies. So we can make regulations but we cannot enforce them upon those companies.
And, of course, we see the problems mainly here about social media but it's also a chance because people today for the first time since human beings have existed, have a voice on social media. Before, they were dependent on newspapers. If they were lucky, they could write a letter that was maybe published, maybe not but now everyone can put their opinion on social media and I think we also should see the chances and not only the problems with it.
Of course, we have to be careful; they are powerful – those giants – they can manipulate opinions. That's clear with algorithms. We do not understand and we do not know how they will be implemented. And that's a problem we have to face, and that's a challenge we need answers to.
But, Ms Sandra REGOL, you mentioned now before, the elections in Romania, where the court decided that it was because of TikTok that the Romanian president was elected because it was propaganda by TikTok and the Chinese.
And Mr Iulian BULAI, our head of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, is from Romania, and he mentioned just before in the Joint Committee that there has been no proof at all that there was influence. And sometimes you also have to be careful, and that's especially on the left side. If you lose, you always give the vote to someone else. You give the vote to the new technology.
I remember the time when, before, when Elon MUSK didn't own Twitter, when Twitter was owned by someone else, they were also moderating the content. And mainly, people from the right were not able to express their opinions. And, today, it might be true that with Elon MUSK, the left people, they have a problem on Twitter. And it's true also that he is pushing people from the right, as we saw with Alice WEIDEL. But, nevertheless, we should also see the chances and not only the problems.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:41:01
Thank you.
Our next speaker is Mr Oleksii GONCHARENKO.
Thank you, Mister President.
We're speaking now about social media. And recently one of the biggest stars of social media, Tucker Carlson, has said that the previous American administration planned to kill Vladimir PUTIN and now the Russian State Duma, it's their parliament, GosDuma. So they were very afraid of this. They started to send some letters. I don't know really was somebody preparing it or not? But what I do know, that if not, that is a bad thing, because the best thing we can do is really to prepare and to kill PUTIN. That's exactly what we should do. I would not tell you about this just like, you know...
..thank you, thank you, and colleagues support this, and thank you for this.
I will not remind you that if somebody would have killed Hitler in 1939, '40, '41, how many millions of lives would have been saved?
Let us speak about other things, maybe closer, maybe closer to some ordinary people, because all of us were coming back to our voters and they have concrete questions for us.
Electricity bills.
I can tell you to kill PUTIN means minus 30 euros per person in bills for electricity for each German. Very important.
To kill PUTIN means minus 100 euros for each month for each Hungarian on fuel for their car. Very important.
To kill PUTIN means minus 1 euro in price of croissant in France.
I think it's very important. These are very important, concrete things.
And by this, we need to show people why we need to do this. That this is not just, you know, our revenge or something. This is the best possible investment we can make. We are looking for great investments. The best possible investment in the world today is to kill PUTIN. And it shouldn't be just a script of some film of Quentin TARANTINO, Kill Bill, Kill PUTIN.
No, it should be a concrete plan, a plan realised. And everybody in the world will benefit from this. That's what we need to do.
Thank you very much.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:43:28
Mister Goncharenko, I understand your passion and your commitment, but language about killing people is not appropriate in this chamber.
I would respectfully suggest that to you.
(Applause)
Our next speaker is Ms Cat ECCLES.
I thank Valentina and the Committee for their work on this really important and timely report.
As elected members, we rely on social media platforms to get our messages out to constituents and share information. However, even we have to battle with algorithms which drive down engagement on content and reporting systems that do nothing to stop abuse and misinformation.
When I was at school – a little while ago – it was before the Internet, social media and mobile phones, and early on we were taught how to use critical thinking and validation of sources to analyse the value of content. The instant nature of social media has eroded these skills and allowed misinformation, propaganda and outright abuse to flourish on these platforms.
While we must value freedom of expression, we must remember that it does not protect individuals from the consequences of their actions. In the UK we saw this play out recently with the horrendous Southport murders last summer and subsequent riots, with people arrested and charged for inciting hatred and violence on all sides.
Journalism has suffered badly with the rise of social media and the number of clicks is valued over quality and validity of content. The downturn in popularity of printed press means news websites are littered with advertising and drive people to find other often unreliable sources.
We're still in the thick of the post-truth era. The rise of influence of Mr Elon MUSK in international politics is something we should all be worried about. Meta is abandoning fact checking and algorithms often place worrying and dangerous content in front of our young people based on generalised demographics.
Reporting systems need to do better to protect users from abuse and threats. When reporting awful abuse, the last thing we want to see is an automated message telling us this does not breach community standards. It leaves one to wonder what standards do we hold these communities to?
It's a very fine line to tread to ensure we maintain freedom of expression in our democracies. But let's not forget the pernicious nature of misinformation paired with the fast pace of social media to damage trust in institutions, experts and governments.
Colleagues,
Please support Amendment 6 to support quality ethical journalism and fact checking to help combat misinformation.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:46:27
Thank you. I now call Mr Rostyslav TISTYK.
Mister President,
Dear colleagues,
Social media have become an important platform for exchanging views, disseminating information and mobilising society.
At the same time, in the context of the war in Ukraine, their influence has become even more significant. These platforms have become an arena for information warfare, where disinformation, propaganda and hate speech are actively spread along with the truth.
According to the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, in the first six months of Russia's full-scale invasion alone, more than 200 000 complaints were filed about disinformation and social networks. Many of them concerned publications that questioned Ukrainians' right to independence, spread fake news about the war and discredited the armed forces of Ukraine.
At the same time, content moderation during wartime requires a special approach. For example, social networks must ensure the preservation of deleted materials that may serve as evidence of war crimes. According to reports by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, social networks should refrain from permanently deleting such content. This is especially important for Ukraine as documenting the aggressors' crimes is key to future international trials.
Another challenge is hate speech. According to research, more than 60% of Ukrainian users have encountered hostility or discrimination online due to their patriotic views. It's important here that content moderation is fast, effective and aimed at protecting people's rights, but at the same time does not hinder freedom of speech. The problem of shadow banning when posts by Ukrainian activists, journalists or volunteers are downgraded in ratings for no apparent reason has also become a unique challenge. This limits the audience's access to truthful information.
Ukraine is already taking important steps in the right direction. In 2022, a working group was created to communicate with social media platforms and this co-operation has resulted in the removal of over 20 000 accounts and pages that were spreading Russian propaganda. However, to ensure effective content moderation that meets the challenges of war, new international standards need to be implemented and Ukraine can play a key role in shaping these approaches and ensuring a balance between protecting freedom of expression and countering disinformation.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasise in a war where information is one of the main tools regulating content moderation becomes a matter not only of freedom of speech but also of national security. We must act together to protect the truth and freedom in this critical time.
Thank you for your attention.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:49:46
Thank you.
The next speaker, Mr Francesco SORBARA.
Thank you, and good evening everyone.
I would like to start off by thanking the rapporteur Ms Valentina GRIPPO, buonasera signora, whose report rightly insists on the importance of striking a balance between the difference rights, freedoms and interests at stake in the regulation of content moderation on social media.
Finding this balance has proven to be a legislative challenge in the Canadian Parliament in the past few years.
The idea mentioned in the resolution that the press and the media in general use social media as a platform for disseminating information to the public comes up against the fact that Meta ended news availability on Facebook and Instagram for all Canadian users in June 2023.
This was Meta's unfortunate reaction to the adoption of the Canadian legislation entitled the Online News Act. The objective of the Online News act is to ensure that dominant platforms like Meta and Google compensate news publishers in Canada for making their content available and thus to enhance fairness in the digital news space, digital news marketplace, and contribute to its sustainability.
Users have become accustomed to checking the news on Facebook and Instagram and that space left empty got filled by influencers and other less reliable sources of information.
A few weeks ago, Meta decided to put an end to its independent third-party fact-checking program and to replace it with community notes, similarly to what X has in place. According to Meta's CEO, content moderation across its platforms has led to censorship and it is now time to renew the company's commitment to freedom of expression.
But what we all know in liberal democracies, democracy, freedom of expression has rights and also responsibilities. You do have the right to express yourself, but do you not have the freedom of expression to state lies, to say a fire is in place in a building, or to state that the Holocaust did not happen. That is wrong.
The balance between freedom of expression needs to be met.
According to Meta's CEO, content moderation across its platforms has led to censorship, as I stated. However, fact-checking plays an important role in content moderation and the fundamental rights and freedoms of certain people. Victims of mis- or disinformation and harmful online content might be more at risk than the freedom of expression of social media users in general.
As we see today, the threat to liberal democracies around the world is disinformation online, one of the aspects of particularly from far right information services. To deal with the specificity of online activities, the Canadian government has introduced several bills in recent years, such as the Online Streaming Act, which became law in 2023. The government also introduced Bill 63, which would have enacted the Online Harms Act to promote online safety and protect children's health while safeguarding freedom of expression.
Unfortunately, in Canada, the right wing, the Conservatives have blocked even basic protections for children that are going online.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:53:04
Thank you.
I now call Mr José María SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA.
The next speaker is Bisera KOSTADINOVSKA-STOJCHEVSKA.
The next speaker is Ms Lesia VASYLENKO.
President.
Before I begin, I would like to thank Valentina and this esteemed Parliamentary Assembly for dedicating the efforts to this very important topic and for dedicating the time to fighting off propaganda in the best way that we can in this House.
We live in an era where wars are not only fought on battlefields, but also in the digital space. Disinformation has become a weapon and social media is one of its most powerful delivery systems.
For years, Russia has waged a hybrid war against Ukraine and Europe, using social media platforms to spread propaganda, manipulate public opinion and and destabilise democratic societies. Russia's strategy is calculated: sow doubt, create division and weaken democratic resilience. We have seen this in Ukraine, but also in elections across Europe, where Russian-backed influence campaigns have attempted to shape political outcomes. Unchecked, these efforts will continue to grow, threatening the very foundations of democracy.
This is why today's resolution is not just about online speech. It is about protecting democracy itself.
Regulating content moderation must be a priority. Social media companies cannot be passive enablers of information warfare. They must take responsibility, enforce transparency and algorithmic decision making. We must know who and what gets amplified, implement strict policies against state sponsored disinformation campaigns, strengthen moderation mechanisms to prevent the spread of deep fake propaganda, and safeguard independent journalism from being drowned out by manufactured lies.
Freedom of expression is a fundamental right, but it does not extend to orchestrated deception and dismantling democratic societies. We must draw a clear line between free speech and hybrid warfare. If we fail, we risk allowing social media to become the ultimate weapon of authoritarian regimes. And we simply cannot fail.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:56:01
Thank you.
Our next speaker, Ms Valérie PILLER CARRARD.
Thank you, Mister Vice-Chairman.
Dear colleagues,
First of all, I would like to thank our colleague Valentina GRIPPO for her work on the report "Regulating content moderation on social networks to safeguard freedom of expression".
This report calls on social networking companies to refrain from applying policies that wrongly restrict users' freedom of expression. Their terms and conditions must be clear, easily accessible, and based on the principles of fundamental rights.
The report also requires companies to provide moderators with comprehensive training and appropriate working conditions, including mental health care, since viewing violent or paedophile videos, for example, can be traumatic.
Social network companies must inform users when they take moderation measures, in a detailed and timely manner. Their systems for handling regulations must be accessible and easy to use. Finally, they must contribute to the establishment of independent out-of-court dispute resolution bodies, which are called for in this report.
Points 2 and 4 of the draft resolution seem to me to be essential in the current context. They remind us that although most social networking companies are American, they are obliged to respect the laws of the countries in which they provide their services. I would even go so far as to say that representatives of these companies must be accessible in every EU member state.
TRUMP's election convinced, unfortunately, Mark ZUCKERBERG, Meta's CEO, to do an about-face and remove content moderation on these platforms, moderation he suddenly denounces as stemming from, and I quote, "the censorship industrial complex". He has decided to follow in the footsteps of his competitor, Elon MUSK, who, after buying Twitter in 2022, began by laying off the moderation team on the renamed X platform.
In Trumpian rhetoric, the recurring term "censorship" encompasses measures that are nonetheless necessary to moderate content and prevent misinformation. But ZUCKERBERG has already announced the end of certain restrictions on publications, notably those related to gender and immigration. This opens the door to racist insults and hate speech inciting violence.
In my opinion, it's essential to regulate content on social networks. This has nothing to do with censorship. You can't just let everything be said. In view of the recent statements by MUSK and ZUCKERBERG about their platform, we must remain vigilant.
We need to fight fake news to preserve our democracies. Freedom of expression can only exist if algorithms do not manipulate information.
Dear colleagues, I invite you to support this report and to defend respect for human rights and the quality of information.
Thank you for your support.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:59:09
Thank you.
And our final speaker, Mr Namık TAN.
Thank you, Mister Chair,
Distinguished colleagues,
Social media has provided a vital space for public debate, citizen engagement, and democratic participation. However, it has also brought forth new dilemmas, particularly concerning the balance between combating harmful content and preserving the fundamental right to free speech.
Many nations, including my own country Türkiye, have struggled with this delicate balance. Content moderation policies have often been used to limit legitimate criticism and dissent under the guise of combating harmful content. This has raised valid concerns among citizens and the international community about the erosion of freedom of expression.
The solution, I believe, lies in international co-operation and the establishment of clear and universal principles for regulating content moderation. And our Council of Europe is in a unique position to lead this effort.
We must advocate for transparency in how social media platforms enforce their content moderation policies. Algorithms and decision-making processes should be subject to independent oversight to ensure they do not inadvertently discriminate or suppress lawful expression.
Furthermore, it is imperative to create mechanisms for accountability. When content moderation decisions are contested, users should have access to fair, impartial, and timely appeals processes. These mechanisms should respect national laws while adhering to international human rights standards.
Social media should serve as a platform for inclusion, dialogue, and innovation, rather than fear or division. To this end, I propose the following principles to guide content moderation regulations.
First, measures to address harmful content must be proportionate and targeted, avoiding blanket bans or broad restrictions.
Second, both governments and platforms must be held accountable for respecting users’ rights. This requires robust legal frameworks and independent oversight bodies.
Third, platforms should publish detailed transparency reports and share information on how they moderate content, including their use of artificial intelligence.
Fourth, there must be alignment between national and international regulations to prevent arbitrary enforcement and ensure that human rights standards are upheld globally.
Dear colleagues,
Regulating social media content moderation is not a question of whether it should be done, but how it can be done without compromising the fundamental freedoms that underpin our democracies.
The Council of Europe must lead by example, crafting policies that balance security with liberty, and ensuring that social media remains a space for the free exchange of ideas.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:03:08
Thank you.
That concludes our list of speakers.
And colleagues, can I thank you for your indulgence and forgiveness if I've pronounced anyone's name incorrectly? I can tell you that's happened to me many times. I was once introduced to an audience as not Mr TOUHIG but as Mr Toothache.
We now go on to the rapporteur, Ms Valentina GRIPPO. You have 3 minutes to reply.
Colleagues,
The discussion has been very interesting and enriching. I thank all the colleagues proving that this is a very hot topic and that platforms right now are really the crux of democracy, of the possibility of expression.
We emphasised what a power social media has.
In writing the report that came about after listening to both platforms, citizens' associations, and users, just to get the full picture, we should not forget, however, that it is a piece in a very important puzzle, which the Commission and the Council of Europe, often being ahead of many other global institutions, have been dealing with in recent years. We have a dossier on propaganda, a report on propaganda that we voted on no less than three months ago, reports on freedom of expression, on media freedom, specific reports on conflict situations.
That's why even where we have considered in the Commission to narrow it down even by negatively assessing some of the amendments, it has been precisely with the goal of keeping the focus of this report tight, because if it stays tight, it is really effective.
The risk that we have is that maybe this kind of statement, the balancing of such important rights, as has sometimes happened in international stances, is just a statement of intent, of good intentions, and then does not have concrete groundings of how these goals are to be realised.
No, this report goes in a different direction, it gives very specific directions that from tomorrow member states and platforms will be able to implement and put on the ground. That's why it was important not to dilute this message with important, fundamental commitments that some colleagues have emphasised, but which are well provided for in other reports, such as the one on propaganda and freedom of expression.
When we started doing this work, we didn't know that we would be so topical. It was more than a year ago, but we knew that this issue was important in the Culture Committee. I take the opportunity to thank also the offices of the Commission, which have done an important work on this. Instead we see that just in these days, from the statements of the owners of the big platforms, from the discussion that there is around the world, we have really touched an important core and for once, as so many times before, the Council of Europe can be the first to regulate something so sensitive.
So, I thank all my colleagues who have contributed to today's discussion, and I urge you to strongly support this report.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:07:03
Thank you very much.
Does the second Vice Chair of the Committee, Ms Belén HOYO, wish to speak? If you do, you have 3 minutes.
Spain, EPP/CD, Second Vice-Chairperson of the Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media
19:07:15
President, I will speak in Spanish.
Colleagues, good afternoon to all of you.
Now, Isaac ASIMOV, a US writer, once wrote that change continues, it is inevitable and that is the dominant factor in contemporary society. And so, no decisions can be taken without taking account of the world as it is now, but also how the world will be in the future.
Ladies and gentlemen, in these difficult times, we are confronted on a daily basis with unexpected developments and events. A couple of weeks ago, a video of Mark ZUCKERBERG hit the headlines, and this week, we have had turbulence on Wall Street following the release of a new Chinese chatbot, DeepSeek. And something new will no doubt appear soon enough.
As politicians we therefore have to take account of the technological changes, which are appending our societies but we cannot allow the visions and desires of Silicon Valley, China or anywhere else to prevail. That is why we have to make sure that it is up to our citizens to decide on their own futures.
We need to defend the principles and values that we believe in all areas. This one is no exception.
Ms Valentina GRIPPO's report centres on the protection of freedom of expression on social networks. It is an extremely topical issue, on which she has done tremendous work. Her report identifies the relevant rights and interests at stake. Her proposals include a draft resolution aiming to protect the freedom of expression, not only against potential errors but as she has mentioned, against the owners of the social media that are able to control the flow of information onto their networks without being accountable to anybody.
Social media are a tool for freedom of expression, but on occasion, they are also a threat, particularly to the youngest in our societies, and that is why we need to be on our guard and exercise great caution.
Ms Valentina GRIPPO's report was met with great support in the Committee and I hope it will meet with similar support here in the Assembly plenary.
I would also like to take this opportunity, President, to pay special thanks to somebody here with us this evening, Roberto FASSINO, who is the head of this Committee's secretariat, has been with this Assembly for over 40 years and he will be retiring tomorrow. I think all of us here know just how important the teams behind us are. Without them, who are undoubtedly our foundations, we would not be able to do our work properly.
So, Mr FASSINO, for all of your work, your untiring, unfailing, serious efforts and hard work over many years, thank you for your time, I am certain that you well deserve to spend more time with your family and you can rest assured that you made your contribution to a better Europe.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:10:51
Thank you very much.
The debate is now closed.
The Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media has presented a draft resolution, to which six amendments have been tabled.
I understand that the Vice Chair of the Committee wishes to propose to the Parliamentary Assembly that Amendments 1, 2 and 6 to the draft resolution, which were unanimously approved, be declared as definitively approved.
Is that so Ms Hoyo? It is?
If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be approved.
Is there an objection? A bit premature there...
Amendments 1, 2 and 6 to the draft resolution are therefore approved and will not be called.
I understand that the Vice Chair of the Committee wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 4, 3 and 5 to the draft resolution, which were rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared as rejected.
Is that so Miss Hoyo?
Spain, EPP/CD, Second Vice-Chairperson of the Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media
19:12:03
Yes.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:12:05
If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be definitively rejected.
Is there an objection?
(Have we got 10?)
The request of the Committee is rejected, so each amendment will be taken individually in the order in which they appear in the Compendium.
I call Mr Paweł JABŁOŃSKI to support Amendment no 4. You have 30 seconds.
Thank you, Mister President.
The Amendment 4 introduces into the resolution a very clear distinction that any limitation of freedom of speech must be only considered as a last resort and obligation to permanently remove content may only be imposed if there is appropriate national legal procedure, because we can agree that some content we like, some we don't like. But to remove something, to censor something, there must be legal remedy.
And this Amendment fulfils this principle.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:13:15
Thank you.
Does anyone wish to speak against the amendment?
I call the rapporteur.
Oh, I'm sorry. I beg your pardon. I didn't see.
Thank you, Mister Chairman,
We are against this amendment for, and I give a concrete example: if their incitement is incitement to hatred of violence, for instance, there should be an immediate reaction of the social media platform.
You cannot wait for a judicial procedure to happen, judicial control can be organised afterwards, a posteriori. But when there is incitement to hatred or violence, the social media platform should react immediately and withdraw the post.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:14:13
Thank you.
The Committee rejected this amendment with a two-thirds majority. I shall now put the amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I call for the result to be displayed.
The amendment is rejected.
I call Ms Yevheniia KRAVCHUK to support Amendment 3. You have 30 seconds.
Yes, yes, of course.
Thank you. Thank you, Mister President.
The Amendment 3 is guided by the same spirit and it actually, to some extent addresses what our Belgian colleagues said, that there should be some a posteriori procedures. Well, very well, if there would be. But they need to be swift, they need to be efficient.
If we have a situation where something requires immediate attention, if something is illegal, I agree it should be immediate, but the response should be by the state, by police, by prosecution, legal proceedings, and not a private company that decides. A posteriori can take a lot of time and justice delayed is justice denied.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:15:37
Does anyone wish to speak against the amendment?
Yes, of course.
Thank you, Mister Chairman.
This is the same argument. And the problem in the amendment is that it states that control should be prior to any removal.
Of course, when there's incitement to hatred or violence, it is not possible to wait for a judicial procedure to withdraw the post on social media.
For that reason, we propose also not to accept this amendment.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:16:09
Thank you.
The Committee rejected the amendment with a two-thirds majority.
So I now put the amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I call for the result to be displayed.
The amendment is rejected.
I now call Mr Paweł JABŁOŃSKI to support Amendment no 5. You have 30 seconds.
Mister President, dear colleagues, if we need immediate action, let's act immediately. And we in this Assembly are setting standards for the countries to follow. Court proceedings can be swift, can be efficient, can be immediate. If we impose a procedure, if we impose a principle that would oblige countries to act as such, they will comply if we pressure them effectively.
So I urge you, colleagues, to introduce it, because this forbids the countries from removing content solely by virtue of political administrative decision.
There must be judicial control, otherwise it is censorship.
We had that in Poland prior to 1989. We know it very well.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:17:30
Thank you.
Does anyone wish to speak against? Yes.
The question here is the same as for the two other amendments. So we propose to vote against.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:17:44
The Committee rejected this amendment with a two-thirds majority.
I shall now put this amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I call for the result to be displayed.
The amendment is rejected.
We will now proceed to vote on the draft resolution contained in Document 16089, as amended.
A simple majority is required.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.
I now call for the result to be displayed.
The draft resolution is adopted.
(Applause)
Colleagues,
Before we complete the business, I understand there is a point of order.
Thank you so much, dear President.
Yeah. I would like to take a point of order.
I voted "no" for the vote on Ms Sena Nur ÇELİK KANAT's report, "Women in Economy, Employment, Entrepreneurship and Gender-Responsive Budgeting".
That was by accident. I would like to put it on the record that I meant to vote "yes", please.
Thank you so much.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:19:18
Thank you very much for that clarification.
It will be noted.
Colleagues, that completes our business.
The Assembly will hold its next public sitting tomorrow at 10:00 a.m. with the agenda approved on Monday.
Thank you.
This sitting is adjourned.
Don't I have a gavel to bang up?