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Theme 3: Renewing the rules-based international order: the role of parliaments in addressing and responding to contemporary crises

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

10:23:00

Good morning, good morning. It's nice to meet you again. 

Good morning, dear colleagues, 

We now begin the third and final session of this Conference, dedicated to the role of parliaments in contemporary crises. Now, before we begin, I would like to inform you that the Presidents have accepted the activities of the report, and the documents are available on the website of the Conference and in the Hall. 

Now, before we begin, I would like to inform you that our discussion will conclude no later than 12:15 p.m. I think that we're a little optimistic, but we will see if we can meet that time. 

At the end of the debate, Chair Petra BAYR and I will present the conclusions of the Conference. 

Well, we're living through a complex period in history, marked by tensions and conflicts that threaten peace and collective security. This climate of uncertainty is putting a strain on additional diplomatic channels, which are struggling to find shared solutions to the major challenges of our time, including regional wars, the development of digital technologies and the ecological and demographic transition. 

In all these areas, swift and co-ordinated responses are required. For this reason, as the very title of this session indicates, there is a need to renew a rules-based international order. This process cannot be led by governments alone; the direct involvement of parliaments is also essential. As guardians of the principle of popular sovereignty, legislative assemblies today bear a unique responsibility, which is to transform parliamentary diplomacy into a practical tool capable of reaffirming the centrality of the rule of law and multilateralism. 

In this regard, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe is called upon to co-ordinate the efforts required to address the delicate situation in the current geopolitical landscape.

Let's see if everyone can hear the interpretation. Is anybody missing? Does anybody still need a new pair of headsets? Alright. If the Presidents confirm that they can hear the interpretation, let's begin with the Presidents, okay. And at least we can move on; otherwise, we will end tonight rather than at noon, and I think that you all have other commitments. 

Very well. Back to what I was saying. With this in mind, this body has always distinguished itself through its commitment to supporting the European institutions in building a community of peoples founded on the values of freedom, democracy and dialogue. 

Now, this is particularly evident in relation to the enlargement of the European Union, which is essential for a stronger and more cohesive Europe. It is our assemblies that confer democratic legitimacy to this process, whilst at the same time strengthening citizens' confidence in a project that is crucial for the future of the continent.

From this perspective, the path undertaken with various countries in the Western Balkans looks promising, offering hope for further progress. However, enlargement is not just about integration but also about stability and security, which must be safeguarded and defended every day with vision and courage.

We must never forget that behind every political decision there are millions of people who place their trust in our ability to protect them and build a future of peace. It is therefore our duty to ensure that these hopes are not dashed, for the credibility of our institutions is also measured by our ability to turn rules into guarantees, dialogue into solutions and the hope for peace into a concrete commitment.

Thank you. I'd like to thank you also for your very kind patience, for your forbearance in these moments. 

So, moving on to our discussion. It is a great pleasure for me to introduce the President of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, Mr Numan KURTULMUŞ. 

It is also a pleasure for me to underscore the fact that very recently we also met with the member of states of NATO in Istanbul, and I thank him for welcoming us. So without further ado, I will hand him the floor, reminding everyone that the contributions of each speaker are to last not longer than 7 minutes. Over to you.

Mr Numan KURTULMUŞ

Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, Türkiye

10:28:06

Thank you, Mister Chairman.

First of all, I would like to thank our hosts, the House of Representatives and the Senate of Italy, as well as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) for their great hospitality and wonderful organisation. 

Honourable President,

Honourable speakers and Presidents of Parliament,

Distinguished guests,

The Council of Europe’s activities in the fields of human rights, democracy and the rule of law as well as its standard-setting and monitoring power are closely followed and recognised both across Europe and beyond. As one of the Organisation’s founding member states, Türkiye attaches utmost importance to preserving the Council of Europe’s major and distinctive role within the European international architecture.

We regard both the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and this platform, European Conference of Presidents of Parliament, as unique and valuable platforms for fostering dialogue, mutual understanding and common perspectives among parliaments and parliamentarians. This Conference is an excellent agora for debate, dialogue and constructive exchange of views.

Esteemed colleagues,

International order established in the aftermath of the Second World War was built on a premise that suggests co-operation, dialogue and agreed international rules are essential to prevent the repetition of the tragedies of the past.

However, I regret that today we witness growing geopolitical fragmentation, the return of power politics, increasing unilateralism and a growing number of conflicts. Current international order has proven its incapacity to prevent conflicts and wars, even in Europe's immediate territory. The war between Russia and Ukraine, continuing for almost five years, has turned into a war of attrition, affecting entire Europe rather than a conflict between two nations. Moreover, the international order has failed to prevent the genocide that the Israeli government has been perpetrating in Gaza for over three years.

The power asymmetry embodied in the distorted structure of the United Nations Security Council, the lack of sanctions in the face of illegitimate and unlawful practices, double standards and selective practices have been both the source and the consequences of the weaknesses of the current system. We cannot wait any longer to rebuild a system that is collapsing, not only through its institutions and rules, but even through its terminology.

From Asia to Africa, from the Balkans to Latin America, innocent peoples across the world have not benefited from the rules-based international order under severe conditions of conflicts and atrocities. In this framework, it is evident that the rules-based international order suffers a profound erosion in terms of legitimacy and function. International instruments and institutions are no longer functioning.

I believe parliaments have a significant responsibility that goes beyond simply observing these developments. If we want to build a fairer and more credible international order, parliaments must play an active role in shaping, debating and supporting the new rules and arrangements required for this purpose. As representatives of the people, parliamentarians are well placed to identify early signs of tension, maintain dialogue and contribute to conflict prevention. This is where parliamentary diplomacy becomes particularly important. It can complement traditional diplomacy, keep communication channels open and, when necessary, create new ones. Placing the entire burden of resolving crises on the United Nations and relying solely on UN reform will not yield results.

Esteemed delegations,

Colleagues,

Disintegration of the rules-based international order most gravely manifests itself in the humanitarian catastrophe and genocide in Gaza. We can no longer turn a blind eye to the humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza and the wider region and the blatant human rights violations and crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Israeli government against the people of Palestine. This is not merely a political question, but also a test for humanity’s common conscience. I repeat my sentence. This is not merely a political question, but also a test for humanity’s common conscience. 

Moreover, the Israeli aggression is not confined to Gaza. Destruction, displacement and settlers’ violence persist in the West Bank and Israel continues to threaten the integrity and the territorial integrity and sovereignty of regional countries including Syria and Lebanon. The international community cannot remain silent to this persistent violation of the international law. We cannot let impunity go unpunished. We call upon the international community to take concrete steps to uphold international law. It is now imperative that parliaments step up and assume an active role to help put an immediate end to the suffering of the Gazan people and the violation of international humanitarian law. This is not only a political engagement, but also a moral obligation in the face of the immense human suffering.

We believe that co-ordinated action by parliaments can strengthen international efforts to uphold international law and contribute to a just and lasting peace in the region. In this regard, I would like to emphasise that PACE and the Council of Europe, anchors of the human rights in our continent, should make full use of its parliamentary and diplomatic instruments. Tools at the disposal of the Council of Europe, including the suspension of Israel’s observer status in the Organisation, must be utilised.

Dear colleagues,

In this context, we should make better use of parliamentary dialogue and cooperation mechanisms, such as the European Conference of Presidents of Parliament, in order to contribute to the building of a fair and just order of international law. The 152nd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the NATO Parliamentary Summit, both hosted by Türkiye this year, has demonstrated the value of such platforms.

Victims of wars, conflicts and aggression as well as those who have to flee their countries and find themselves displaced or seeking refuge must be on the front of the agenda of parliaments. Taking this opportunity, let me share with you that following invitation for the COP31 Summit. We will be hosting COP31 on 16 November this year in Antalya. We would be pleased to welcome you to Antalya for this meeting to be held jointly by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye

Thank you so much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

10:36:37

Thank you, Mister President. 

I now give the floor to the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Sir Lindsay HOYLE, whom I thank for being here. 

I also would like to thank him for receiving me at Westminster and for the friendship that has been established amongst us for years now. Thank you.

 

Sir Lindsay HOYLE

Speaker of the House of Commons, United Kingdom

10:37:05

President Lorenzo FONTANA,

Fellow speakers,

Presidents,

Distinguished guests,

Can I also say a big thank you to you, Mister President, for this ability to be able to contribute to this important discussion. But thank you for the warm welcome that we've had in Rome and the hospitality and the way that you've looked after us. So, thank you to you personally.

When people speak about the rules-based international order, they often focus on treaties, institutions and governments. Those things matter enormously. But ultimately, the strength of any international order depends on something more fundamental: whether it retains democratic legitimacy in the eyes of the people it is intended to serve. That is where parliaments have a unique role.

We are living through a period of profound uncertainty. The return of major conflict to Europe, instability in several regions of the world, the growing geopolitical competition, technological disruption and increasing public scepticism towards institutions have all placed pressure on the international system that was developed after the Second World War. At moments such as these, it can be tempting to see international co-operation as something remote from citizens' everyday concerns.

Yet the opposite is true. The challenges that define our age do not stop at borders. Security, migration, energy resilience, organised crime, public health, climate change and emerging technologies are all the issues that require co-operation, dialogue and shared rules. No country, however large or influential, can resolve them alone. And we must all respect international law.

The question before us, therefore, is not whether international co-operation remains necessary. The question is how we ensure that it remains effective, accountable and trusted. I believe parliaments are central to that task.

First, parliaments provide democratic legitimacy. International commitments are the strongest when they are subject to public debate and democratic scrutiny. Through our legislative and oversight functions, we ensure that governments remain accountable for their actions and that international obligations are understood, examined and debated openly. This democratic scrutiny is not a barrier to effective international engagement. It is what gives such engagement lasting credibility.

Second, parliaments act as guardians of democratic values and, of course, the rule of law. Across Europe, our legislatures share a commitment to respective governments and a representative democracy, political pluralism and fundamental rights. These are not abstract principles. They are the foundations upon which peaceful co-operation between nations depends. Where these foundations are weakened, trust weakens with them. And where trust erodes, international institutions inevitably become more fragile. The defence of the democratic institutions at home is therefore inseparable from the defence of a stable international order abroad.

Which reminds us, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada has continued to function during the illegal occupation of the sovereign state. The fact that missiles, bombs, you name it, are attacking the people of Ukraine, the fact that children are being killed because of Russia's aggression and, yet, democracy is still at the forefront when their parliament sits. So let us call out Russia. Let us not shy away from those who want to be Russia's allies. We need peace in Europe. We need peace brought to Europe. When we see North Korean troops operating in the European theatre, we should be worried. Conscripts. Conscripts. Can you believe it? Coming from Kenya, from Africa, from Bangladesh, to fight for Russia on the belief that they will gain wealth, we are training a new army of mercenaries. We must call it out. We must stand with the Verkhovna Rada. We must stand with the people of Ukraine.

And we mustn't forget about other conflicts as well. And of course we must have peace in Palestine. We must be worried to ensure that the Middle East has got peace for the future. We are in a world that is divided, divided by those who believe in democracy and those that do not. We cannot lose this battle. We must stand firm and we must call it out wherever we go. Let's ensure that our values are there for everybody to respect and let us uphold a peaceful world going forward.

One of the strengths of our parliamentary community is that dialogue can continue even when political circumstances are difficult. Parliamentarians can maintain relationships, exchange experiences and build understanding across national boundaries and political differences. Often, those conversations take place away from the headlines and outside formal diplomatic channels. Yet, they contribute to something essential: the preservation of trust. In a fragmented international environment, trust is not a luxury. It is a strategic necessity. That is why the work undertaken through the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Parliamentary Assembly and many other international forums remains so important.

These institutions create opportunities to listen as well as to speak. They help us understand different perspectives. And they remind us that dialogue remains even when agreement is difficult. Parliaments can also play an important role in identifying emerging threats. As elected representatives, we are often among the first to hear concerns from citizens and communities. We are frequently early witnesses to growing polarisation, disinformation, foreign interference and declining trust in institutions. This places upon us a special responsibility not only to respond to crises, but to recognise warning signs before crises emerge.

Finally, I would suggest that our greatest shared responsibility is to strengthen the connection between international institutions and the citizens we represent. Many people see international organisations as distant from their daily lives. Parliaments can help bridge that gap. We can explain why international co-operation matters. We can bring citizens' concerns into international discussions. And we can ensure that global commitments are translated into practical action at national level.

Look, if the international law is to be respected, it must be backed by democratic legitimacy. If not, we must call it out and stand united. By working together across borders, we can help ensure institutions remain a source of stability, legitimacy and hope, increasingly in a certain world. So please, when we enjoy our Christmas, remember the people of Ukraine, remember the people in other conflicts around the world. Please, let us not forget Ukraine. Let us stay standing. Let us, the democratic world, be united.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

10:44:59

I now give the floor to the Speaker of the Hungarian National Assembly, Ms Ágnes FORSTHOFFER, whom I wish the very best for the mandate that she has recently started. Madam President, over to you.

Ms Ágnes FORSTHOFFER

Speaker of the National Assembly, Hungary

10:45:23

Thank you.

Mister President,

Fellow Presidents,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

First of all, thank you to our host for organising this conference and thank you for giving me the opportunity to take the floor. It is an honour to be here amongst you as the Speaker of the Hungarian National Assembly, elected in May. I am grateful for your openness and for the great interest you have shown towards Hungary and towards our work. I am committed to ensuring that the Hungarian National Assembly can contribute at an higher level to addressing our shared challenges.

In my speech, I would like to emphasise the importance of multilateral agreements. Hungary is ready for joint deliberation and inter-parliamentary co-operation.

As was stated in yesterday’s opening address: no country faces its problems alone, and I, too, believe that we must respond jointly to the challenges of our time. We can strengthen the rules-based international order through its even more consistent and widespread application.

Our parliaments have an important role to play in this, as well as in strengthening institutions and in restoring or maintaining trust between states. A significant proportion of international regulations are translated into effective domestic legislation thanks to the work of parliaments. It is up to us to ensure that an international treaty brings about tangible change in people’s lives. We need to establish a multilateral system that is capable not only of managing crises, but increasingly of preventing them.

It is vital to identify, in good time, the phenomena that cause social, political or economic instability. Whether it is the climate crisis, disinformation, cyberattacks, corruption, or even the violation of national or other minority rights. We believe in this, and we shape our governance in such a way as to ensure the direct participation of society in decision making.

For society, this provides an opportunity to advocate for their interests; for Parliament, it offers a chance to prevent problems from escalating.

As regards the situation of minorities and civic participation, I would like to contribute to today’s debate by referring to a practice in the Hungarian Parliament. International agreements are of particular importance to Hungary because more than 10% of Hungarians do not live in Hungary, and there are also large numbers of minorities belonging to other nations living in Hungary. Guaranteeing their safety and rights, preserving their identity, culture and language, is important to us. Hungary offers a particular institutional solution for the parliamentary representation of nationalities. Even if a nationality fails to secure a parliamentary seat from the list it has drawn up, we still ensure its representation in the Hungarian National Assembly. The national minority advocate is one such special institution. The national minority advocate does not have the right to vote in plenary sessions. However, in matters affecting the rights and interests of national minorities, they may take the floor, take part in debates, ask questions during plenary sessions, and participate with voting rights in the work of the committee representing national minorities. For me, the most important outcome of this solution is that being in the numerical minority does not mean institutional invisibility.

We are also working on other innovations. We are establishing an institute to ensure that society’s views are channelled into political decision making. We wish to educate society on how to express opinions and advocate for their interests. This also contributes to conflict prevention. If grievances have a legal forum, there is a greater chance that they will be resolved through dialogue. I propose this fundamental principle as our common goal: to involve different interest groups directly in the decision making that affects them.

I also see the value of the New Democratic Pact in its potential to strengthen this capacity for prevention. We support the UN80 Initiative, which aims to improve the operational efficiency of the United Nations (UN), and the reform of the Security Council. We need a system which, by involving partners from outside Europe, better reflects the realities of today’s world and is also more effective in preventing crises.

Honourable fellow Presidents,

Parliamentary diplomacy can maintain contact even when dialogue between governments becomes difficult. In this way, it can support mediation, confidence-building and peaceful resolution. Its credibility is ensured by open and transparent operation, the involvement of society, and respect for each other’s sovereignty.

The strength of the international order ultimately depends on whether people and communities have trust in it. Our parliaments can build this trust by listening to different communities, monitoring the fulfilment of commitments and providing a forum in good time to resolve issues.

Finally, allow me to announce with great pleasure that in October 2026, Budapest will host both the conference and the Special Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on the New Democratic Pact. We look forward to welcoming participants to both events.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

10:51:39

Thank you, Madam President.

I would like to give the floor to the Speaker of the House of Commons in Canada, Mr Francis SCARPALEGGIA, whom I met last month in Paris. I want to thank him for being here with us. He is of Italian origin, and he will offer a contribution beyond the European context, consolidating the Euro-Atlantic bond. 

Mister SCARPALEGGIA, you have the floor.

Mr Francis SCARPALEGGIA

Speaker of the House of Commons, Canada

10:52:22

Thank you, Mr President.

It is an honour and a pleasure to join this meeting of Presidents of European assemblies and, moreover, to be invited to present the Canadian perspective on international affairs at a time when the international order we took for granted is under severe pressure from powers seeking to act unilaterally in pursuit of their own interests.

Who could have foreseen, barely five years ago, such a tectonic shift signalling a retreat from the rules-based international order, just when we thought it was on the verge of being further consolidated and strengthened in the era of globalisation?

Mr Francis SCARPALEGGIA

Speaker of the House of Commons, Canada

10:53:18

Canada’s adherence to the international rules-based order is a function of its size and history.

Although we are the second-largest country in the world by land mass, our population is only one-tenth that of our neighbour, the United States. We know that smaller players like us benefit when the game is played by the rules. Because while the powerful may shape the rules, their power is afterward constrained by having to abide by them.

In terms of history, Canada was born in service to global order and stability. It was our participation in the First World War that started us down the road to full independence from Britain. We had shown the strength of our military, and thus the maturity of our nation. Soon after, the Statute of Westminster gave us, and other British dominions, full legislative autonomy as well as the right to conduct our own foreign policy.

In other words, Canada's independence was not the product of revolution but the outgrowth of a proven commitment to the evolution of an international rules-based order.

In World War Two and the Korean War, we again stepped up in defence of peace, order, and stability. And in the Suez Crisis that followed, we offered up a novel idea for de-escalating military conflict, better known as UN peacekeeping.

Our support for the international rules-based order is also rooted in our belief in "peace, order and good government", with all this implies for co-operation and restraint of unbridled individualism. In this way, we diverge from the American ethos of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".

Now, this doesn't mean we Canadians are not a happy lot, just that we believe there can be no freedom and fulfilment without a framework of sound governance. And we find that in domestic affairs, our Westminster parliamentary system provides that framework by, among other things, its ability to place a de facto check on executive power.

The essence of the Westminster system is that the executive is accountable to the legislative branch. A vote of non-confidence in the legislature will bring down a government and bring its agenda to a halt.

By contrast, in the United States, the executive, that is the President and his unelected Cabinet, are not accountable to Congress. They do not depend for political survival on its support.

And while in Canada foreign policy decisions, such as the signing of treaties and approving military deployments, are the sole prerogative of the Executive, the ever-present spectre of non-confidence that hovers over the government means that, typically, it will wisely consult Parliament on major foreign policy initiatives.

For example, although not technically required to do so, Prime Minister Mark CARNEY has committed to bringing Canada's associate membership in the European Union to a vote in our House of Commons.

And the government has even consulted Parliament when deciding not to act, as when Prime Minister Jean CHRÉTIEN brought to the floor of the House the government’s decision to not join the war against Iraq in the absence of a United Nations (UN) Security Council resolution, a decision that itself underscored the importance Canada places on multilateralism.

Parliament, of course, also shapes foreign policy through the work of its committees.

House of Commons committees regularly review diplomatic, defence, and trade issues and make recommendations to the government, to which the government must respond in writing within 120 days.

For example, the House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee, recently concluded an in-depth study on Arctic security, a vital area for rules-based co-operation at a time when climate change is opening the region to shipping and other activities and the United States had been challenging Greenland’s sovereignty.

For its part, the House's Defence Committee has reviewed Canada's defence capabilities, while its Trade Committee has looked at global supply chains and market diversification.

But is the influence of Parliament through committees and the threat of potential non-confidence enough to guard against the emergence of an executive bent on recklessly going it alone, even in some cases by ignoring the law?

Is executive accountability to Parliament, that is built into our system, sufficient protection against the threat of authoritarianism?

What if public opinion and Parliament happen to align around an authoritarian agenda at a time of societal stress? What if a populist wave of anti-democratic sentiment sweeps over the House of Commons? Where then are the constitutional checks and balances in Canada's Westminster system?

In Canada, one of the world’s most multicultural societies, our democratic guardrails, are as much cultural as constitutional. They are found in our rich diversity.

As one writer has put it, Canada “became home to… diasporic communities fleeing from their own failed utopias, whether it was Italians from fascist Italy, Ukrainians from Stalinism, or Persians from the Islamic Republic." To that we could add Vietnamese fleeing the last days of the war, citizens of Hong Kong fleeing encroachment by the People's Republic of China, Coptics leaving Egypt to avoid persecution, Syrians fleeing the horrors of the al-Assad regime, Lebanese escaping civil war, and others from all over seeking freedom, security, and opportunity.

Nearly every diaspora community in Canada is represented in our House of Commons, one reason why foreign policy is prominent in our parliamentary debates.

What’s more, our Westminster system makes it more likely that foreign policy issues will make it to the Cabinet table. This is because the executive and the legislative branch are organically connected: Cabinet ministers are also elected MPs, and ministers represent not only their districts, but their regions as well, and in many cases diaspora communities from across the country.

In Canada, different perspectives, often reflected in divergent regional interests, co-exist in a kind of creative equilibrium, and while this can pose a challenge for policy makers, it also creates a situation of de facto counterweights. Diversity therefore remains our ultimate defence against the exercise of disruptive unilateralism in domestic affairs.

As a former Prime Minister often said, "we are strong not in spite of our differences, but because of them."

And it follows that a multicultural society like Canada will naturally be predisposed to multilateralism in international affairs.

Finally, diversity acts as a bond between Canada and the European Union. It is a source of our mutual affinity, even though as federated structures we had different starting points, were created from different motivations, and have evolved differently as well.

To quote a recent article in The Economist, "After centuries of conflict, Europe was shaped by the conviction that economic co-operation was essential for lasting peace."

For its part, Canada came together with the aim of creating an alternative society to that of the United States in the upper reaches of the North American continent, a society covering a vast land of riches and based on co-operation and accommodation among peoples of different culture and origin stories, including, of course, the continent’s original inhabitants, the First Nations and Inuit.

Today, the United States may be modern-day Rome in size and power, Canada is Athens with its focus on culture and the cultivation of a set of unique democratic values, namely, the values of peace, order, and good governance, values to live by both at home and out in the world.

Thank you. [In French]

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:01:38

Thank you. 

We now move on to the debate. 

I ask you to please speak for no more than 5 minutes because we have 25 people lined up to speak. 

And we begin now with the first speaker, Vice-President António Pedro ROQUE DA VISITAÇÃO OLIVEIRA.

The floor is yours.

Mr António Pedro ROQUE DA VISITAÇÃO OLIVEIRA

Vice-President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean

11:02:00

Thank you, Mister President.

I am here representing the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), of which I am the Vice-President.

Honourable President,

Honourable keynote speakers,

Dear colleagues,

Ladies and gentlemen,

We meet during a period of extraordinary global complexity, marked by mounting authoritarianism, a surge in conflicts and unprecedented technological disruption. Upholding a rules-based international order requires a renewed, steadfast commitment to multilateralism and international law. Parliaments are indispensable in this effort, providing the political agility needed to heal divisions and restore democratic legitimacy to global governance.

As a trusted platform for parliamentary diplomacy, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean continues to foster regional stability across the Mediterranean. This work relies heavily on supporting international legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms.

As we speak, however, democratic legitimacy faces a sophisticated and insidious new threat: the malicious misuse of artificial intelligence and emerging technologies. Disinformation, deepfakes and AI-enabled manipulation are actively eroding public trust. Just a few days ago in London, the Head of MI5 drew sharp attention to these growing hybrid warfare and cybersecurity hazards.

Through initiatives like our Centre for Global Studies (CGS), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean is working to harmonise regulatory standards and strengthen resilience. By championing frameworks like the United Nations Pact for the Future and the European Union New Pact for the Mediterranean, we bridge regional needs with global solutions.

Institutions demand continuous renewal, trust and adaptation. Ensuring that our governance structures meet these demands is our shared responsibility.

I thank you all.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:04:40

Thank you. 

Next is Mr Faisal EL-FAYEZ, President of the Senate of Jordan. Over to you.

Mr Faisal EL-FAYEZ

President of the Senate, Jordan

11:04:52

Mister President,

Ladies and gentlemen,

His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan, in his address to the United Nations General Assembly, highlighted the conflicts and crises facing our world, their political, security and economic repercussions and their impact on international peace, human dignity and every person's right to live in freedom and security.

His Majesty called upon the international community to fulfil its responsibilities, end violations and respect international law. He stressed the need to move from managing crises to addressing their root causes and from stating positions to taking practical steps that protect human life.

He also raised a fundamental question: what is the value of international law if it can be disregarded for decades? And what is the value of international institutions if rules, rights and human dignity are not the same for all?

As His Majesty stated, this Israeli government has continued to commit war crimes against the Palestinian people in Gaza and the occupied West Bank, alongside violations against Islamic and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem and the freedoms and dignity of individuals.

Why do the international community’s instruments of punishment and accountability remain merely ink on paper? Why is this government allowed to act with impunity and disregard international resolutions and international humanitarian law?

Mister President,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Parliaments face a digital divide and rapid technological change that require a swift response. They also face a growing trust gap, with the public demanding greater transparency, action against fake news and protection against attempts to undermine their work. Climate change, pandemics and economic crises cross national borders. Responding to them requires an international perspective, greater flexibility and co-operation to limit their consequences.

Parliaments are not merely institutions that enact laws, they are the voice and conscience of the people. In times of crisis, they must help end conflicts, promote social justice and advance education and healthcare. They must also help achieve digital equity between the Global North and Global South, address cybersecurity challenges, protect privacy and ensure the ethical use of technology through effective legislation and oversight.

Parliamentary unions and international bodies can share expertise, co-ordinate with one another and, with executive authorities, establish early-warning networks and exert collective pressure for peaceful and just solutions through responsible dialogue. Their co-operation must also address asylum and displacement, climate change, poverty and hunger, while supporting sustainable development in conflict-affected areas and upholding human rights, integrity and transparency.

To fulfil these responsibilities, parliaments need stronger institutional capacities, rapid consultation with experts, civil society and the private sector and closer international co-operation. Many crises cannot be resolved in isolation.

The role of parliaments in times of crisis is not that of a bystander, but of an active and responsible partner. We must take proactive measures, strengthen preventive legislation, build resilient and equitable systems and reinforce trust between citizens and the state. The response to global crises cannot be left to governments alone. It requires a genuine partnership among civil society and international institutions, with parliaments playing a central and active role.

To conclude, according to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the worldwide military expenditure reached approximately US$2.88 billion in the year 2025, and the estimate for 2026 is US$3.1 to US$3.3 trillion. Can we say we live in a safe and secure world?

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:09:27

Thank you, President EL-FAYEZ.

We now give the floor to North Macedonia and President Afrim GASHI.

Mr Afrim GASHI

President of the Assembly of the Republic, North Macedonia

11:09:42

Dear President Lorenzo FONTANA, 

Dear keynote speakers,

Dear colleagues,

Ladies and gentlemen,

Allow me to begin by warmly thanking our hosts for the kind welcome and for the excellent organisation of this Conference. It is a great pleasure and honour to be here with you.

The modern world is characterised by ever-closer ties, yet it also faces increased uncertainty and complex geopolitical, security and economic challenges. In this context, international law plays a vital role in preserving peace and stability, safeguarding sovereignty and the rights of the state, and establishing clear rules governing their relations. It is therefore our shared responsibility to strengthen the rules-based international order and to ensure that it remains a solid foundation for protecting the interests of people and societies. 

But truth alone is not enough; we also need strong institutions and genuine commitment to putting these rules into practice. This is where parliaments have an important role to play, through effective oversight, by ensuring democratic legitimacy for international commitments and by encouraging dialogue and co-operation across national borders. 

As parliamentarians, we are close to our citizens, and we consider their concerns and understand their expectations and have a responsibility to make sure their voices are heard. This puts us in a strong position to turn international commitments into policies that respond to people's needs. Through legislation and oversight overall, we can strengthen accountability and help ensure that states honour their obligations. 

On the other hand, by ratifying international treaties, we also give these commitments institutional foundations. The Council of Europe is a good example of how these principles can work in practice at an international level. Through its work to promote human rights, democracy and the rule of law, the Organisation has developed common standards that help strengthen democratic institutions and protect fundamental freedoms. 

In this context, this parliamentary dimension is particularly important. It brings together elected representatives from different countries, giving them an opportunity to exchange experiences, discuss common challenges and monitor democratic developments, learning from each other. 

The European Convention on Human Rights, together with the broader system that supports it, demonstrates how international commitments can be translated into concrete protections of individuals and upheld through national institutions. 

This connection between international standards and democratic practice at home works as another important dimension of parliamentary work: parliamentary diplomacy. If we want international commitments to be respected and co-operation to deliver results, we need open channels of communication, mutual trust, and a willingness to understand one another, even when we disagree.

Mechanisms such as interparliamentary dialogue, official visits, friendship groups and bilateral and multilateral co-operation help parliaments build trust and maintain communication during difficult times, as well as exchange experiences. 

In this way, parliamentary diplomacy complements government efforts and strengthens international partnerships. This commitment is particularly important for our region, where strengthening co-operation and deepening ties between our states are essential for fostering progress, mutual trust and economic development. While our countries differ in their resilience and face different combinations of security, economic and social pressures, the consequences of instability rarely remain within national borders.

In times of global uncertainty, our unity is our greatest strength. By working together, keeping dialogue open and remaining committed to the values we share, we can help build an international order that is more peaceful, predictable and responsive to the needs of our citizens. 

As parliamentarians, we have both the responsibility and the opportunity to make a meaningful contribution. 

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:15:25

Thank you.

We move on now to Germany, the Vice-President of the Bundestag, Mr Omid NOURIPOUR.

You have the floor.

Mr Omid NOURIPOUR

Vice-President of the Bundestag, Germany

11:15:34

"Thank you." [Spoken in Italian]

Dear colleagues,

Wars in Ukraine, in the Middle East, in Sudan, in east Congo, the climate crisis, leaps in technology, attacks on our democracies, poverty, famine. This is a time to co-operate globally and internationally, now more than ever.

And the international rules-based order is not only the opposite of, but also the answer to the concept that only brutalists survive. Only co-operation can make us, as Europe, a power defending the power of law. And all the people who are against this co-operation may know that if every country wants to be first, there is no peaceful balance of interests anymore. There is war. And war is the worst thing happening to humankind.

My story is that I grew up during the war in Iran in the 1980s. And I can promise you, if there is one primary victim of war in the world, it is the children. And let me tell you the bigger story. Of course, you know the history of my country is witnessing exactly this.

My country unleashed two world wars, which brought and caused so much pain and atrocities all across Europe. Millions of people were killed. Six million people were killed because they were Jewish. And this is the lesson to learn, not only in my country, but especially in my country. But there is one more: we will never forget that we were able to overcome two dictatorships in the 20th century because our friends helped us.

Our freedom is based on the sacrifices of our allies today. And this is why co-operation and rules and institutions are so key for my country. Yes, there is a need for clarity, also among friends. Yes, we have to address and criticise our Israeli friends because of the massive disproportionality of warfare in Gaza. But not forgetting the terror of Hamas and other groups against Israel, and not forgetting the atrocity of the Iranian regime killing 40 000 people in two days in the streets of the country, all of them civilians of the country.

The history of my country, dear colleagues, is witnessing that nationalism is the straightest path to the global jungle. And this is why co-operation, rules and dialogue are so important. And the parliaments, as a vox populi, are the platform and the place for dialogue.

So I'm very proud to announce that the German Federal Parliament is including 47 friendship groups, bridging dialogue constantly to all of the parliaments all across the globe. We give scholarships to young people from 50 different countries every single year, so they can experience parliamentarism in a German way. And what I am most proud of, I can express today, is that we can stand with our friends in Ukraine. We help the Verkhovna Rada, not only financially and technically, but especially politically, knowing that we are massively inspired by the courage of the Ukrainian people. Thank you very much for your stand.

Colleagues, it's time to co-operate more than ever. It's time for multilateralism more than ever. And it's time to defend the rules-based order more than ever.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:19:24

Thank you. 

Next, the President of the House of Representatives of Cyprus, Ms Annita DEMETRIOU. 

The floor is yours.

Ms Anita DEMETRIOU

President of the House of Representatives, Cyprus

11:19:35

Excellencies,

Mister President,

Distinguished speakers,

Ladies and gentlemen,

We meet at a defining moment for the international system. Eighty years ago, emerging from the devastation of the Second World War, the founders of the United Nations made a historic choice: to replace the logic of force with the rule of law, confrontation with co-operation and unilateral action with multilateralism.

Our international order was founded on principles that remain as essential today as they were back in 1945: the sovereign equality of states, respect for international law, peaceful settlement of disputes and protection of human rights. Today, those principles are under intense pressure. And I'm asking all of you, are we really consistent, all of us, with those principles? For me, the answer is profound.

Geopolitical fragmentation, strategic rivalry, nationalism and unilateralism are reshaping our international environment. War has returned to Europe and continues to devastate the Middle East. Our role, ladies and gentlemen, is essential. Through parliaments, international commitments recover democratic legitimacy by ratifying treaties, by adopting legislation, by insisting and complying with our principles. For Europe's smaller states, this is particularly important. Our security cannot depend on the balance of power alone. We cannot just have a seat at the table; we need to earn it. Our protection lies in the strength of common rules and in the principle that those rules apply equally to all.

Cyprus demonstrated our commitment once again during our Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2026, working to strengthen Europe's unity and resilience and playing its full role as a pillar of regional stability. For Cyprus, dear colleagues, international law is vitally important and not just a theoretical proposition. I grew up during a war as well, dear colleague from Germany, and I'm still living in one. For 52 years, since the Turkish invasion and continuing occupation of more than one third of my country, we have been calling for the enforcement of international law and the restoration of the human rights of the whole population of Cyprus. For the reunification of Cyprus in accordance with the UN Security Council resolutions. For Türkiye to comply with its international obligations.

Despite the obvious similarity between the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the two cases – and that is the reality – have not been addressed with the same sensitivity and resolve by the international community. Double standards, yes, must not be tolerated any longer. And our rules, based on order, cannot be turned into empty words, devoid of any credibility. Violations of international law, wherever they occur or whoever commits them, must be addressed with consistency and accountability.

Cyprus knows first-hand the profound human and political costs. Our experience also teaches that dialogue and co-operation is the only answer. And that is why we will insist on that. The renewal, dear colleagues, Mister President, of the international order will not be calmed through overblown speeches or from institutions alone. It requires political will, democratic legitimacy, public trust and consistency.

And I'm asking again, and I'm closing on that, are we really consistent, all of us, with those values and those principles? Let us therefore renew our commitment to a rules-based international order, not as a relic of the past, but as an essential foundation for the future. And let us ensure that parliaments are not merely observers of that renewal, but its active and reliable architects.

Thank you so much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:24:44

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the President of the National Assembly of Slovenia, Mr Zoran STEVANOVIĆ.

Mr Zoran STEVANOVIĆ

President of the National Assembly, Slovenia

11:24:52

Esteemed Mister Chair,

Esteemed colleagues,

Thank you.

The greatest danger to a rules-based international order is the belief that it can be preserved without change. We must uphold its founding principle that international relations should be governed not merely by the balance of power, but also by law, predictability and mutually agreed rules.

Yet renewal is essential. We do not need fewer rules. What we need are rules that enjoy greater legitimacy, are more universally accepted and respond more effectively to the challenges of today's world. Above all, we need a system in which the rules do not serve only the powerful. Power must not shield anyone from accountability and multilateralism must not become detached from the people it is meant to serve.

This is precisely why parliaments matter. They bring a unique source of legitimacy to international relations. They represent the people. As parliamentarians, we are rooted in our national political systems, while also engaging with the wider international community. We provide a vital link between international commitments and the people whose lives are affected by them. An international agreement may be a diplomatic success, but its long-term political viability often depends on parliamentary oversight, legislative action, budgetary decisions and, perhaps most importantly, public trust.

Parliamentary diplomacy must therefore be seen not merely as a softer extension of traditional diplomacy, but as a distinct channel of international engagement with its own essential role. As parliamentarians, we can often open doors that are more difficult for traditional diplomacy to open. I believe there is considerable scope for traditional and parliamentary diplomacy to complement and reinforce one another. After all, we do not need two parallel foreign policies, but two interconnected dimensions of the same foreign policy.

This is particularly important because today's crises do not occur in isolation: migration, armed conflicts, climate change, development, technological advances, security, and human rights are all interconnected. No single institution can effectively address these challenges on its own. Nor can a global decision-making mechanism continue to be based solely on principles reflecting the world of 1945 if they are to respond effectively to the challenges of today.

In this context, we must see reform not as a means of dismantling the international order, but as a way of preserving it. With this in mind, I would like to highlight two issues that I consider particularly important.

The first is, of course, sovereignty. Sovereignty can no longer be understood in absolute terms. States have voluntarily undertaken numerous international obligations, recognising that shared challenges are best addressed through collective action. At the same time, they must retain their distinct identities. That is precisely why international decision making must be sufficiently inclusive and transparent for all states to recognise that they have a legitimate voice and a meaningful role in shaping collective decisions. We must therefore embrace a somewhat different model of multilateralism. Not less multilateralism, but multilateralism built on greater national and parliamentary engagement, and stronger democratic accountability. This requires greater transparency in decision making, the systematic involvement of national parliaments and parliamentary assemblies from the very outset of major international initiatives and institutional reforms that give currently under-represented nations a stronger voice.

My second point concerns the urgent need to eliminate double standards. An international legal order can command respect only if its rules are applied consistently. If we judge the same actions differently depending on who commits them, we undermine not only the credibility of individual policies, but the authority of international law itself. This is not simply a moral question. It is also a question on whether our institutions can function effectively. When states or citizens perceive that rules are applied selectively, their willingness to abide by these rules diminishes. Double standards thus erode the very foundations of the international order. The principle of universality must therefore be upheld in practice, not merely proclaimed in words. The same rules must apply to large and small states alike, to allies and rivals, and to those with whom we agree politically and those with whom we disagree.

If we can reconcile legally binding international rules with the legitimate sovereignty of states and the democratic accountability of parliaments, the renewal of the international order will not mark its demise. On the contrary, it will allow that order to adapt to a world in which the security of each state is inseparable from the security of others and in which lasting stability depends on respect for the rules, including and, above all, by the most powerful.

Thank you very much. 

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:29:57

Thank you.

Next is the President of the National Council of Switzerland, Mr Pierre-André PAGE.

Mr Pierre-André PAGE

President of the National Council, Switzerland

11:30:08

Speakers of Parliament,

Ladies and gentlemen,

Thank you very much for your wonderful welcome here in Rome, the Eternal City. A city that reminds us that nothing built to last is built in a day. The same is true of international law. It has been built brick by brick. Treaty by treaty. Institution by institution. Often in response to the tragedies of our history.

But Rome also teaches us something else. What is built to last cannot remain static. We must preserve the foundations. We must continue to build. Today, the task is a difficult one. International law is being challenged. Power dynamics are once again coming to the fore. Principles we thought were firmly established – state sovereignty, territorial integrity, the peaceful settlement of disputes – are being called into question. In this context, our parliaments cannot remain mere spectators.

For over 75 years, the Council of Europe has embodied precisely this conviction. Lasting peace is founded on the rule of law, democracy and respect for human rights. In Switzerland, the Constitution entrusts Parliament with the responsibility to help shape foreign policy and to oversee its implementation. This responsibility is now taking on a new dimension. With whom do we wish to co-operate? What agreements do we wish to pursue? What dependencies are we prepared to accept? And what values are we prepared to defend? These choices must be the subject of democratic debate. For it is also within our parliaments that foreign policy derives its legitimacy.

For Switzerland, independence, neutrality and the ability to decide our foreign policy independently remain essential. But neutrality is not a stance of withdrawal. Ladies and gentlemen, on the contrary, it must enable us to take action, by opening up spaces for dialogue, offering our good offices and, where circumstances permit, helping to bridge the gaps between our positions.

This is also the purpose of "International Geneva". Like the Council of Europe, Geneva is a place where dialogue remains possible, even when positions seem irreconcilable. A place where people talk to one another, where they negotiate, where they seek solutions. But this capacity for dialogue cannot be taken for granted. It requires institutions capable of taking action, strong and credible multilateralism, and, above all, common rules that everyone undertakes to respect. For when the rules are weakened, it is not only multilateralism that is weakened, but also our collective ability to prevent crises and build peace.

During my visit to Geneva last May, I saw just how much pressure this system is under today. The Swiss Parliament sought to provide a concrete response by supporting our role as host state and calling for an action plan to strengthen the multilateral system. For defending multilateralism does not mean defending every institution as it stands today; it means defending a principle: between nations, the rule of law must take precedence over force.

And how can we, as parliaments, contribute to this? Through our democratic legitimacy, by bringing international decisions closer to citizens, by monitoring their implementation and by maintaining dialogue when relations between governments become strained. To speak is not to agree. To engage in dialogue is not to abandon one’s principles. It is when positions diverge that dialogue becomes essential.

But we must also anticipate crises more effectively, better understand the consequences of our decisions and explain them more clearly to our people, with clarity and without scaremongering.

Our parliaments must therefore not merely react to crises. They must help to prevent them. As a farmer, I have learnt one simple thing: in the long term, you only reap what you have taken the time to sow. The same applies to peace, trust and the rule of law. The international order we have known may not return in the same form.

Rome reminds us that what endures is not that which remains static, but that which is able to weather crises and renew itself. The same applies to the international order. Our responsibility is to preserve its foundations and to continue building. To build an order capable of responding to the world to come, and to ensure that our parliaments and inter-parliamentary assemblies are not merely its witnesses, but its architects and builders.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:35:22

Thank you. 

Next is the Speaker of Parliament of Estonia, Mr Lauri HUSSAR.

Mr Lauri HUSSAR

President of the Riigikogu, Estonia

11:35:35

Dear President Lorenzo FONTANA,

Dear Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK,

Honourable speakers,

Dear colleagues,

Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has exposed weakness in the rules-based international order. Russia is the aggressor, the violator of international law and the state responsible for the killing of innocent people and the grave crimes committed in this war. Russia must be held accountable.

Our principles are clear, but the response of the international community has not always been strong enough. The rules-based international order will not defend itself. We must stand for that. We must stay united, support Ukraine and ensure that those who violate international law face enormous consequences. The international order must build to guarantee peace and stability.

Today it is being challenged by the aggression and the violation of this international law. The question is not whether the world is changing. The question is whether we are ready to defend what must not change: democracy, the rule of law, sovereignty and territorial integrity. And I know that we are ready for doing that. And we are doing that in standing for democracy and rule of law.

This is where national parliaments have a crucial role to play. As legislators, we must turn our principles into action. We must ensure that our governments remain committed to supporting Ukraine, enforcing sanctions and increasing the cost of aggression for Russia. We must also move forward with using Russian frozen assets to support Ukraine and we must make the Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine operational as soon as possible. Justice and accountability cannot wait. There are no signs that Russia is ready for genuine negotiations. Therefore, our unity and our resolve matter more than ever. Our goal is clear: a just and lasting peace with Ukraine's sovereignty secured and its future firmly anchored in Europe and the Euro-Atlantic security architecture.

Dear colleagues,

The rules-based international order will not defend itself. It depends on our willingness to uphold it. Let us use the power of our parliaments to defend international law, stand firmly with Ukraine and prove that aggression cannot prevail over the principles on which our democracies are built. Thank you all and Slava Ukraini.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:39:05

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia, Mr Shalva PAPUASHVILI.

Mr Shalva PAPUASHVILI

Chairman of the Parliament, Georgia

11:39:14

Speaker,

Distinguished colleagues,

The rules-based international order does not erode by itself. It erodes when international institutions that embody our shared values and rules are weakened. International institutions are only as strong as the trust and commitment behind them. Their authority stems from legitimacy, the belief that rules apply equally to all, that decisions rest on facts and fair procedure rather than political convenience and that no one is above them.

When legitimacy fades, no treaty text can restore it. So why do these institutions weaken when the international order continues to crumble before our eyes? Too often, they weaken because they are instrumentalised. The growing practice of leveraging international organisations and weaponising them to advance politically motivated and perception-based positions is concerning. When some states and political groupings use institutions to advance narrowly defined political agendas, to pressure some members while shielding others or to turn monitoring and assessment into political tools, they hollow out these institutions' core meaning. An institution used as an instrument is no longer an institution, it is an extension of someone's interest.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe's (PACE) treatment of Georgia is a very good example of this. In October 2024, Georgia held parliamentary elections. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) assessed them in detail, found them competitive and expressing the will of the people. The OSCE/ODIHR report describes strengths and weaknesses and offers a path forward. Meanwhile, the Council of Europe delegation, made up of members of PACE, chose a diametrically different course.

Disagreeing with OSCE and ODIHR, PACE prepared a report that questioned the results of elections. Even though Georgia's international partners (including the European Union) emphasised that the OSCE/ODIHR report would be decisive in evaluating the elections, this promise was disregarded by some European governments and political groupings. Based on this near-fraudulent report, PACE adopted a resolution that, as a matter of fact, rejected the recognition of a democratically elected Georgian Parliament. After almost two years, all allegations and pretences advanced by PACE proved to be wrong, unfounded and factually false. Nevertheless, PACE refuses to admit its deliberate mistake, while the process reached an impasse.

Thus, the organisation that we joined for safeguarding our sovereignty and popular democracy, persists in violating the people of Georgia's democratic will, and thus, its freedom. PACE should return to the very foundations of international law, for the sake of which it is created to uphold. The situation where democracy, sovereignty, human rights and freedom have become just formal slogans is not tolerable. The end result of this process is a loss of trust and an evisceration of the organisation.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Parliamentary diplomacy is an important tool that can contribute to the support of rules-based order but it is crucial to clearly differentiate dialogue from interference. Dialogue means exchanging views, sharing best practice and holding all states to common standards that all members have freely accepted. Restoring the rules-based order, therefore, begins with renewing the integrity of the institutions and organisations that sustain it. Georgia remains committed to this task.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:43:16

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland, Mr Jussi HALLA-AHO.

Mr Jussi HALLA-AHO

Speaker of the Parliament, Finland

11:43:31

Mister President,

Ladies and gentlemen,

The unfortunate events of the past couple of years, and especially the Russian aggression against Ukraine, have greatly increased our international activities and contacts with foreign parliaments.

On the one hand, the war has brought like-minded countries closer together, but it has also revealed the need to engage more with countries outside of our Western bubble, with countries that do not always share and support our perspectives and points of view, or at least have different priorities. Different parliaments have different constitutional roles and powers in the area of foreign policy.

In the case of Finland, the President and the Cabinet are in charge and the Parliament does not conduct its own foreign policy. Rather, we support the work of the leadership with tools of parliamentary diplomacy.

Parliamentary diplomacy, in my opinion and experience, is a good and cost-efficient way to increase mutual understanding and respect, to avoid and rectify misunderstandings, and to identify common interests and goals, especially with countries that are culturally and politically further away from us.

One interest that is clearly shared by most countries, regardless of their societal model, is the respect for national sovereignty and borders. This is something where we can work together. But this of course requires that we are consistent, take all violations of these principles seriously and do not apply double standards. Meetings between parliamentarians are often less formal than ministerial events or meetings between heads of state. And this often makes it possible to have deeper and more frank discussions, also on difficult topics. This may not yield immediate results, but it sometimes opens up new possibilities.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:46:00

Thank you.

And now we move to the President of the PARLATINO, Mr Rolando GONZÁLEZ PATRICIO.

Mr Rolando GONZÁLEZ PATRICIO

President of the PARLATINO

11:46:12

Mister President,

Excellencies,

The states of Latin America and the Caribbean declared themselves a Zone of Peace in the Summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) in 2014. But that hasn't meant that our region enjoys all the peace we wish for and deserve.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, attacks and threats are not coming from an eastern power, but rather from the north, which abducted a sitting president. And for over a year it has been extrajudicially executing the crews of boats which are claimed to be linked to drugs trafficking and is imposing on the people of Cuba an energy embargo and is waging an economic trade and financial war with deeply serious humanitarian consequences, verging on genocide.

At the same time, the United Nations Development Programme, in its 2026 Democracy and Development Report for the region, states that Latin America and the Caribbean has established itself as the most democratic developing region in the world. Nonetheless, we still have a democratic deficit in the region with underlying causes which are both internal and external. The latter, the external interference in our democratic processes, also comes from the north, not from the east, and is becoming increasingly frequent and shameless.

Your excellencies,

The multiple crises threatening Europe as well as Latin America and the Caribbean also represent an opportunity. One of the most universal sons of Latin America and the Caribbean in the 20th century put to the United Nations in October 1979 a proposal on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, which now could well be shared by the whole of humanity. It was: "Let’s bid farewell to arms and address in civilised manner the most pressing issues of our era. It's the most sacred responsibility and duty of state persons in the world. It is also the crucial precondition for human survival."

We still have time to avert an arms race driven by interests which are external to our peoples and nations without giving up on sovereignty, democracy, and human rights. Parliamentary diplomacy, the supervisory role of parliaments in preventing executives acting unilaterally, can help to renew multilateralism, to rebuild the rule of international law, and to usher in sustainable peace for all.

The parliaments of Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean could act in a more co-ordinated fashion on this. And I'm just going to mention three lines which require our action, three of the many possible and necessary ones.

Firstly, European investment in Latin America and the Caribbean could go beyond the European Union's Global Gateway. That package, whose implementation is patchy, has a ceiling that doesn't even amount to a third of what's planned for Africa, as if this was repeating the US' predominance over its so-called "backyard".

Secondly, interparliamentary relations between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean require broader paths. Now, bilateral relations, these links concentrate their flow through Eurolat. Unlike the Latin American and Caribbean side, which is open to all parliaments in the region, including subregional ones such as Parlatino, Partacen and the Mercosur Parliament, the European part stops at the European Parliament, leaving no scope for the national parliaments of non-member states, and, for example, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

And thirdly, finally, the democratic security of both regions is subject to external interference, and it's time to embrace together transcontinental efforts to fill international relations with the principles of democracy, as set out in 1997 by the Universal Charter on Democracy.

Excellencies,

Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean together can ride out the storms blowing through multilateralism and hoist the sails of democracy and peace for the well-being of the whole of humanity. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe should know that it can count on the decided and determined support of the Latin American and Caribbean Parliament.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:51:02

Thank you.

And now we give the floor to the President of the Nordic Council, Mr Ville VÄYRYNEN.

Mr Ville VÄYRYNEN

President of the Nordic Council

11:51:11

Distinguished speakers,

Excellencies,

Dear colleagues,

The Nordic Council and the Nordic community in general have always stood for the rule of law and rules-based international order. I think here we can all agree on the fact that rules matter. But only when they are respected, defended and renewed by those who believe in them.

Unfortunately, we see today that citizens often feel distant from international decision-making. That easily leads to questioning interparliamentary assemblies or global institutions and whether they can respond to contemporary challenges. This must be taken seriously.

I believe that this is where parliaments have a unique responsibility. We can all agree on the fact that parliaments provide democratic legitimacy. We can and we must connect international commitments with national democratic debate. We also need to explain international co-operation to our citizens and ensure accountability for the decisions taken in international forums.

Parliamentary diplomacy is therefore a vital complement to the traditional one.

At the same time, parliamentary diplomacy must remain firmly rooted in democratic principles. Its strength lies in transparency, accountability and openness. In the age of foreign information manipulation and interference, like the challenges we discussed yesterday, parliamentary co-operation must strengthen democratic multilateralism.

The International Strategy of the Nordic Council highlights the importance of defending democracy, human rights, the rule of law and the rules-based international order through active international parliamentary co-operation. It also emphasises the value of partnerships with regional and global parliamentary assemblies, recognising that today's challenges demand broader co-operation across borders and institutions.

I believe that multilateral institutions will remain relevant only if citizens see themselves reflected in them. We must continue efforts to ensure broader participation across generations, genders, abilities and backgrounds. If we collectively strive for this, all the stakeholder institutions are not only more transparent, they will also be more resilient and more effective.

Finally, we should strengthen co-operation among parliamentary assemblies themselves. No single institution possesses all the answers to today's challenges. By exchanging experiences, co-ordinating our efforts and learning from one another, we can make international co-operation more responsive, more democratic and more effective. This is the way we renew the rules-based international order, through co-operation.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:54:14

Thank you.

And I give the floor to President of the Parliament of Denmark, Mr Henrik FRANDSEN.

Mr Henrik FRANDSEN

President of the Parliament, Denmark

11:54:28

Dear President,

Dear colleagues,

Ladies and gentlemen,

We meet at a time when international order is under pressure. Around the world, we see attacks on international law, democracy and co-operation. Here in this Assembly, we have a special responsibility. In difficult times, this Assembly matters more than ever. When human rights and democracy come under pressure, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) stands firm. It speaks up for our shared values and gives the parliaments of Europe a strong, common voice. It also helps turn those values into real action. But the world is changing. And we must be ready to change too.

For Denmark, the answer is simple. We need more co-operation, not less. We need strong international organisations. And we must protect the rules that keep Europe and the world safe. The United Nations has an important role. Denmark's seat on the United Nations Security Council is both a responsibility and a chance to make a difference. We need the UN to support peace, security and international law. We also rely on it to help people in need. The UN is not perfect. But it is the only organisation where all countries can meet and work together. There is no real alternative. That is why we must make the UN stronger, not weaker. It must be quicker. It must be better and it must work better. And it must work for the world of today. 

Dear colleagues,

Governments meet and make decisions. Parliaments have a different role. We must explain international decisions to our citizens. This is why co-operation between parliaments is so important. And we must make sure their voices are heard. That is why parliaments must work together.

No discussion about the international order can ignore Ukraine. Supporting Ukraine also helps keep Europe safe. Europe's parliaments must continue to stand with Ukraine and its people. Supporting Ukraine also means defending international law and peace between nations.

Finally, let me mention an issue that is important to the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom has been under pressure because of Greenland. The Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland and the United States have now reached an agreement. This shows the value of dialogue, mutual respect and close co-operation. The support from the Council of Europe and from all our European partners is greatly appreciated.

Dear colleagues,

We cannot take international order for granted. We must protect it. We must improve it. And we must build it on democracy and trust. Let us strengthen co-operation between our parliaments. Let us stand up for human rights and international law. And let us work together for a stronger international system that can meet the challenges of our time.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

11:58:03

Thank you. 

And now, the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament, Mr Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ.

Mr Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ

Speaker of the Croatian Parliament, Croatia

11:58:13

Thank you, Mister Speaker.

Distinguished colleagues,

Many would say that the rules-based order truly prospered after the Second World War. In that period, much of Western Europe saw decades of peace, a true pluralism of political ideas and free market economy. On the other hand, parts of Europe's centre and much of its East lacked democracy and basic freedoms under communism and strict totalitarian regimes. Until the historical shift of the 1990s.

I belong to a generation that has lived through this shift. We saw what happens when rules fail. And what becomes possible when they are respected. We realised that a rules-based order, with international law at its core, offers more than any alternative. And it still does.

But what happens when someone decides to break these rules? To change borders by force? Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine shows this in the gravest terms. As Ukrainians resist the aggressor, they are also on the frontlines of defending the basic principles of international law. So, it is crucial to continue standing with them, as firm as ever.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Geopolitical fragmentation is obviously growing. Armed conflicts continue. Their dire consequences keep multiplying. So, in addressing the many challenges of today, we need a little less nostalgia for the world as it was, and more determination for the world that we want to build. In moving forward, dear friends, we need to be realistic. We do not command armies, we do not normally negotiate ceasefires. Decisions we adopt in international parliamentary fora don't stop missiles.

But, with the right amount of hope and ambition, there are ways to bring new life into the rules that served us well for so many years. There are things we can do. We need to remain willing to raise difficult questions and talk. We can upgrade our existing partnerships, but also explore new ones. In parliamentary diplomacy, we can afford to be more open in this than traditional diplomats. We can help search for political will that is necessary for any agreement. Even when such will seems to be very hard to find. We are used to this, looking for compromise. Both in our national parliaments and in international parliamentary assemblies. No doubt, all this is true parliamentary added value. So we need to own it, and use it whenever we can.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:01:14

Thank you. 

And now we give the floor to the Vice-President of the European Parliament, Mr Martin HOJSÍK.

Mr Martin HOJSÍK

Vice-President of the European Parliament

12:01:22

Thank you.

Distinguished Presidents,

Indeed, the rules-based international order as we know it is being challenged like probably at no time in its history. The foundation seems to be shaking. The tough questions are being asked. But this is not the moment to give up. This is the moment to renew our strength.

Let me start with one of the important places that is not parliamentarian, but it is about the enforcement of the international order, and that is the International Criminal Court. I think that it's an institution that we, as Europeans, that we, as members of the Council of Europe, need to continue supporting and we need to uphold its independence and its strength in the current onslaught.

As parliamentarians, indeed, we are not the ones negotiating the peace treaties. But what we should not forget is that we are the directly elected representatives of the people. We are the ones who were entrusted, not only with creating the laws and approving the laws of our countries, but with the important duty of keeping the executive in check.

We are representatives who should be keeping an eye on, and not rubber-stamping the government, or, in our case, commission proposals, keeping an eye on the executive powers, keeping an eye on the enforcement of the laws that we have and keeping the powers to be in check, because that's part of the job that we have been entrusted with.

And in this, interparliamentary co-operation plays an important role. I think it's crucial that within the European Union, but also within the Council of Europe, we strengthen collaboration so we can exchange ideas, exchange experiences and exchange the work that we do in order to fulfil our duties better.

As a European Parliament, we are trying to do and can always do better. We will try to keep on doing better, not only by collaborating with member state parliaments, but also by having special antenna offices. I'm very happy that we will be opening one in Ottawa soon and strengthening interparliamentary collaboration on multiple levels.

I believe that the rules-based order doesn't lie only on the governments willing to talk together. I believe that it actually lies on us, elected representatives, working together to keep the power in check.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:04:26

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the President of the National Council of Austria, Mr Walter ROSENKRANZ.

 

Mr Walter ROSENKRANZ

President of the National Council, Austria

12:04:35

President of the Senate of the Italian Republic,

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies,

Secretary General of the Council of Europe,

Ladies and gentlemen,

On the issue which I would like to talk about, much has already been said, in particular the ideas of President Jussi HALLA-AHO of Finland, President Ville VÄYRYNEN from the Nordic Council, President Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ of Croatia and, above all, President Rolando GONZÁLEZ PATRICIO from the Latin American and Caribbean Parliament (Parlatino).

On the issue of the role of parliaments when addressing current crises, I'd also like to refer to the options of parliamentary diplomacy and the synergies with traditional government diplomacy between states. These days, there's no lack of sources of law, but there's less and less ability to actually sort out disputes, above all, when they're not in the interests of the strongest actors.

The Greek historian, THUCYDIDES, said more than 2 000 years ago, law appears in the form in the way in which the world is actually constructed. Between two of equal strength, it works. Otherwise, the powerful do what they can and the weak what they can tolerate. 

We need to remember that there can only be the rule of law when the strong and the weak observe rules in the same way. We, in Europe, that is, the EU and the Council of Europe, in particular through the European Convention on Human Rights, have created a special case historically. But how do we apply that to an increasingly fragmented international order which is less and less able to defend our general law?

From my point of view, primarily through diplomacy.

Parliamentary diplomacy can make a very significant contribution. Its most important tool is dialogue, understanding between different peoples and the belief that this certain order precedes everything else. Parliamentary diplomacy is, first of all, the vanguard. It appears and acts quietly, and creates trust where it is needed, via channels that are sometimes closed to government diplomacy.

As the centres of democratic action, parliaments have created this role themselves. In times that are difficult in terms of foreign policy, it's up to us as parliamentarians to ensure that these values are lived and show our strengths. 

Might I perhaps share an idea with you at this point, and a question, a point for discussion. Thinking about what Ms Annita DEMETRIOU from Cyprus said, that we are not here simply to be observers, precisely through the example of a dispute which has turned into a terrible war, and which has cost the lives of so many. Against this background, can a delegation of the Council of Europe not fulfil a function? In the belief that Europe must be represented at the negotiating table, and perhaps the EU could do the same, perhaps even more so, with greater credibility.

Because only democracy, the rule of law and human rights must be observed, without thinking about military alliances and economic advantage. No, we must concentrate on peace. 

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:09:15

Thank you. 

And now Ms Verónica CAMINO FARJAT, the Vice-President of the Senate of Mexico.

 

Ms Verónica CAMINO FARJAT

Vice-President of the Senate, Mexico

12:09:28

Good morning to everyone, Presidents, Speakers, Vice-Presidents and Deputy Speakers.

Thank you for the invitation to be here together with you in this forum. I welcome the presence of our Ambassador of Mexico, here in Italy. 

We have listened closely to the various statements made yesterday and today. And in Mexico we take just as seriously any interventionism or interference, and that's why we have also adopted constitutional measures to limit the possibilities.

Legislative power has been one of the fundamental means for the Mexican people to realise their decisions, and these choices were ratified during every Assembly that President Claudia SHEINBAUM PARDO, the first female President in 200 years of history, conducted throughout the country in 2024, before she was elected. The majority of legislators in our Senate agree with her, that we are set on a course of shared prosperity, strengthening our sovereignty and in full respect of international treaties and agreements. 

We are also clear on the fact that public resources belong to the people and should be used for the benefit of the people. As such, public resources are not only the taxes and duties paid by individuals, they are also the mineral and metal resources, such as silver, gold, copper, zinc, lithium, rare earths and non-metals, such as fluorite, which are very important for the development of new technologies. Energy resources, such as oil and natural gas, as well as environmental resources and biodiversity, including something very precious for all of us: water. 

So the protection we have established in our laws means that the new social rights available to the Mexican people have now become part of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. For example, on housing, support for farming and also a decent universal pension for the elderly.

We continue to face challenges that we are facing head-on, for example, the security of our people. We have amended our legislation to establish legal mechanisms for the use of intelligence in security and collaboration with governments from abroad, following the watchword of "co-operation yes, subordination no".

And we are also continuously working to tackle the underlying causes, particularly by suffocating organised crime, seizing its funds and preventing the recruitment of young Mexicans by obviously building up the options for the human development of our young people. We have set up and continued to set up more preparatory schools and universities that are free, as well as grants to meet their needs.

On arms now, the weapons used by organised crime in Mexico. It is an open secret that 70% of them come from the United States. And that's why we have ongoing close co-operation, from which we are expecting some better results. 

So now let's turn to women. We have strengthened our legislation to protect them and help them to achieve a life free of violence. With the first female President, we have established massive information mechanisms in Spanish and in various different original languages, and legislation to protect, as well as various different comprehensive support services. For example, this pamphlet I am showing you now on women's rights, which is distributed in different languages throughout our country. 

Finally, an important point to mention is the strengthening of our own internal economy through Plan México, which was built up together between the government of President Claudia SHEINBAUM PARDO and the Mexican world of business. This plan is part of the moral economy model that we are building in Mexico and includes the diversification of our trade relations. Within this framework, with the Modernised Global Agreement with the European Union, we trust that this will strengthen trade with clear rules and will provide opportunities for our small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in respect of labour rights and the environment. Its ratification also requires approval by the 27 EU member states, including Italy, to whom we are grateful for their hospitality. 

In our Senate, we have introduced changes to our legislation to strengthen the protection of international property and Denominations of Origin, both Mexican and foreign. Mexico and the European Union share an interest in protecting Denominations of Origin and Geographical Indications for our products. We defend their authenticity and in so doing the knowledge of our communities and the work of our producers. As such, we repeat our respect for the sovereignty of all nations and their self-determination. We are against war, no matter where it is waged. We will always be in favour of dialogue and we hope that the proposal made by our President to donate what was paid for arms can be used to support the feeding, education and culture of those most in need. 

So finally, we legislate through listening to and following the wishes of our people. They are the greatest wealth and wisdom, living culture and tradition, to whom with great love and conviction we have given back their dignity during these times of change. Because that is the basis and the strength of Mexican humanism and we await you with open arms. 

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:15:38

Thank you.

And now, Ms Julia KRONLID, Second Deputy Speaker of the Swedish Parliament.

 

Ms Julia KRONLID

Second Deputy Speaker of the Sveriges Riksdag, Sweden

12:15:48

Honourable colleagues,

I would like to start by expressing my gratitude to the host country, Italy and the organisers, the Council of Europe, for your great hospitality here in Rome.

It is hardly an overstatement to say that we live in challenging times. The rules-based order, as we know it, is under attack by many different actors. I am not only referring to the perhaps most blatant example, Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. A war that has already been going on for far too long. There are, unfortunately, many more examples where lack of respect for international law is obvious, even in our own geographical vicinity.

The volatile situation in the Middle East is, of course, impossible to overlook in this respect. And even though there is now a security agreement concerning Greenland’s status in place, it is fair to say that the road to that agreement posed a threat to the rules-based world order we not so long ago took for granted. If there is anything that we have learned from international relations, in the last few years or so, it is this: always expect the unexpected.

This is a time when all true friends of democracy are put to the test. A time when we as speakers have a special role to fulfil in the defence of democracy, human rights and rules-based international order.

One of the best tools we have at our disposal is parliamentary diplomacy. Unlike governmental diplomacy, we can, through parliamentary diplomacy, involve more stakeholders, broaden our discussions and, hopefully, discuss solutions that involve both those who are in power and representatives of the opposition. This way, we receive a mandate which is more far-reaching than what traditional diplomacy is capable of.

In order for this diplomacy to succeed, it is crucial that the co-operation between the government and the parliament is transparent. In my own country, Sweden, the government is obligated to continuously inform the parliament about foreign policy. Moreover, the government also participates in most of the interparliamentary assemblies.

An enhanced dialogue between the interparliamentary delegations and the committees in the parliament is another way to get the most out of interparliamentary diplomacy.

And, in my parliament, we've also been taking measures to ensure that the parliament can continue its work also during war or crisis. For example, in some extreme cases, the parliament can meet entirely online, if necessary. We also have a war delegation that can be called in and operate during a serious crisis. These delegations meet regularly to be well prepared. However, we have a lot to learn from Ukraine when it comes to upholding democracy during a crisis. Although your country is under attack and the bombs are falling, you kept your parliament going and functioning during this crisis. 

And I am proud to say that the Swedish Parliament unanimously stands up for Ukraine’s struggle. We still, and now, have a very challenging formation of government ahead of us. But at least when it comes to supporting Ukraine, we all in parliament stand together.

What we do individually in our own parliaments is one thing. How we act towards multilateral organisations is another, equally important, thing. And interparliamentary assemblies play a crucial role, especially in these challenging times. Often parliamentarians can go further and act bolder than governments. And these are examples that can remind us that assemblies have a real role to play, a role that can mean real change. I think we all should take pride in these facts.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Let us promote peace and security by preserving our international forums and continue to develop our countries along a path built on the cornerstones of democracy.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:20:12

Thank you.

And we now give the floor to the Speaker of the National Assembly of Bulgaria, Ms Mihaela DOTSOVA. 

Ms Mihaela DOTSOVA

Speaker of the National Assembly, Bulgaria

12:20:23

Honourable Mister President,

Ladies and gentlemen,

Dear colleagues,

Allow me to express my gratitude to our hosts for the warm welcome and excellent organisation.

Today, Europe and the world are going through an overwhelming spiral of crises, from financial and economic to social and refugee ones. They are caused by increasing migration, the pandemic, Russia's ongoing aggression against Ukraine, the situation in the Middle East region and many other parts of the world, and pose a serious test of respect for fundamental human rights and of adherence to democratic principles in modern societies.

In times of increasing global instability and deepening conflicts, dealing with crises is not within the power of one particular country, but requires common co-ordinated action. Today, Bulgaria firmly condemns the attacks on merchant ships in the Black Sea. Security in the region is critical to stability across Europe. Therefore, our common and urgent task is to protect peace, the free movement of goods and food security, but above all to protect the lives of civilian crews who are exposed to real risk every day.

One of the key roles of parliaments today is precisely to ensure respect for the rules-based international order. Now more than ever, we have a duty to uphold the principles of the 1945 United Nations (UN) Charter, which calls to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind. It is parliaments that ratify the agreements that guarantee international order. Therefore our role, both at the national and, above all, at the international level, is not only key, but also irreplaceable.

In view of the tense and complex current situation, the new National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria is striving, through parliamentary diplomacy, to establish itself on the European and international stage as an active mediator for good international relationships. The regulatory framework in the field of foreign relations is about to be updated, so as to achieve greater international visibility for our country and to strengthen its participation in international formats.

As part of the Council of Europe, the task of national parliaments, including the National Assembly of Bulgaria, is not only to observe, but also to promote the fundamental principles of democracy, unity and solidarity that the Organisation represents. They are essential for ensuring international order among all Council member states.

Honourable Mister President,

Dear Colleagues,

We live in an era of rapid technological advancement and the integration of artificial intelligence into government, the military and everyday life. This new reality presents opportunities previously unimaginable, but also changes. National parliaments should respond promptly to emerging crises and adopt the necessary legislative changes to safeguard human rights.

Today, first and foremost, co-operation and solidarity between all of us are needed to guarantee security in Europe. Joint European action is needed to ensure security in the Black Sea, and a consensus is required to transform it into an area of shared security.

The greatest guarantees for our security are an immediate ceasefire and the use of all political and diplomatic means to achieve peace.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:25:11

Thank you.

We now give the floor to the Speaker of the Althingi in Iceland.

 

Ms Þórunn SVEINBJARNARDÓTTIR

Speaker of the Althingi, Iceland

12:25:23

Mister President,

Dear colleagues,

Dear Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK,

For small nations, rules are not a constraint, they are a protection. This is not an abstraction, it is a fact of life. You can call it realpolitik.

Iceland has one of the oldest parliaments in the world, but we became a sovereign state only in 1918 and a republic in 1944. We have no military. Our independence, our security and our prosperity have always rested on international law and on the institutions that uphold it. 

That is why we are deeply concerned to see these rules challenged and broken. Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine is the most brutal example. But we also see the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states called into question in ways we did not expect, as the Parliamentary Assembly discussed earlier this year in the case of Greenland. The principle must be clear: borders are not changed by force or by pressure, whether the state concerned is large or small. We must also be honest about our own credibility. We see double standards in how international law is upheld. The humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza is a test of that. International humanitarian law protects civilians everywhere, or it protects no one.

Parliaments have a particular role in renewing this order. Let me mention three examples.

First, accountability. At the Council of Europe Summit in Reykjavík in 2023, 44 countries and institutions joined the Register of Damage for Ukraine, a process expected to take up to three years, but agreed in just three months. The Register is now operational and recording claims.

Second, parliamentary diplomacy. When official channels are strained or even closed, parliaments can keep dialogue alive. Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland have long worked together through the West Nordic Council, a forum of our three small parliaments. In times like these, such quiet, steady parliamentary contacts matter more than ever.

Third, legitimacy and openness. Multilateral institutions only endure if citizens see them as their own. Parliaments are the bridge. That also means accepting scrutiny ourselves. This summer, Iceland invited international observers to follow our referendum on whether to resume EU accession negotiations. Their recommendations will make our democracy stronger. Being observed, not only observing, is part of the bargain.

Mister President, the last century taught us that peace needs multilateral institutions. This century is teaching us that those institutions need to be reformed to maintain trust and democratic legitimacy. That is what parliaments can offer. Small states know better than most what is at stake if we fail.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:29:06

Thank you. 

We give the floor to the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Mr Pere Joan PONS SAMPIETRO.

Mr Pere Joan PONS SAMPIETRO

President of the OSCE PA

12:29:14

Thank you Mister President. And also for welcoming us over these two days, for the organisation and for last night's dinner, that made it possible for me to stop at the La Feltrinelli bookshop and pick up a couple of books, including one written by Giuliano DA EMPOLI, an Italian who wrote this book titled The Engineers of Chaos.

And so I wanted to begin with this reflection: democracies are under pressure because there are forces at work from within and from without to create chaos. And that's why I wanted to start with this idea. 

We must be aware of the fact that the enemy is not just outside, it is also within democracies. 

 

Mr Pere Joan PONS SAMPIETRO

President of the OSCE PA

12:30:09

Then I would like to react to the keynote speakers because I think you delivered four very good interventions. And I would like to start with one idea, the idea of double standards. I think if we want to keep our reputation as parliamentarians, we have to be capable of saying the same thing on Ukraine and also on Palestine. So also I would like to say thank you to all of the four, especially the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, for their words. And I think it's very important because if not, we are not credible.

I think also that the majority of the speakers were on the same side. So, we are the majority, those of us that believe that the force of arguments is more important than the arguments of force. So, there are more of us.

But it is true that sometimes we are also trapped in a narrative that the world is changing, the international order is not working and then everything is collapsing. I think we should stop talking in this way. I think it's an opportunity that we have.

Ms Ursula VON DER LEYEN said, quoting Mr Charles DICKENS, that okay, we can see in front of the worst of times, and also try to figure out how we can overcome this. And now as a President of a Parliamentary Assembly – you are all part of it, the three of you – I would also like to mention the reality. Someone mentioned election observation. I would like to say that we are a security organisation and the best tool, the best tool for preserving democracy is observing.

And it is very regrettable that the United States of America did not invite the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), did not invite the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA) – more than 150 parliamentarians for sure – on the ground. And I think the worst thing that we can do is reject election observations on the ground. So, this is something that I would like to make you reflect upon, that it's important that we observe.

And the last thing that I would like to say, because I really appreciate what the President of the Parliament of Iceland has to say and also the President of the House of Representatives of Cyprus, that we cannot only be observers and we cannot be observers, of course, but to be active, we also need funding.

So, one of the things that I would like to also reflect on with you is that, if we believe that we can invest in security without investing in human rights, in multilateralism, in parliamentary diplomacy, and thinking that the only way is by cutting our budgets, I think we are doing a very bad favour to democracy, to parliamentary diplomacy and, of course, to multilateral organisations.

So, many thanks. And I also would like to end because Pope Leo XIV said that we have to disarm language. And I really felt that here we were all disarming language.

Thank you very much. And again, "President, thank you for giving me the floor." [Spoken in Italian]

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:33:20

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr Marinko ČAVARA.

Mr Marinko ČAVARA

Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, Bosnia and Herzegovina

12:33:34

Honourable Mr Lorenzo FONTANA,

Honourable Excellencies,

Honourable keynotes,

Excellencies, Speakers, Deputy Speakers,

Ladies and gentlemen,

I would like to cordially salute you at the beginning for the excellent organisation of this meeting.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country whose history serves as a powerful reminder of the value of peace, the importance of dialogue and the need for political agreement. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country of three constituent peoples, and all of its citizens and its constitutional order are based on the Dayton Peace Agreement. 

Our experience demonstrates how important it is to respect agreements reached, constitutional principles and the equality of all constituent peoples. We have learnt that lasting political solutions cannot be achieved without dialogue and consensus. Without equality there can be no trust, without trust there can be no stability and without stability there can be no long-term development. This experience is particularly relevant in the times we are living in today. 

The world is facing numerous challenges. Wars, political tensions, economic difficulties and growing uncertainty are affecting the lives of millions of people. These circumstances remind us that peace and stability must never be taken for granted. We must preserve it. No country, regardless of its size or strength, can address all these challenges on its own. That is why we need co-operation, open dialogue and willingness to find common solutions. This is precisely the purpose of multilateralism, which enables us to respond collectively to problems that transcend the borders of individual states. 

Ladies and gentlemen, parliaments have an important role to play in this regard. They are not merely institutions where laws are adopted; they are institutions that represent people, their needs and their expectations. Parliamentary diplomacy enables us to engage in direct dialogue and gain a better understanding of different perspectives. It is very important when we have political disagreement, when communication must be maintained, and the path towards consensus must be found.

However, our meetings must not remain confined to words; we must translate, and we cannot just be philosophers explaining and explaining without offering any solutions. 

Our joint conclusions must be turned into concrete decisions that will contribute to peace, security and a better quality of life for our people. Behind every conflict and every crisis are families who want to live in peace, children who need security and young people seeking opportunities for a better future. It is precisely for their sake that we have a responsibility to prevent new divisions and seek solutions that will ensure long-term stability. Are we able to do that?

Your Excellencies, for Bosnia and Herzegovina, international co-operation is of particular importance. We remain committed to maintaining good relations with our neighbours, promoting regional stability and continuing along our European path. Membership in the European Union is one of our most important strategic objectives. For us, it represents an opportunity to strengthen our institutions, foster economic development and create better living conditions for all the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

Along this path, the support of our European partners is important, as is co-operation between parliaments, which allows us to exchange experiences and implement the necessary reforms. I believe that this partnership also provides an opportunity for further strengthening our relations and reaffirming our shared responsibility for peace and stability. Political differences will always exist, but they must never become an obstacle to dialogue and co-operation. Peace cannot be preserved through words alone, nor can trust be built overnight. Both require responsibility, patience and concrete actions. 

Let us therefore continue to incentivise co-operation between our parliaments and work together towards a more peaceful, secure and stable future. If peace is imperative to all of us, we will unite towards that idea.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:38:08

Thank you.

And now the floor goes to the Speaker of the Seimas, the Parliament of Lithuania, Mr Juozas OLEKAS.

Mr Juozas OLEKAS

Speaker of the Seimas, Lithuania

12:38:18

Thank you, President.

Dear colleagues,

Europe has changed since Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine. We don’t know how long this hostility will last, touching the existential interests of all Europeans and shaping European security. It is critical that this new environment is acknowledged in our parliaments. Security becomes too important to be traded for short-sighted interests.

Respect for the United Nations (UN) Charter, basic international law instruments, sovereignty, and territorial integrity remains the foundation of international peace and security. Our collective duty is to ensure that these principles are always respected, when needed, defended, and never compromised. However, we are dealing with an imperialistic mindset of an aggressor which is a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

It means the problem is deeply rooted in our main international organisation, responsible for the rules-based international order, including maintaining international peace and stability. We should continue the discussion and find ways to reform it. Sustainable peace, security and stability in Europe will largely depend on how the war, which Russia launched in Ukraine, will end and what kind of peace is achieved. We should strengthen our position, first, by strengthening Ukraine, secondly, by being stronger ourselves, including further reinforcement of sanctions on Russia.

Our position is clear. Peace cannot be won by appeasing the aggressor; peace must be just and based on international law. Firm and unwavering support in our parliaments for Ukraine’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognised borders is an essential principle not only for Ukraine, but for rules-based international order. Borders in Europe could not be changed by military aggression.

We have no illusions about Russia’s real intentions. Even if achieved, peace will not be sustainable if aggression is forgiven and forgotten, as all the other international crimes are still being committed in Ukraine every single day. Rules-based international order in Europe will only return when justice is ensured.

We recognise and appreciate the moral leadership of the Council of Europe. A fully functioning Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine should become a reality.

Parliaments of many signatory states to the Convention establishing an International Claims Commission are still expected to do their part of the job. It is an important part of a comprehensive compensation mechanism for victims of Russia’s war of aggression, as well as the final step in the creation of a dedicated Compensation Fund, which should utilise frozen Russian sovereign assets, ensuring that the perpetrator bears the financial and legal consequences.

Return of deported Ukrainian children remains one of Lithuania’s highest humanitarian priorities. We encourage the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to keep this issue high on its agenda.

Our strength is in unity and acceleration of European integration around values and principles.

Thank you. Slava Ukraini.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:42:38

Thank you. 

We now give the floor to the Speaker of the Parliament of Malta, Mr Carmelo ABELA.

Mr Carmelo ABELA

Speaker of the Parliament, Malta

12:42:47

"Mister President, thank you." [Spoken in Italian]

Colleagues,

Ladies and gentlemen,

We meet at a time when the international system is under extraordinary pressure. War has returned to Europe. Conflicts and humanitarian crises continue in our neighbourhood and beyond. International law is being challenged, multilateral institutions are under strain, and the principles that have provided a framework for international relations for generations are increasingly contested.

In such circumstances, the rules-based international order cannot be taken for granted. It must be defended, strengthened and, where necessary, renewed. Parliaments have an important role in this endeavour. We are not merely institutions that translate international commitments into national legislation. We are also the representatives of citizens and, therefore, essential democratic actors in shaping our countries' responses to international crises.

Parliamentary diplomacy can build bridges where formal diplomacy may face difficulties. Through dialogue between speakers, parliamentary committees and international parliamentary organisations, we can maintain channels of communication, promote understanding and reinforce our shared commitment to peaceful resolution of disputes.

But our role goes further. Parliaments must scrutinise governments' responses to crises, ensure respect for international law and demand accountability where fundamental rights are threatened. The rules-based order is meaningful only when the rules apply consistently. This is particularly important for smaller states.

For a country such as Malta, international law and multilateralism are not abstract concepts. They are essential safeguards of sovereignty, security and equality among states. Our commitment to international law must therefore remain principled and universal. We must defend the United Nations Charter, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the protection of human rights and international humanitarian law. These might sound basic, but I think, in the current scenario, we need to continuously repeat what is or what we were used to, as being the basis of our international security, as well.

At the same time, renewing the international order requires us to recognise that the world has changed. Institutions created in a different geopolitical era must adapt to new realities, from cyberwarfare and artificial intelligence to climate-related crises, mass displacement and new forms of economic coercion. Parliaments can contribute to this renewal by ensuring that international institutions remain accountable, representative and capable of responding effectively to contemporary challenges.

We should also strengthen co-operation among parliaments themselves. In an increasingly interconnected world, parliamentary diplomacy provides an important additional layer of international engagement.

Mister President, our message should therefore be clear. The answer to a world facing greater uncertainty cannot be the abandonment of rules. It must be a renewed commitment to rules, institutions and co-operation. The international order will endure only if it continues to command legitimacy in the eyes of our citizens and if states are prepared to uphold the principles on which it rests.

Finally, as parliamentarians, we have both the responsibility and the opportunity to contribute to that effort. We must defend peace, uphold international law and ensure that multilateralism remains capable of delivering practical solutions to the crises of our time.

Thank you.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:47:18

Thank you. 

And we now give the floor to the Vice-President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Ms Gabriela MORAWSKA-STANECKA.

Ms Gabriela MORAWSKA-STANECKA

Vice-President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union

12:47:30

Honourable Mister President,

Honourable Speakers of Parliaments,

Honourable Deputy Speakers,

Ladies and gentlemen,

I speak today on behalf of the newly elected President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Mr Milton DICK.

As we well know, the international order is under growing strain. Multilateralism is being tested by geopolitical rivalry, protracted conflicts, the undermining of international law, and a climate of impunity and double standards. It is therefore critical that those who believe in multilateralism work together to protect what 80 years of co-operation have delivered.

At the IPU, we believe that the crisis of multilateralism is closely connected to another unfolding crisis: the crisis of democracy. When people see institutions as distant, unresponsive, lacking in transparency or accountability, their trust in them declines. When citizens feel that their concerns do not inform public decisions and their rights are not upheld, disengagement and reactionism can grow. When democratic institutions weaken at home, the legitimacy of international co-operation, grounded in democratic values, is weakened too.

Renewing multilateralism must therefore also entail renewing its connection with people. International decisions need to respond to the realities of those who will live with the consequences of those decisions.

That is where parliamentarians play an essential role. Parliaments connect citizens with public decision making. Members of Parliament (MPs) have direct links with their communities: women and men, young and old, in cities and rural areas, from the breadth of society. They can bring a broad range of perspectives into political debate. They help connect people with their institutions.

Last week, we celebrated the 153rd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in Arusha, Tanzania. Its outcome, the Arusha Communiqué, focused on enhancing good governance and empowering communities through inclusivity, trust and opportunities for all. It underscored that the true test of good governance is what it delivers in people’s lives. 

When citizens feel that their voices are heard, that participating in elections and in community consultations leads to change for the better, trust in public institutions can grow. This is also relevant for decisions taken at the international level. The international system should not remain a distant arena, but a framework through which countries work together to address challenges that no nation can solve alone. It must be seen to serve people.

The IPU, as the global organisation of national parliaments, is an important platform for facilitating parliamentary engagement in multilateral affairs. We bring together parliamentarians from across political systems, parties and regions to exchange views, build trust, and work together on issues of shared interest.

Parliamentarians bring local and national perspectives into international discussions. They also bring international commitments back home, where they can be debated, translated into legislation, funded through budgets and monitored through parliamentary oversight.

We have further observed that when parliaments are involved from the beginning, international commitments are more likely to become part of national debate and action.

Parliamentary diplomacy can also make a practical contribution during crises. By maintaining dialogue when official channels are constrained, bringing different perspectives together and drawing attention to emerging risks, parliamentarians can support early warning, confidence building and efforts to prevent conflict.

Parliamentary diplomacy thus acts as a bridge between citizens and the multilateral system. It can help turn dialogue into action, strengthen accountability and ensure that international commitments lead to meaningful results. In doing so, parliaments can help renew both the legitimacy of the rules-based international order and its capacity to respond to contemporary crises.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:52:20

Thank you.

And thus, I declare closed the session dedicated to our debate. 

And I thank all speakers for their contributions. 

We do have President Numan KURTULMUŞ, who has asked for the floor for a short response. 

Mr Numan KURTULMUŞ

Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, Türkiye

12:52:41

Thank you, Mister Chairman.

Well, today in the session, one of the speakers made a comment and, on behalf of my country, I would like to respond to her comments. I will keep it very short. 

So, certain opinions have been mentioned which do not reflect the reality on Cyprus, which we don't agree with, of course. There are three important dates in Cyprus, which I would like to bring to your attention.

One of them is 1960. In 1960, with the Partnership Agreement, a principle was adopted making sure that the Turkish Cypriots and the Greek Cypriots could live together. That was the intention. And in order to protect this state, Türkiye agreed, and the United Kingdom had the guarantorship rights. But, three years after, in 1963, the military junta in Greece and the Enosis supporters in Cyprus usurped the government which was adopted by the United Nations.

So, if we speak of an occupation and invasion of the island, this is not a Turkish occupation, but rather it is the occupation and invasion by the Enosis Cypriots and the Greek military junta. So, it was the invasion against the legitimate government by the Greeks. 

The year 1974 is another important date. From 1963 till 1974, within a time frame of 11 years, Türkiye displayed great patience and diplomatic wisdom. And Türkiye mentioned this problem on all international platforms, and Türkiye advocated for a peaceful resolution of the problems. We put in a lot of effort and endeavours, but, unfortunately, those pro-Enosis invaders carried out massacres on the island, a genocide on the island, and, as a result, we had to intervene on the island.

Many massacres took place in many villages; innocent young people, children, and women were massacred on the island. That is why, in 1974, Türkiye used its right as a guarantor state. That is why we carried out the peace operation on the island, in order to make sure that all sides live in peace on the island.

Let me state the following openly: Turks and Greeks are two nations that have existed on the island historically. By disregarding the Turkish people on the island, no solution will be obtained. Turkish Cypriots will live on the island as equal citizens till the judgment day.

Thank you very much; it was my obligation to mention it.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:55:39

And Speaker Lindsay HOYLE has asked for the floor for a short reply.

Sir Lindsay HOYLE

Speaker of the House of Commons, United Kingdom

12:56:36

Can I just say to everybody, this has been a very, very important debate.

This is a recognition of sovereign rights across Europe, but more so about legacies as well.

What we've got is a debate on rights and wrongs.  We call out – and quite rightly, my friend, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, says we mustn't forget about the people of Palestine. Quite right. We mustn't forget about the sovereign rights of Ukraine.

But also, we make a judgment that we should not do it through war; we should do it through international courts, including the United Nations. And when they make a decision under judgment, we should accept that judgment. It is a judgment that we all should respect, whether that is in Cyprus or whether that is in Palestine or whether it is in Ukraine.

Please, let us be united, not divided. And let us respect each other and take away any double standards or otherwise, we will be hypocrites.

Thank you. 

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:57:55

Thank you.

It appears that the other speakers do not wish to reply, so shortly I would like to give the floor to President Ruslan STEFANCHUK for a final word.

Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK

Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine

12:58:24

Thank you.

Dear Mister Speaker, dear Lorenzo,

Dear keynote speakers,

Dear friends,

Dear colleagues,

Today I will be returning to Kyiv. We continue our fight for freedom, for democracy, for a peaceful Europe and a democratic world. And I would like to thank each and every one of you once again for your strong support for Ukraine.

Thank you for listening to me so attentively. Believe me, the war is very close, and we should stay prepared, strong and united. I look forward to our next meetings. At least, I really hope so.

I invite all of you to visit Kyiv.

Together with Speaker Lindsay HOYLE, I will be glad to welcome you in London on 6 and 7 December for the Crimea Platform.

Once again, dear friends, dear colleagues, thank you very much for your support. Stay with us, pray for us. We won't fail you.

Slava Ukraini.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

12:59:51

Thank you. 

We will stop our proceedings for just a few moments whilst we wait for the President to join us.

 

[pause]

 

Shall we start? 

We're now going to resume our work just very briefly. Might I inform you that the conclusions have been distributed. They'll be available on the website of the Conference as well. 

I now give the floor to the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Ms Petra BAYR, for her final comments. Go ahead, Madam.

 

Ms Petra BAYR

President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe

13:01:12

"Thank you, Lorenzo." [Spoken in Italian]

Dear Presidents,

Dear colleagues,

It falls to me to summarise in just a few words these very rich contributions to this Conference that you have made. Please do take a copy of the full conclusion, which will be distributed at the doors as we leave this Chamber. And it's on the website as well, if I understood correctly. Take them home with you, read them through and share them with your fellow parliamentarians.

These are the commitments for action that our parliaments can follow up on. In this regard, don't forget to write the letter to yourself as a reminder and that the Conference in Rome has a chance to survive also at our home parliaments. You shall have received an envelope containing a model letter and an empty sheet of paper on which you write a letter to your future self. This letter will be sent to you in a couple of weeks to remind you of your own commitments. This initiative should ensure that the debates in Rome continue beyond the Conference itself, and the Secretariat will collect the envelopes.

Throughout our discussion, we have stood firm and clear in reaffirming our commitment to human rights, democracy and rule of law as the sure and solid base to meet the challenges we face. We have reiterated in all aspects our solidarity with Ukraine and our strong commitment to peace and the protection of human lives wherever conflicts occur.

We must strengthen democratic resilience against hybrid threats and foreign interference through parliamentary co-operation and legislation safeguarding fundamental freedoms. We must protect electoral integrity, ensure platform accountability and promote reliable information, media literacy and democratic citizen participation.

We must ensure that artificial intelligence serves people, protect workers' rights and support social progress. We must invest in throughout-life learning in AI literacy, involve workers in decisions, prevent surveillance and discrimination, and share productivity gains fairly. We encourage ratification and implementation of the Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence.

We must defend the rules-based international order, safeguard independent courts and ensure accountability without double standards through parliamentary action, stronger multilateral co-operation and more representative institutions. We must translate commitments into results, uphold Ukraine's right to a just and lasting peace and strengthen international justice and accountability mechanisms.

Dear colleagues, that is our shared responsibility.

And before we conclude the Conference and before I declare it closed, I would like to extend my warmest thanks to our hosts and their excellent organisation of this Conference, which was such a great success given the large number of participants. Our debates have been extremely rich, and the number of bilateral meetings between delegations is an undeniable sign of revitalised interparliamentary co-operation. Our work will provide not just food for thought, but tangible proposals and examples for action in our respective parliaments and also in the Parliamentary Assembly. That is why I asked each participant to take five minutes to take your notes and use them to write a letter to yourselves.

I would like to inform you that our next Conference of Presidents will be held in Strasbourg in autumn 2028. We very much look forward to our next conference.

We have come to the end of the European Conference of Presidents of Parliament 2026, and it's time now to bid you all farewell. I was pleased to receive you in Rome; not only me, I think that the Romans were even more delighted, and I welcome your large presence and active participation in our debates. I thank each and every one of you for actively contributing to the success of this Conference.

I want to extend my sincere gratitude to our keynote speakers and to all those who contributed in the discussions. I also wish to express my gratitude to those who have contributed to the excellent organisation of this Conference.

Finally, I want to thank you, fellow presidents and secretaries general of parliaments; it has been a privilege to spend the last few days with colleagues from across our multilateral network. The value of this type of forum lies in the active participation of attendees, and I thank you for openly sharing your experiences and your expertise. I have thoroughly enjoyed meeting with you, listening to you and learning from you, and I hope that we all learn from each other.

It is now my pleasure to invite you to the restaurant La Lanterna for the lunch hosted by me, who I wish to warmly thank for co-operation... No, I don't thank myself for my co-operation. Now, with that message, I declare the conference closed.

Thank you very much.

Mr Lorenzo FONTANA

President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies

13:07:43

Thank you, thank you all.

The sitting is closed at 1:08 p.m.