President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies
10:30:44
Presidents of Parliament,
I would like to thank and welcome the President of the Senate of the Republic, Mr Ignazio LA RUSSA, with whom I have the honour of jointly hosting this distinguished gathering. I would like to thank the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Ms Petra BAYR, and the Chair of the Italian Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Ms Elisabetta GARDINI, for their dedicated efforts and the constant and valuable collaboration through which they have made this event possible.
I would also like to thank the Vice-President of the European Parliament, Mr Martin HOJSÍK; his presence bears witness to the bond that unites the democratic institutions of our continent. I also wish to extend a very warm welcome to the speakers of the parliaments of the Council of Europe member states, and to the speakers of the parliaments of the observer states, and partners for democracy within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Finally, I wish to greet the representatives of the international assemblies who honour us with their presence, lending this meeting a broader and more prestigious political scope that reaffirms the universality of the values we are about to reaffirm. Being here today in the Chamber of Montecitorio holds a profound significance closely linked to our roots.
Indeed, in the month of September 1975, the Italian Parliament had the privilege of hosting the very first historic Conference of Presidents of European Parliamentary Assemblies. It was a moment of particular political foresight, which gave a significant boost to the development of parliamentary diplomacy. In a Europe still deeply divided by the Cold War, our distinguished predecessors understood that the integration of the continent could not be limited to a mere economic agreement. Instead, it was essential to grant parliamentary assemblies a central role in this evolution.
According to that vision, parliaments were to become the true voice of citizens' hopes, both at national and international level, providing concrete responses to people's needs for peace and dignity. Fifty years on from that very first step, the legacy of that era remains highly relevant today. We are living a historic juncture, marked by pressing challenges that require responses and solutions that are as widely shared as possible.
I am now thinking of the digital revolution and growing hybrid threats, the impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market and the international conflicts and crises that are undermining global stability and order. These are complex issues that demand urgent, strong and cohesive parliamentary action capable of defending the centrality of the individual human rights and the rule of law.
Against this backdrop, our institutions, through which the sovereignty of the people is expressed, play a significant role in the fields of security and co-operation. I therefore hope that this Conference will serve as a privileged or special forum for fostering unity of purpose amongst our democracies, with the sincerest hope that, together, we may forge a shared path founded on freedom, democracy and peace.
Thank you.
President of the Senate of the Italian Republic
10:35:32
Thank you, Mr Lorenzo FONTANA. Thank you for this very kind hospitality offered by the Chamber of Deputies to all participants. Thank you, Madam Chair of the Parliamentary Assembly, for being here. Thank you to the Secretary General and to all of you. Thank you.
Thank you for your attendance because, really, this is a very, very significant day; it is a time of historical importance in this very complex time in our life, in the life of our continent. We should not forget that the Council of Europe was established 50 years ago, and a terrible conflict had just ended, a war that had shaken the whole world, and this birth makes us strong in facing any difficulty.
Parliaments are represented here in their primary role as the beating heart of democracies willing and ready to face the three important challenges of our times: hybrid threats and AI. The role of parliaments in this area appears to be truly of crucial importance for the future of our continent. Democratic resilience requires us to be very steady when facing the threats that we're talking about, but especially we need institutions that enjoy the trust and confidence of the citizenry, which, without this free exchange of ideas, run the risk of being overwhelmed by manipulation.
Now, you understand because you're very close observers of what happens in the world, that the risk of manipulations has increased tenfold in these past years, and the response we give cannot just be national; it needs to be collective – European, international – and it is in the Council of Europe that we find the strength to defend ourselves whilst remaining faithful to our principles, the principles that we want to uphold and protect.
And then, innovation. The impact of new technologies and artificial intelligence, of course, offers extraordinary opportunities, but also many, many risks as well. It requires a legal and ethical approach that is sound and based on the human being. It's something that concerns the labour market, because AI can increase productivity and introduce new jobs, but it can also replace tasks, increase inequalities and weaken protections and safeguards. It can really be detrimental to human intelligence, which is overwhelmed by artificial intelligence, and that is why we need to really promote a development that is centred on the human being, where technology is at the service of the human being and not the other way round.
In the encyclical Magnifica Humanitas, Pope Leo XIV and, you will forgive me for my desire, my wish to remember him and to really join in wanting to wish him a speedy recovery, Pope Leo XIV reminds us of the primacy of human dignity, of freedom and responsibility in the face of technological innovation. So, this is an invitation to lawmakers to accompany transformations, protecting workers, transparency in algorithms and equal access to opportunities. Now, these are words that may sound simple, but to accomplish all of this takes everything we've got.
And I really wanted to take this opportunity to turn to all of you, to ask you all to never give up, to truly strongly believe in the possibility for politics, parliaments, representatives of the people to really help, through their mandates, to try to solve all problems. Parliamentary democracy does not replace, of course, the action of governments; we're perfectly aware of this, but it can strengthen it, sustain it, whilst opening up channels for dialogue. Even when official relationships may be going through difficult moments, dialogue with elected representatives helps to build up mutual trust and sustain peaceful solutions, whilst respecting international law.
I firmly believe that dialogue amongst peoples is the royal road towards facing the global challenges of our times. From this perspective, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, a family that I've known forever through my brother Vincenzo, who was the Vice-President of this body back in the 1980s, I believe it was the 1980s, the international system, as I was saying, I believe should remember that it is not just a set of rules. The conference shows that it is especially a community of shared values that we are called to oversee and pass on to future generations.
From this perspective, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe offers a very special space based on rights, democracy and the rule of law for dialogue. So I wish all of you fruitful work, work that is rich in practical suggestions, so that these days of dialogue may reaffirm strongly the central role of parliaments in forging a continent and a world that is more united.
"Ideas always walk on the legs of men", and therefore, it is up to us to fulfil all of these good intentions.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
10:42:39
Excellencies,
Distinguished guests,
Colleagues,
Dear friends,
Dear President FONTANA,
Dear President LA RUSSA,
Thank you very much for welcoming us to Rome and for giving parliaments from Europe and beyond a place to meet, to listen and to find common answers.
There is no better place for this conference. Some 50 years ago, the very first European Conference of Presidents of Parliaments met here, in Rome. Its host, Mr Sandro PERTINI, then President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, said: "This meeting here in Rome presents us with the first opportunity to affirm at the highest level of European parliamentary representation that, if we wish to move beyond mere declarations of intent, it must be the legislative assemblies of our respective nations that can and must make the free choices required for the political and democratic construction of Europe".
Fifty years later, his words couldn't be more relevant. Democracy, human rights and the rule of law are under pressure in our member states, in our observer states and among our partners for democracy.
Europe and the world we dream of is never finished. It is always work in progress. Every one of us helps to build it. Look around this room. Big parliaments, small parliaments. Long-standing democracies and younger ones.
Members of the Council of Europe,
Friends from beyond our continent,
As President of the Parliamentary Assembly, let me say it clearly: every parliament in this room counts. A small parliament has not a small voice. A young democracy is not a junior partner. We do not always agree, but we have chosen to sit in the same room and look for common ground. Because in the end, we all serve the same people: our citizens. Over these two days, we will discuss three themes. They are more closely linked than they might appear at first glance.
First, resilient democracies and the fight against hybrid threats.
Disinformation, cyberattacks, foreign interference in elections, manipulation of our open debate... The aim is always the same: to make citizens doubt their institutions and finally democracy itself. Our answer cannot be to become less free. It must be to become more resilient: strong institutions, free and pluralistic media, transparency and trust. Hybrid threats ignore borders. And by the way: also, robust ones. Our answers must cross borders too. So let us share our tools and our experience.
In our debates, we might go further: when we decided on the Conference topics in spring this year, I think nobody expected that these hybrid attacks might become more targeted and more robust; might intend to provoke military alliances; might create a realistic fear among our citizens of a war that threatens to shift from Ukraine westward. We must also deal with this risk that becomes more realistic every day.
The second theme: artificial intelligence and the labour market.
AI brings real opportunities: more productivity, new professions. But it also raises hard questions about job security, discrimination and the dignity of workers. The Council of Europe has answered with its Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence. It is the first legally binding international treaty in this field. Its principle is very simple: technology must serve people. Now it is up to you. Ratify it. Implement it. The sooner it enters into force, the fairer this transition will be.
Machines calculate. Humans decide.
We define the values, and only we can be held to account. No algorithm has ever stood before a court and answered for what it did. This debate cannot stop at the Atlantic. Europe and the Americas write these rules together. Or we both live under rules written by someone nobody ever elected.
The third theme: renewing the rules-based international order and the role of parliaments in responding to contemporary crises.
War continues on our continent. International law is openly challenged. Many citizens ask: do rules still protect the weak against the strong? Our answer must be yes. The rules-based order is not a luxury for peaceful times. It is our shield in times of crisis. But it must be renewed, and parliaments must be at the centre of that renewal. We ratify treaties. We finance international commitments. Through parliamentary diplomacy, we keep doors open when others want to close them.
Dear colleagues,
If you take one message home from Rome, let it be this: dialogue between parliaments is not a formality. It is a necessity. Hybrid attacks, artificial intelligence, the erosion of international law: none of these can be solved within the walls of a single parliament. Each of us holds only part of the answer.
One parliament has pioneered a law on election security. Another has built a framework for algorithmic transparency. A third knows conflict, reconciliation and reconstruction from its own history. Size does not decide who has the best idea. Sometimes the boldest reform comes from the smallest parliament.
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe is living proof of this work. For more than 75 years, it has united parliamentarians around one conviction: human rights, democracy and the rule of law are our common heritage, best protected together. As President, I will keep building these bridges. With every parliament, big or small, in Europe and beyond. Our democracies are only as strong as the connections between them.
Dear colleagues,
Let me be honest. Every conference produces very good ideas. Few of them survive the journey home. Back at our desks, the urgent pushes aside the important.
Rome should not end in Rome. So, we have prepared something small, but very personal. At the end of, and if you prefer, also during, this Conference, I invite each of you to write a letter. Not to me. Not to your parliaments. To yourself.
Three questions can guide you. What moment in Rome stayed with me? What idea do I want to bring home? And what one step will I have taken before this letter reaches me?
You write the letter. You seal the letter. We keep it, and a few weeks from now, it will land on your desk. A message from you to yourself.
I will write mine too, of course, too. I look forward to opening it and saying: I did at least one thing and will start on another idea today. Five minutes of writing. One idea kept alive. Imagine one such idea put into practice in every parliament in this room: we will show that Rome can and will continue.
Let me conclude.
Democracy has always been shaped by the courage of those who defend it. Today, the courage takes a particular form. It means listening to those with whom we disagree, seeking compromise without giving up our principles, staying at the table when it would be easier to leave it. Let us use these two days in Rome to do exactly that. Then, let us take Rome home with us. I wish us all a fruitful and inspiring conference.
Thank you very much.
Before we close the opening, I invite participants to adopt the agenda of our Conference, which will be divided into three themes. We shall commence our proceedings with the first theme entitled "Resilient democracies, united against hybrid threats". Later this afternoon, we will start the discussion on our second theme, "Artificial Intelligence and the labour market". Tomorrow morning, we shall be dealing with the third and last theme of the Conference entitled "Renewing the rules-based international order: the role of parliaments in addressing and responding to contemporary crises".
At the end of our debates, it will be a pleasure for Mr Lorenzo FONTANA and me to present our conclusions. I should inform you that Mr Ignazio LA RUSSA, unfortunately, is no longer able to attend the Conference and apologise for his absence due to an important and unavoidable commitment.
Are there any comments on the draft agenda? The Agenda is adopted. We will close our opening session.
I would like to thank Mr Lorenzo FONTANA and Mr Ignazio LA RUSSA, our hosts, once again, for the warm welcome and hospitality. Thank you very much.
Are there any comments on the draft agenda? I don't see any, so the Agenda is adopted.
The list of speakers for each theme has been distributed in accordance with the rules of the Conference. The order of speakers has been determined by drawing of lots, during the meeting of the secretaries of delegations, held this morning, on the basis of the speakers registered at the time.
I invite the presidents and speakers of parliaments wishing to add their name to one of these lists to do so at the Table Office.
Given the large number of speakers and to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to speak during our Conference, I would ask you, dear colleagues, to keep the allocated speaking time of 5 minutes. I thank you in advance for your co-operation.
Those of you who know me and how I chair committee meetings in Strasbourg know that I am quite strict on that. I will give you a sign [bell rings] 1 minute before your speaking time ends. Then, please, come to an end. Otherwise, we will need to cut you off.
Before we begin our debates, I would like to remind you that the Italian Parliament is pleased to host a lunch, which will be offered to participants at 1:15 p.m. in the Chamber of Deputies. I would also like to invite all speakers and vice-speakers, presidents and vice-presidents to attend the traditional family photo, which will be taken at 1:00 p.m. outside the Chamber.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
10:56:23
So, this brings us to theme one.
Dear colleagues,
The first theme is "Resilient democracies: united against hybrid threats". This is no longer a warning; it is a reality. This information poisons our public debate; cyberattacks strike our institutions and our elections. Foreign interference reaches deep into our societies. And our openness, our greatest strength, is turned into a weapon against us.
Let me be very clear: these attacks are no longer only hybrid; they are becoming harder, bolder, more robust. What once happened in the shadows now happens in plain sight. The line between hybrid threats and open aggression grows thinner every day.
These threats do not stop at borders, and they aim at the heart of democracy: the trust of citizens in institutions that represent them. As presidents of parliaments, we are the guardians of this trust. Resilience is not a matter of security and technology; it is a matter of political will, of transparency, media literacy and unity.
Those who attack us want to divide. Our answer is to stand together. As President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, this is my message to you today: alone, every democracy is vulnerable; together, we are resilient.
Thank you very much.
To introduce the debate on our first theme, three keynote speakers agreed to share their views. The first one is Ms Yaël BRAUN-PIVET, President of the French National Assembly, who will be followed by Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and by Mr Ruben RUBINYAN, President of the Armenian National Assembly.
I invite our French colleague, Ms Yaël BRAUN-PIVET, President of the National Assembly, to take the floor. Those who start with their inputs have 7 minutes each. Please.
And all three, may I invite you to take your seats here in the first row.
Thank you very much.
President of the National Assembly, France
10:59:20
Hello to all my dear colleagues,
I am delighted to address you today on an extremely important subject.
Our democracies are under attack. As you said, Madam President, cyberattacks, disinformation and interference: these hybrid threats have taken on a new form. They are becoming less and less invisible, virtual and distant. And I would like to focus your attention on one of the most dangerous threats. A threat against which European co-operation is particularly relevant. A threat whose impact is amplified by AI: foreign interference and the manipulation of information.
Dear colleagues,
Article 10 of our Convention protects freedom of expression. It is our honour. It is our pride. But it is also the loophole exploited by today’s Trojan horses.
This offensive takes the form, first and foremost, of direct manipulation of our electoral processes, most often orchestrated from Moscow. No one is immune. Along with many other countries – including Germany during last year’s parliamentary elections, France is more than ever in the crosshairs. It is itself the second most targeted country in Europe, behind Ukraine.
During the last local elections, our specialist unit, Vigilance and Protection against Foreign Digital Interference Service (VIGINUM), identified four instances of foreign digital interference. More recently, the Paris Public Prosecutor’s Office opened an investigation into suspected Russian interference targeting three candidates in the presidential election. Behind these attacks lie the same objectives: to weaken our democracies and undermine our support for Ukraine. But, dear Ruslan STEFANCHUK, as you know, Russia will not win. Our support will remain unwavering.
Beyond this direct targeting, there is also a more indirect form of manipulation. An insidious manipulation, aimed at creating an alternative reality and fracturing societies.
In October 2023, in France, hundreds of Stars of David were spray-painted across Paris, an act attributed to Russian intelligence. In May 2024, the Wall of the Righteous at the Shoah Memorial in Paris was defaced with red handprints by Bulgarians, most likely paid by Russian intelligence services. In June 2024, five coffins draped with the words "French soldiers of Ukraine" were placed in front of the Eiffel Tower by operatives, again paid by Moscow. And in September 2025, pigs' heads were left outside mosques by Serbs recruited, once again, by Russian intelligence services.
So, in the face of these threats, France is fighting back. As early as 2018, we passed a law introducing an emergency procedure to halt the dissemination of false information during election periods. In 2024, under my presidency, the National Assembly passed a law creating a public register of lobbying activities carried out on behalf of foreign clients. And this month, a new bill will be examined. It will toughen penalties, speed up detection and judicial proceedings, and improve early warning systems for candidates and citizens. In addition to this legislative framework, we have set up an agency, VIGINUM, tasked with detecting and analysing these threats. And in 2026, its remit was expanded to include public information, research and media literacy.
Finally, France has adopted its first national strategy, which sets out four priorities: raising public awareness, holding platforms accountable, improving detection, and enhancing co-operation with our allies. That is to say, with you.
Co-operation lies at the heart of our parliamentary diplomacy. For in the face of interference that knows no borders, our response must be a joint one. It must be a European one. We must pool our detection resources, cross-reference our intelligence and share best practices. To this end, France is already sharing VIGINUM’s expertise with Germany, Poland, Romania and Moldova. And we must expand this co-operation.
The European Union is also leading the way. The Regulation on the transparency and targeting of political advertising, which came into force last year, requires the sponsor and the source of funding for every political advert to be identified. It also prohibits sponsors from third countries from funding such adverts in the three months leading up to an election. This year, the European Union also launched the European Centre for Democratic Resilience. Its mission is to better detect and counter information manipulation, share expertise between member states and co-ordinate their responses. This forms part of a broader ambition to protect independent media, strengthen citizens’ critical thinking and make our democracies more resilient.
Our Council of Europe has a vital role to play in harmonising our legislation and developing common legal definitions and responses. France therefore supports the negotiation of a new dedicated European legal instrument for the Council’s member states.
So, my dear colleagues,
In short, it is our French and European model of freedom of expression that we must defend: through the law, through the legal system, but also by involving civil society. It is in this way, drawing strength from our unity and remaining faithful to the values of the Council of Europe, that our democracies will remain standing, free and sovereign.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:04:55
Thank you very much, also for your time discipline by the way, what women can do, men can as well, I know.
Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, you are next. Please, Ruslan.
Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine
11:05:09
Madam President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, dear Petra,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Presidents of Parliaments,
Dear friends,
I would like to begin my address with words of deep gratitude, gratitude to each of you and gratitude to your great nations, gratitude to your parliaments, leaders and governments, for your empathy and solidarity, for every political decision and every piece of military aid, for sheltering our people and sanctioning the aggressor. Thank you for standing with us in the most difficult times of Ukrainian and European history.
I would like to continue my address with testimony. Testimony that will form the basis of well-founded charges and a just verdict for those who murder our people. Yes, today I will speak about responsibility, mine and that of my comrades in arms to Ukraine, the responsibility of the criminal Moscow regime under international law, and your responsibility to history and to the future of Europe.
Dear friends, we are meeting in Rome, a city of law, of the Republic and of civilisation. It was here in 1957 that the Treaties of Rome were signed, laying the foundation of modern European integration. Back then, Europe chose co-operation over confrontation, right over might, a peaceful future over a past filled with war and suffering.
Friends, history needs to be learnt, but history is also meant to teach, because war has come back to Europe. For us Ukrainians, this is not a war out of the history books; it is our terrible everyday reality. It is happening now. Missiles are flying now. People are dying now.
As we speak here of peace and security, Ukrainian cities are shuddering under terrible strikes and explosions. As we appeal to lofty values, an entire nation is being savagely slaughtered before the eyes of all Europe and the world. And we Ukrainians find it ever harder to contain the unspeakable rage and the uncontainable pain.
Dear friends, I am looking at this room, and I see a lot of familiar faces, because many of you have visited Kyiv. Kyiv, which, overnight into Wednesday alone, endured a barrage of 39 ballistic missiles and almost 130 drones. Kyiv, where every day and every night people wail over the dead, where apartment blocks are burning, where hospitals are overflowing with the wounded, where bridges across the Dnipro are being destroyed and where the Academy of Sciences stands in ruins.
The Ukrainian Parliament works under the constant threat of air attack. We try to use every moment when the sirens fall silent to adopt important decisions, for the Ukrainian people, for the functioning of the state and the decisions for our European and Euro-Atlantic integration. Because we fight and we hold the line thanks to our immense love for the land we live on. And thanks to the incredible support on which we so earnestly rely.
For when it comes to the highest human values, to freedom and democracy, our choice always falls in their favour. Because we yearn for a just and lasting peace. Peace, not slavery. An end to the war, not occupation. Negotiations, not meek capitulation. That is precisely why we fight tooth and nail for every metre of our land. That is why we value every Ukrainian life so dearly. And that is precisely why no barrel of Russian diesel is worth a single drop of Ukrainian blood.
We are not surprised by Russian atrocities and barbarism, but we are surprised when, over the past two days, at the very moment the Russians were blasting Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities with ballistic missiles and drones as if they were on safari, and at the same very moment, there were failures in the transmission to us of data from the missile launch early warning system. When, the night before last, Starlink satellite communications were restricted with an immediate impact on our military capabilities, yet we continue to believe in the role of the United States of America as the world's leader of democracy, to believe in common sense and justice.
Dear colleagues, in Rome and in the Vatican, I think about law, and I also think about faith. And I think about war and about how to stop it. Because war is a grave sin, and it is not only the one who unleashes the war who sins; whoever will not or cannot stop the war sins as well. In politics, as in human life, there are sins that seem insignificant, but in time lead to terrible and irreversible consequences. I would call them the seven deadly political sins.
And the first among them is naivety; it is naive to believe that one can strike a deal with Russia, or appease Russia.
The second sin is indecision; it is the fear of doing what must be done. History punishes not only wrong decisions, but it also punishes the decisions that no one ever dared to take, or failed to take them in time.
The third sin is procrastination; we're all well aware of bureaucratic procedures, but a missile knows nothing of government red tape or parliamentary debate. The missile flies and kills. In wartime, procrastination is measured not only in time, but in human lives.
The fourth sin is short-sightedness; it prevents you from looking ahead, from seeing the bigger picture, from properly weighing the consequences. Friends, let's be honest: for decades Russia nurtured and fuelled Europe's energy dependence, and Europe made no great effort to diversify its sources of energy supply. And in time, dependence turned into vulnerability.
The fifth sin is hypocrisy; it is a hallmark of Russian policy. It is also the gap between words and deeds. You cannot contain a war and finance it at the same time, impose sanctions and try to get around the sanctions, treat international law selectively, like a menu from which you can pick and choose the rules to your liking.
The sixth sin is indifference. When someone else's pain does not hurt or stops hurting. We cannot let war turn into statistics, because these are human lives; these are human destinies. And they are not measured in soulless numbers, but only in someone's boundless love. When the world grows indifferent, it grows used to evil.
And finally, the seventh sin is historical amnesia, perhaps the most dangerous sin of all, because it is the one that breeds all the other sins. After the Second World War, Europe said never again. But those words did not make the virus of hatred disappear; it lived on, mutating, adapting, learning and today, we see forces rearing their heads that offer convenient and simple answers to complex questions. They're quick to find someone to blame; they sow hatred; they peddle the idea that a strong leader stands above the law. Violence is starting to be called order; aggression, defence; dictatorship, stability; and war, historical necessity. That is why the words "never again" must be addressed not to the dead; it is the living who need them.
Dear friends, I know for certain that the war that was unleashed and the sins I have listed must be met with severe and implacable retribution. A tribunal awaits Russia and President Vladimir PUTIN. I know for certain that they will burn in hell in the very front row, for all their crimes, for shattered lives, for the destruction, for all the grief they have brought to Ukraine.
For the family of Yaroslav BAZYLEVYCH, who, in a single instant, lost his wife, Yevheniia, and his daughters, Yaryna, Daria and Emilia, to a ballistic missile strike.
For the Poltava family of a 12-year-old Diana and 7-year-old Danyil ZAPISHNA, who were killed together with their parents.
For the young couple in love, 15-year-old Danylo NIKITSKYI and Alina KUTSENKO from Kryvyi Rih. They dreamed of studying law together, but were tragically killed by a Russian missile and were laid to rest together.
For Roman, Tamara and Stanislav MARTYNIUK, aged 17, 12 and 8, who were killed in the shelling of the Zhytomyr region, while their 24-year-old brother Oleksandr survived.
And Russia also must be punished for Mariupol, for Bucha, for Kramatorsk, for Oleshky.
Stories like these number in the hundreds, tragedies like these in the thousands. And we Ukrainians testify here today before you. But we shall surely come through all of these trials; however hard they may be, we will come through them together, and I know that we will not sin. We will not commit any of these sins. For truth stands behind us. Justice stands behind us.
Friends, thank you for your attention and glory to Ukraine.
[Applause]
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:16:18
Thank you very much, Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, for this very strong and important statement and contribution to our debate. We must indeed not forget the threats that are reaching Ukraine and also Europe every day. And I think I speak on behalf of all of us when I say that we are very grateful to the Ukrainian people that they defend our values and our freedom as well, risking their lives and also losing their lives.
So, thank you very much.
Next, I want to introduce our last keynote speaker on this theme, and I have the pleasure of welcoming Mr Ruben RUBINYAN in his very new role as Speaker of the Armenian National Assembly. Mr Ruben RUBINYAN, you have the floor.
President of the National Assembly, Armenia
11:17:11
Thank you.
Dear Madam President,
Excellencies,
Esteemed colleagues,
Ladies and gentlemen,
This year is symbolic for the Republic of Armenia, as it marks the 25th anniversary of our membership in the Council of Europe.
Throughout this entire period, the Council of Europe has been a reliable partner for Armenia in the implementation of its ambitious reform agenda. We highly value the Organisation’s principled support and its role as a cornerstone of democratic security, the protection of human rights and the rule of law, a genuine platform for multilateralism and effective dialogue.
Through our joint efforts, significant results have been achieved in the fulfilment of the obligations assumed by Armenia upon joining the Organisation, and these achievements are irreversible.
Dear colleagues,
Armenia knows very well the value of genuine democracy and views it as an essential component of national security. It was one of the most important factors that enabled us to overcome, in a peaceful manner, the serious political crisis that followed the consequences of the war in 2020. These extraordinary and challenging circumstances became a test for Armenia’s democracy and the rule of law, and our democratic institutions demonstrated their resilience.
Dear colleagues,
Undoubtedly, in today’s world, when we are witnessing the reconfiguration of the international security architecture, actions undermining international law and the erosion of the multilateral system, hybrid attacks against democracies are becoming increasingly complex, involving sophisticated and multifaceted toolkits.
Hybrid interventions represent one of the most dangerous and less visible forms of political struggle in our times. They seek to exploit vulnerabilities within state institutions and society. Disinformation can undermine public confidence. Cyberattacks can target critical infrastructure. Foreign interference can deepen political polarisation. Economic pressure and attempts to manipulate regional connectivity can create additional vulnerabilities. These threats are increasingly difficult to identify, prevent and confront.
For Armenia, this issue is particularly significant, because this is not an abstract concern for our country.
Like many democracies, Armenia today is confronting a growing range of hybrid threats, particularly foreign information manipulation and interference by various external known actors. These are not isolated acts of disorder. They are directed and structured attempts to undermine our sovereignty, erode trust in democratic institutions and weaken Armenia’s aspirations for cooperation and like-minded partnerships.
Being situated in a complex and challenging regional environment, with a rapidly-changing security situation, Armenia recognises that security and democracy cannot be separated. A state may protect its territory, but it must also protect its institutions, its democracy. It may secure its borders, but it must also secure its information space. And it may pursue peace, but it must also build the resilience necessary to sustain that peace. The negative developments that our country has experienced over the last years have demonstrated that modern security cannot be measured solely by military capacity. Naturally, the history of conflict and longstanding tensions continues to have an influence in our region. This cannot and should not be denied.
Armenia therefore views democratic resilience as an essential component of national security, ensuring that external pressure does not determine the future of a democratic society.
So, how do we do to achieve this?
First, we strengthen democratic institutions, transparent governance, independent institutions, the rule of law and information resilience by investing in media literacy, independent journalism, fact-checking and transparent communication.
Since 2018, Armenia has implemented large-scale reforms aimed at improving the reliability, transparency and accessibility of its information landscape. Our achievements are reflected in the assessments of Freedom House, Reporters Without Borders, Transparency International and other prominent organisations. Of course, despite these positive assessments, we still have work to do and we are doing that work.
Second, we increase co-operation against cyber threats through information-sharing, technical assistance, early-warning mechanisms and capacity-building. No democracy can effectively confront hybrid threats alone. Trust-based co-operation among states that share a commitment to fundamental principles, international law and democratic values is essential.
And finally, we must protect peace processes from manipulation and escalation by supporting confidence-building measures, economic diversification and diplomatic mechanisms based on international law, while creating the conditions necessary to institutionalise peace in the region.
And this brings me to peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as the broader prospects for peace and co-operation in our region.
For Armenia, peace is not merely the absence of war. It is a strategic choice, a shared responsibility, and an opportunity to build a new regional reality based on mutual recognition, trust, and co-operation. We have made meaningful progress with Azerbaijan. The Washington Declaration of 8 August 2025 marked an important milestone, alongside the initialling of the Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and Inter-State Relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan. These developments have created a historic opportunity to move beyond decades of conflict and establish a new chapter in our relations. Our objective is to build on this momentum, advance towards the signing and final ratification of the Agreement and to translate the commitments undertaken in Washington into tangible and lasting results.
The unprecedented period without casualties resulting from this peace offers grounds for cautious optimism, real optimism. It demonstrates that a different future for our region is possible and that peace can increasingly become the norm rather than the exception. Our responsibility now is to consolidate these gains, strengthen confidence and make peace sustainable and irreversible.
We hope that progress towards the normalisation of relations with Türkiye will accelerate, paving the way for the opening of the border, the establishment of diplomatic relations, and expanded practical co-operation. These steps would create new opportunities for connectivity, trade, and people-to-people contacts.
Dear colleagues,
In addressing hybrid threats, we should recognise that there is a fine line between protecting fundamental freedoms and countering efforts that abuse those freedoms in order to undermine confidence in democracy. Countering these threats should in no way mean sacrificing democratic values.
Just two weeks ago, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), addressing the recent parliamentary elections in Armenia, stated that the elections offered voters a genuine choice among political alternatives and were conducted through a well-run process.
At the same time, the PACE report noted that the elections took place against the backdrop of foreign interference on a scale described as “unprecedented and worrying” and “particularly tense geopolitical context”. The report also documented the use of economic pressure, trade restrictions and other forms of external pressure alongside information operations. This demonstrates once again that hybrid threats are not confined to the digital sphere. Economic coercion can be just as powerful as disinformation or cyberattacks.
During the electoral period, Armenia faced trade restrictions affecting important sectors of its economy. Alongside information manipulation and political pressure, we view these measures as part of a broader hybrid campaign aimed at influencing Armenia’s democratic choices and increasing external leverage in favour of opposition actors.
In such circumstances, democratic resilience requires international solidarity. We sincerely appreciate the European Union’s swift support, including 34 million euros in immediate assistance to mitigate the economic impact of these restrictions. We also welcome the recently adopted Autonomous Trade Measures (ATMs), which will liberalise around 80% of Armenia’s exports to the EU, helping Armenian producers diversify markets and reduce vulnerability to external economic pressure.
In this regard, we expect the Russian Federation to lift the economic restrictions imposed on Armenia and since I have to conclude, I want to thank you all.
Thank you.
[Applause]
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:26:41
Thank you very much, Mr Ruben RUBINYAN, for your most relevant statement, also reflecting on peace, which concludes now the introduction to our debate. The list of speakers has been distributed. I should like to remind you that according to our rules the speaking time per statement is limited to 5 minutes.
Furthermore, depending on the time available, and once the list of speakers is concluded, I may also allow spontaneous comments from the floor in response to what is said during the debate.
We now come to the list of speakers, and the first speaker on my list – and you will speak from your sitting places – is Mr Pedro ROLLÁN. And I shall also announce the following speakers, so that they can prepare themselves. After the first speaker, I will call Mr Marcos PERESTRELLO.
But the first one is Mr Pedro ROLLÁN, President of the Senate of Spain. Please, 5 minutes.
Excellencies,
Authorities,
Presidents,
Allow me to address my first words to the President of the Rada, our dear friend Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, and also to the people of Ukraine. I want to reiterate our support and our commitment to the Ukrainian cause. It's also our cause. And the resistance you have shown in defending your territorial integrity in front of Russia's illegal invasion is admirable. And I am reiterating this support following the brutal, indiscriminate attacks you have suffered over the last few days, which have caused the death of many civilians.
Ladies and gentlemen, democracies are under greater threat now than ever before. The countries that border the European Union both on the eastern as well as on the southern flank, we are fully aware of the real threat posed by hybrid attacks, the aim of which is to destabilise our societies.
Ladies and gentlemen, on 30 and 31 July 2026, Ceuta was invaded by almost 80 000 immigrants, almost equivalent to the local population. And this invasion was a serious attack on the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Spain. And in its maximum expression, the European Pact on Migration and Asylum should already have been applied so that they were sent immediately back, every single one of these thousands of migrants who came in illegally. But since those days, nothing has been as it was before.
Insecurity and fear have taken over the streets. There are elderly people who, for more than 70 days, have not been out of their homes. The public services are verging on collapse. When I visited Ceuta, I noted that this anomalous reality simply couldn't be chronicled. Unfortunately, over two and a half months have gone by and there has been virtually no improvement in the situation.
Now, what happened in Ceuta is a problem of national security, it's a very obvious hybrid attack. But defending Ceuta is defending Spain, and therefore defending Europe, because Ceuta is Spanish territory, but also European. Ceuta deserves to have its present back and to be able to look to a safe, stable and prosperous, as well as normal, future, like any other place in Europe.
So I call for support to Ceuta, to Spain, to any country or city that is coming under hybrid attack.
And, I remember with pain the situation being faced by many of our compatriots, and I really hope that this situation will not be repeated anywhere else. These attacks are not the only threat though, it's also a threat when the separation of powers is undermined, when the rule of law is brought into question or parliamentary initiatives are blocked. The most serious are attacks from governments, when judges and prosecutors are targeted, when they come under pressure and are threatened.
Democracy is weakened when the alternation in power between governments is brought into question. And we have to face another threat as well, and that is the interference of dictatorial authoritarian regimes in electoral processes. They finance and push this information, fake news, manipulation, to divide our societies, to polarise them, to radicalise them, and to support the best candidate who is going to defend and promote their interests, far-removed from the general interest.
In Europe, we've already seen some cases of this, which led to the repetition of elections. And so, I call on all of us to continue working and to take the necessary measures so that we can face up to it together.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:32:21
Thank you.
We will now hear from Mr Marcos PERESTRELLO, President of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
And in preparation, Mr Thom VAN CAMPEN.
President of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly
11:32:34
Thank you, Madam President.
Excellencies,
Esteemed colleagues,
Across Europe and the Euro-Atlantic area, our adversaries and strategic competitors are increasingly and deliberately testing us everyday. Cyberattacks, sabotage, espionage, drone incursions, economic and energy coercion, information manipulation are all being employed to exert strategic pressure on our societies.
But there is another dimension to this pressure and a very important one: trust. Our adversaries and competitors seek to undermine confidence in our institutions, our social cohesion and our ability to act collectively. By eroding this trust, they seek to weaken the very foundations on which our democracies and our security are built. This is why hybrid threats are a threat to democracy. And, equally, why societal and democratic resilience is an essential component of deterrence and defence.
Last year at the NATO Summit in The Hague, allied leaders recognised that resilience requires sustained investment, with a pledge to allocate up to 1.5% of GDP annually by 2035 to security-related investments, including resilience. These commitments are essential because hybrid attacks target the systems our societies rely on, including energy, telecommunications, transport, supply chains and hospitals. When these systems are disrupted, the effects can spread quickly, making it harder for societies to function. The same applies to our defence. Our armed forces rely on many of these civilian systems. Their resilience is therefore essential to our ability to conduct and sustain military operations if necessary.
Ukraine is a clear example of why resilience matters. For years, Ukraine has faced sustained Russian hybrid campaigns, which intensified after 2014 and continued alongside Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022. Ukraine’s ability to withstand Russian aggression rests not only on the courage and determination of its armed forces, but also on the contribution of national and local authorities, businesses, civil society and citizens.
That experience holds an important lesson for all of us: if our adversaries are using hybrid attacks to put sustained pressure on our societies, our response must also be whole-of-society. For us, as parliamentarians, this means having the legal frameworks to address the breadth and changing nature of the threats we face today, rather than continuing to rely on frameworks designed for yesterday’s challenges. It also means providing the sustained investment needed to strengthen resilience. And it means communicating more clearly with citizens about why resilience matters and the role that they must play in our security.
This is precisely why the NATO Parliamentary Assembly has made the protection of our critical assets, including democracy, one of its core priorities. As Vice-Speaker of the Portuguese Parliament, I would highlight our commitment on reinforcing the importance of a whole-of-society approach to resilience.
Recent European initiatives have rightly recognised electoral integrity and protection against foreign information manipulation as key components of democratic resilience. Portugal has been fortunate not to experience the scale of foreign electoral interference observed elsewhere. Nevertheless, hybrid and political actors, mainly from the far right, increasingly seek to influence public debate and electoral processes, through disinformation, fake news and social media manipulation.
We know today that we cannot wait for the disaster to take place in order to act. And as parliamentarians, we must therefore ensure that our legal and institutional frameworks evolve not only to protect networks and systems, but also to safeguard the integrity of democratic decision-making and public trust.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:37:51
Thank you very much.
Next is Mr Thom VAN CAMPEN. He is President of the House of Representatives from the Netherlands.
And Mr Mircea ABRUDEAN is prepared.
President of the House of Representatives, Netherlands
11:38:05
Madam President,
Excellencies,
Dear colleagues,
It is a great pleasure to be here in Rome with you today.
For a meeting of speakers of Parliament from the member states of the Council of Europe, Rome is perhaps the best place.
This city has seen empires rise and fall, treaties negotiated and institutions created. It reminds us that institutions matter, but also that they only survive when people are willing to maintain them.
It was here that, 50 years ago, the Conference of Presidents of European Parliamentary Assemblies was held, and where, for the first time, Presidents of Parliaments from countries beyond the then European Economic Community participated.
It was here that negotiations for the Treaties of Rome took place, in the Sala della Regina of Palazzo Montecitorio in 1957.
The faces have changed, the technology has certainly changed, and I suspect the meetings may have become slightly longer, but the idea remains the same: bringing parliaments in Europe together to strengthen democracy, freedom and peace.
The Rome Statute, adopted in 1998, created the International Criminal Court, which is based in The Hague.
Let me take you back to May 1948, when around 800 Europeans gathered in The Hague for the Congress of Europe to shape a new future after the war. Their vision of a European assembly and closer co-operation based on human rights led to the creation of the Council of Europe and its Parliamentary Assembly.
But Rome and The Hague are connected by way more than history: they are connected by a shared commitment to democracy, the rule of law and human rights.
These values are not abstract. Nobody here understands that better than our Ukrainian colleague, Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK. I have enormous admiration for the fact that, amid a terrible war resulting from ongoing Russian aggression, Ukrainian parliamentarians continue to come together and continue their parliamentary work. And I think I speak on behalf of all of us when I say that I can only wish to have the courage and the power, and that I hopefully would never need it, but that if I needed it, that I would have the same as you and your colleagues have.
Their example reminds us that a parliament is not simply a building. It is a symbol of democratic continuity. We know this, in the Netherlands, from our own history.
On 10 May 1940, Nazi forces invaded the Netherlands. That afternoon, only 38 Members of the Dutch House of Representatives managed to reach Parliament. There was not even a quorum. Nevertheless, the then President of the House, Mr Joop VAN SCHAIK, addressed the elected representatives who were present. And when he finished, he did something very remarkable. He did not close the sitting. He suspended it for an indefinite period. More than five years later, after the liberation, on 25 September 1945, that same sitting was resumed.
Of course, in reality the parliamentary democracy had been silenced for five long years. But symbolically, Mr Joop VAN SCHAIK refused to bring the parliamentary process to an end.
This, like the example of Ukraine today, reminds us that parliamentary democracy is about more than procedures. It is about continuity. It is about resilience.
International co-operation is more than an exchange of views, it helps us learn from one another and turn ideas into action. That was true in The Hague in 1948, in Rome in 1957 and 1975, and it remains true today.
Let us continue to strengthen our democracies and support one another, especially in these challenging times.
Thank you.
[Applause]
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:42:52
Thank you.
The next speaker is Mr Mircea ABRUDEAN. He is President of the Senate of Romania.
And to be prepared afterwards, is Mr Omid NOURIPOUR.
Please, Mr Mircea ABRUDEAN, the floor is yours.
Thank you, Madam President.
Distinguished colleagues,
Dear friends and partners,
It is an honour to address this Conference today, as we all gathered under a theme of urgent consequence, "Resilient democracies: united against hybrid threats". For Romania, situated on the eastern flank of Europe, these words do not come from a dictionary of journalism and geopolitical perspective. They are our reality.
As an unprovoked war rages in neighbouring Ukraine, Europe faces a fundamental shift in how security is challenged. We are learning that defending our continent requires much more than guarding against traditional threats like missiles and conventional weapons.
Today, we must defend ourselves against false information that plants discord, distorts reality and triggers dangerous chain reactions across our societies. Hybrid tactics systematically combine cyberattacks, economic coercion, illicit campaign financing and state-sponsored manipulation to sway public opinion and exert long-term geopolitical leverage. When malicious actors attempt to disrupt energy supplies, launch cyberattacks or weaponise migration and trade, they are testing the resilience of our democratic institutions.
Recent experiences prove that everything from personal data theft to the disruption of food supplies and trade can be weaponised. Among these modern challenges, Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference has emerged as one of the most common and impactful hybrid threats. Co-ordinated disinformation campaigns, propaganda, bot networks and fake news are deployed with surgical precision to polarise our communities, especially during electoral cycles and periods of political unrest.
Social media algorithms are exploited to amplify content. Furthermore, we must confront the alarming reality of targeted influence operations aimed at vulnerable groups and public figures. Research consistently shows that women in public life, politicians, journalists and civil society leaders, are disproportionately targeted by gendered abuse, sexualised content and reputation attacks.
No single government can safeguard democracy and security alone. Effective resilience demands a whole-of-society approach, a co-ordinated, synchronised action across public institutions, civil society, the private sector, independent media, academic institutions and everyday citizens.
As national parliaments, we stand at the beating heart of democratic systems. We bear responsibility to adopt, refine and oversee legal frameworks that protect our processes without compromising fundamental rights. Parliaments must lead through legislative action and policy innovation, reviewing laws to address evolving hybrid threats while strictly upholding freedom of expression, association and the rule of law.
Colleagues,
Romania remains committed to a Europe that is united, secure and free. By combining legislative rigour, institutional oversight, public engagement and international co-operation, we can ensure that our democracies stay unbreakable. Let us turn our unity into our strongest defence.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:47:43
Thank you very much, Mr Mircea ABRUDEAN.
The next speaker is Mr Omid NOURIPOUR. He is Vice-President of the German Bundestag.
After him, I will call Mr Manfred KAUFMANN.
Vice-President of the Bundestag, Germany
11:47:57
"Dear President," [Spoken in Italian]
Dear colleagues,
"Ladies and gentlemen," [Spoken in French]
I will switch to German in a second, but first let me express my gratitude for the opportunity to enjoy the world-famous hospitality of Italy, and also for the opportunity to gather here and discuss all of these super important issues.
We are experiencing an unparalleled attack on our democracies. We must be very careful, they are attempting to fragment our communities. They're using our freedoms and trying to destroy our freedom.
The answer is obvious, Europe must become a power. Yesterday, Ms Petra BAYR said clearly that we must ensure the rule of law, and all of these values are now at stake. We are witnessing drone attacks involving explosives in my country, we are experiencing military action on European territory, our elections are manipulated and we're suffering from the weakening of our societies.
Campaigns like this trigger indignation, and that feeds mistrust in our institutions. So, in this context, I would like to thank, most warmly, Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK and his country. They're fighting not just for the territorial integrity of their own country against an army which launched a war of aggression, but they're a source of inspiration to us all. Slava Ukraini!
The hybrid attacks by the enemies of democracy hit us in an already vulnerable situation. It also unnerves our society. This is apparent also in the electoral results of my country, we realise that extremist parties are increasingly supported in elections. Europe must become a power, because we need to defend ourselves, we need to strengthen our technologies and military armed forces, to be independent of Starlink. We must strengthen our economy to be less dependent, for example, on American credit cards, there is no European equivalent.
We must strengthen the resilience of our own societies and to do so, first of all, we must make sure that parliamentary democracies are able to defend themselves. We can do that if we stand together. We must learn from one another, and very specifically, first of all, media skills, we must begin with that in primary schools.
Finland has shown us the way forward. They have been subject to huge disinformation campaigns, so children in Finland, at the youngest age, develop a critical faculty. This strengthens democracy, they've done it very successfully. Finland has developed the most resilient society against disinformation in the whole of Europe. I cannot but congratulate them, I think we must learn from them.
Secondly, we must regulate social media, create transparency and make platforms accountable, without forgetting a sense of proportionality and limiting freedom of expression. Let's not forget that, in democracies, unregulated platforms can threaten us, but in other countries, platforms can help to give suppressed voices a voice, a forum, and we must remember just how important it is that we maintain the order and the dignity of our own parliaments and ensure that we don't go beyond the limits of civilised debate.
And let's remember other forms, think about football, I'd like to thank the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for its independence and in ensuring the integrity of that. But let's remember, Mr Gianni INFANTINO must go.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:52:40
Thank you very much, Mr Omid NOURIPOUR.
Next is Mr Manfred KAUFMANN, "President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein." [Spoken in German]
In preparation, Ms Małgorzata KIDAWA-BŁOŃSKA.
President of the Landtag, Liechtenstein
11:52:58
Thank you, Madam President.
Dear colleagues,
As a geographically small state, Liechtenstein depends on social trust and stability. Our political, economic and social structures are closely interconnected. While we see this as a strength, it also makes us a potential promising target for Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI).
Liechtenstein has traditionally addressed foreign interference through an indirect, sectoral approach: a strong regulatory framework, close co-ordination among national authorities and intensive co-operation with international partners. This framework has been effective against money laundering, terrorist financing and cybercrime. FIMI, however, poses a different challenge: it seeks to manipulate perceptions, exploit social divisions and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
Until recently, our focus on disinformation and FIMI was mainly awareness-raising. In the 2024 national risk analyses, disinformation was not assessed as the most significant cyber threat; today, that assessment may be different.
For this reason, disinformation features prominently in Liechtenstein's newly-published security strategy. The strategy provides a concrete framework for strengthening national resilience, including the prevention against influence operations and disinformation through education and media literacy.
International co-operation is an indispensable pillar of this strategy.
The timely exchange of information between states and national authorities on methods, actors and emerging patterns of manipulation is key to strengthening collective preparedness and response. At the same time, effective prevention requires close co-operation with major online platforms such as Meta and TikTok.
In the longer term, Liechtenstein aims to further strengthen trust in state institutions and reliable news sources. This may include clearly identifiable and verified government communication channels, proactive measures to counter disinformation and technical integrity checks such as digital signatures for media content.
Overall, Liechtenstein's security strategy reflects a co-ordinated and forward-looking approach: combining law, technology, education and communication to strengthen democratic resilience and effectively curb disinformation and foreign information manipulation.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
11:56:29
Thank you very much, Mr Manfred KAUFMANN.
Now I call Ms Małgorzata KIDAWA-BŁOŃSKA. She is Marshal of the Senate of Poland.
And after her, we will hear Mr Martin HOJSÍK.
Marshal of the Senate, Poland
11:56:43
Ladies and gentlemen,
Russia's aggression against Ukraine has changed the we way we think about our security, the security of our homelands and of Europe as a whole.
War is back on our continent. Normally, the heroic resistance of Ukrainian soldiers and people prevent it from spreading to other countries. That is why we need to support Ukraine every single day.
We now know that the only way to stop Russia is through our European solidarity with Ukraine. No wonder that, because of our solidarity, Russia is stepping up its efforts to break it. This is the very goal of Russia's hybrid warfare against Europe. Russian aggression against European countries takes the form of cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, sabotage against infrastructure and interference in democratic processes.
Today it is clear that securing our borders alone is no longer enough to safeguard our democracies. Public trust is the true bedrock of democracy and public trust depends to a large extent on the reliability of information available to the public. This is precisely why Russia's information influence operations, targeting European countries, are so dangerous. The disinformation we face today is not simply a collection of false and misleading reports, it is a part of a deliberate systemic effort by Russia to erode citizens' trust in democratic institutions.
Citizens shape their countries' future and choose their representatives through parliamentary elections. Russian hybrid operations are intended to impact electoral outcomes and to undermine public trust in fair and democratic elections. It is therefore essential to strengthen our countries' capacities to detect and counter such activities. Protecting the integrity of elections goes far beyond securing the voting process itself; it requires building resilience against disinformation and fostering a trustworthy information environment.
In May 2026, the Senate of the Republic of Poland adopted a resolution designating 2027 as the Year of Information Awareness and Security. And in the resolutions we highlight the threats posed by disinformation, manipulation, cyberattacks and unauthorised access to data, as well as the need to develop citizens' information literacy. That is why I appointed a Programme Committee for the Year of Information Awareness and Security within the Senate, which brings together representatives from public administration, government agencies, the research community, the media and non-governmental organisations.
We cannot build societal resilience through government actions alone. Above all, we need education and an informed public. We need to teach children, adults and the elderly how to detect manipulation, how to check sources and how to respond to false messages and how to use new technologies safely.
Even the best-trained and the best-equipped law enforcement agencies will not be able to effectively tackle these threats, if the weakest link in the system is still a poorly-informed citizen. Digital and media literacy should be recognised as an essential component of modern civil defence and national resilience.
Ladies and gentlemen,
No country is capable of countering hybrid threats alone. We need information, exchange and common standards. Parliaments have a special role to play in this respect, as places where sound legislation is crafted and centres of democratic debate. They can and should serve as forums for fostering public understanding of these emerging threats.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:01:19
Thank you very much.
Our next speaker is Mr Martin HOJSÍK. He is the Vice-President of the European Parliament.
He will be followed by Mr Jānis VUCĀNS.
Vice-President of the European Parliament
12:01:34
Distinguished Presidents,
Dear colleagues,
Now, hybrid threats have become a complex blend of hostile activities, ranging from disinformation campaigns and cyberattacks to economic coercion and covert influence operations.
They are hybrid because they are online, but they are also – as we heard from previous speakers and as we see in daily life – offline. But let me focus more on the online world, because these tactics exploit technological advantages such as artificial intelligence (AI), utilise social media platforms and leverage the openness inherent to democratic societies to sow division and erode public trust.
When you open your social media accounts today, what you see is a flood, a flood of AI-generated disinformation from anonymous accounts, from bot farms, from actors who are really actively working to undermine trust in democracy, to undermine trust in our societies and are enabled by platforms which don't care and just look at their profit, or might even be complicit.
As the European Union, we have recognised the hybrid threats as a top internal and external security concern. And over the years, the institutions adopted comprehensive strategies and legislative frameworks such as the Digital Services Act, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and the Critical Entities Resilience Directive, to bolster our resilience and to protect critical infrastructure, including electoral systems, which are now formally recognised as essential democratic infrastructure.
We saw how foreign information manipulation and interference campaigns target elections. In France, but all over the place. But we also saw how they can fail, like in Moldova, and I want to really appreciate the work done in Moldova, with the support of the European Union, on making sure that the elections were democratic and really truthfully representing public opinion.
As the European Parliament, we follow up on these things. We have established a Special Committee on the European Democracy Shield. We are issuing reports and watching these things and acting. But what is important is not just words. We, as parliamentarians, have to hold the executive accountable. We have to make sure that the executive enforces the legislation that we adopt. Because we can keep on talking, but if there is no action, if the enablers and if the actors are not held accountable, if the erosion of public trust continues, we can lose democracy as such.
We must promote, we must uphold and demand transparency and accountability. We saw what anonymous propaganda did in certain parts of Europe a hundred years ago; we don't want to repeat it ever again. We have to empower our citizens, because the citizens who are aware of their rights, citizens who are aware of the risks, are the strongest protection. And also, we have to champion political participation and the safety – dear colleagues – the safety of women who really honestly face disproportionate harassment in the digital sphere, not only through targeted disinformation but deepfakes going into places which you don't even want to imagine.
As the European Parliament, we also try to be the platform for broader discussion, just like the Council of Europe. And together with the Council of Europe, we organise the EU Parliamentary Democracy Forums, raising awareness of hybrid threats and democratic resilience. Now, we really try to make sure that it is not just about words. It is about action, but also about collaboration and the sharing of experiences. But it should not stay – and here I am happy for the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe – only within the European Union.
For us, in the European Parliament, it is important that we work closely with the candidate and neighbouring countries to really support Europe's collective security. Because if we are not able to defend our freedom and democracy, as someone who grew up behind the Iron Curtain, we might end up there again.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:06:22
Now we listen to Mr Jānis VUCĀNS. He is the Vice-President of the Baltic Assembly.
And after him, Ms Daiga MIERIŅA.
Honourable Madam President,
Honourable keynote speakers,
Your Excellencies,
Dear colleagues,
Today, I address you on behalf of the Baltic Assembly. We are parliamentarians from Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, united not only by geography and history, but also by a great responsibility for Europe's future. Today, the future of democracy in Europe depends on Ukraine and on our strength, unity, and determination to act together and bring an end to this tragedy caused by Russia.
For more than four years, Ukrainians have defended their homes, freedom and future against Russia's war of aggression. The Baltic States stand firmly with Ukraine. Our support is rooted in our history and in the understanding that Ukraine is defending the principles on which Europe's security depends. The Baltic Assembly will continue to support Ukraine. For us, solidarity means action: helping Ukraine defend itself, keeping pressure on Russia and standing with the Ukrainian people for as long as it takes.
But we must also remember that the fight against aggression goes far beyond the battlefield. Another battle is being fought every day against our institutions, our systems, our information space and the trust that keeps our democracies strong. The Baltic States know first-hand what hybrid attacks mean. We face cyberattacks, spying, attacks on our infrastructure, disinformation, GPS interference, drones in our airspace and the use of migration as a tool against our borders. The methods may differ, but the goal is the same: to create fear, test our security, disrupt our daily lives and weaken public trust.
All this is happening now. In August, a fire broke out at an Estonian defence company in Tallinn. Estonian authorities later said the attack was planned and ordered by the Russian security services. Around the same time in Latvia, NATO fighter jets shot down a foreign drone over the city of Balvi. It had entered Latvian airspace due to Russian electronic warfare. And just last month, Lithuania detected a cyberattack on a government system. New security measures helped to stop the attack before it could cause further harm. Three countries, different attacks. One clear message: resilience is no longer just part of our security. It is our security.
This is why the Baltic Assembly works to strengthen our democracies and regional co-operation. Our experience has taught us one clear lesson: no Baltic State can face these threats alone. No European democracy should have to. We must protect our cybersystems and infrastructure together. We must share information quickly and help our people recognise disinformation.
Our democracies must remain open, free and united when others try to divide us. Because resilience is not only about stronger firewalls, better radars or more secure borders. Resilience is trust. Resilience is preparedness. Resilience is solidarity. Nowhere is resilience shown more clearly and bravely than in Ukraine.
Colleagues,
As long as Russia's war against Ukraine continues, we must be ready for hybrid threats against our region. That is why Europe must remain united and strong. Europe must continue to give Ukraine the political, military and financial support it needs. We must strengthen our own defence while helping Ukraine defend itself. We must protect our democracies while staying true to our values. Above all, we must remember this: hybrid threats are designed to divide us, and our answer must be unity.
They are designed to frighten us. Our answer must be courage.
They are designed to weaken democracy. Our answer must be more democracy.
The Baltic States learned long ago that freedom cannot be taken for granted.
Today, together with Ukraine and our European allies, we must prove something equally important: freedom, when defended together, is stronger than fear.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:11:43
Thank you very much, Mr Jānis VUCĀNS.
Next is Ms Daiga MIERIŅA. She is the Speaker of the Parliament of Latvia.
After her, we will hear from Mr Ville VÄYRYNEN.
Honourable Ms Petra BAYR,
Honourable Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK,
We are living in an age of ever-increasing speed and intensity, in an age when values that seemed stable just a moment ago are no longer so self-evident. The democratic, united and peaceful Europe that formed after the Second World War is one of the greatest success stories in human history. It has brought prosperity to generations and provided the conviction that human rights and the rule of law will triumph over hatred and lawlessness.
The desperate Russia of Mr Vladimir PUTIN, having failed to attain its military objectives in Ukraine, has long since opened up a hybrid warfront against democratic Europe. We are all facing disinformation campaigns carried out by Russia. We are also facing drone incidents, various acts of sabotage, the burning of warehouses and businesses helping Ukraine, as well as attempts to interfere in the democratic processes in our countries.
Our response to the aggressor has to be very strict and decisive. We must not give in to intimidation or attempts to divide us. It is the aggressor and its henchmen who should be afraid. They must be held accountable.
A co-ordinated and adequately funded policy is needed to combat hybrid threats, including foreign information manipulation. Latvia supports the European Democracy Shield initiative, but we need to ensure proper funding for it and especially for the involvement of civil society. The full and effective implementation of the EU Digital Services Act must be ensured. Online platforms must fully comply with their obligations under the Digital Services Act.
Companies providing artificial intelligence (AI) tools must also adhere to higher standards of accountability and transparency, particularly in regard to the integrity of information. The fight against foreign information manipulation and interference is not solely a matter for the Council of Europe or the European Union; international organisations must pool their expertise and their institutional capabilities.
The NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence based in Riga pays particular attention to the use of AI in influence operations. The Latvian government has established an artificial intelligence laboratory within the centre, which will conduct research into the impact of AI on information integrity.
A topical issue at present is election security. Russia's approach was clearly evident in Moldova, where several tools were deployed simultaneously. Corruption, economic blackmail and intimidation of all kinds. However, despite foreign interference, we must first and foremost respect democratic values ourselves. We must fight for them every time we go to the ballot box, and whenever we discuss our political freedoms.
As the eminent Italian philosopher and writer Umberto ECO has essentially surmised, democracy is founded on plurality. As soon as any one person proclaims to hold the only truth on behalf of the people, democracy is in danger.
As this is my final conference at European level in my capacity as Speaker of the Parliament of Latvia, I would like to thank all my colleagues and friends for their close co-operation over the past years. It has been a great privilege and an honour to be in your company. Thank you all. I wish you success in your work going forward.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:16:22
The pleasure is, and was, ours as well.
Thank you very much for that.
We will now hear Mr Ville VÄYRYNEN. He is the President of the Nordic Council and will be followed by Mr Juozas OLEKAS, if he is here.
Thank you, Madam President,
Distinguished speakers,
Excellencies,
Dear colleagues,
Today's topic about resilience and hybrid threats is a common challenge to all modern societies.
As we all know, the threats to our democratic states today are not only tanks crossing borders. They are increasingly directed at our elections, our information environment, and the trust that binds citizens to democratic governance. Foreign information manipulation, cyberattacks, and AI-driven disinformation are designed to divide our societies.
Our response must be firm, but it must also be democratic. Our strength lies in our ability to defend ourselves, our rights, our freedom, while staying true to the values that define it.
Parliaments have a central role in this effort. We can learn from each other's experiences. Stronger co-operation and dialogue, such as today, between parliaments will help us respond more efficiently to evolving threats.
However, building resilience is not only a political effort. Civil society, independent media, researchers, and businesses all have an important role to play. Technological companies also have a responsibility to help prevent the spread of disinformation and the misuse of artificial intelligence.
AI brings both challenges and opportunities. It can be used to create false information and deepfakes, but it can also help us detect disinformation, identify co-ordinated influence campaigns, and respond more quickly to emerging threats.
The Finnish and Ålandic Presidency of the Nordic Council in 2026 has made Nordic Comprehensive Security a key priority. It reflects a fundamental Nordic understanding: security is not only about military capabilities, but also about resilient democratic institutions, social cohesion, and the trust between citizens and public authorities.
The Nordic experience shows that high-trust societies are better equipped to withstand and recover from crises. In an era of hybrid threats, our resilience is highly dependent on engaged citizens who have confidence in democratic institutions. That trust is our main foundation for building our defence against manipulation.
Hybrid threats do not respect borders. Neither should our determination to defend democracy against them. By sharing experience, deepening co-operation, and remaining faithful to our democratic principles, we can ensure that the world's democracies remain resilient, confident, and united.
Thank you for your attention.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:19:45
Thank you very much.
I will now give the floor to Mr Juozas OLEKAS, Speaker of the Seimas of Lithuania.
Thank you, President.
During the upcoming Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2027, Lithuania will place a strong emphasis on reinforcing unity and security, and ensuring that Europe remains a credible, resilient and influential global actor capable of defending its interests and values.
In NATO's Ankara Summit Declaration, we agreed to counter the long-term threat Russia poses to Euro-Atlantic security and stability. Unity was the main achievement of Ankara. It is obvious that Europe must take on greater responsibility for its own security. Lithuania strongly supports the New Democratic Pact for Europe; we regard it as an important instrument to counter authoritarian narratives, to halt the decline of democracy and foster conditions for democratic security.
We are facing threats which nearly cross the line to be called hybrid, with military drone incursions, weaponised migration and meteorological balloons endangering civil aviation and testing our capabilities to protect the border, as well as sabotage acts at manufacturing facilities and airports. Those threats are common for all of us. Therefore, the reaction should be united and burden-sharing more equal. Decisions to increase defence budgets do not come easy, but they are necessary.
We also warmly welcome the feasibility study on a potential Council of Europe instrument on Foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI). We think the Council of Europe should be leading and be instrumental in countering FIMI. Disinformation is often used to influence domestic opinion and weaken trust in democratic institutions, divide society, deepen polarisation and radicalisation, make impact on political decisions and reduce support for foreign policy directions. It feeds populism, fuelled by disillusionment with the socio-economic situation or migratory challenges.
As parliamentarians, we know very well that resilient democracies start from home. The effectiveness of efforts depends on nationwide assessment and recognition of existing threats. Building resilient democracy starts with accumulating solid knowledge of how foreign information manipulation and interference operate. Such knowledge helps raise people’s awareness and provides a basis for developing response strategies. Parliaments are fundamental pillars in building understanding of the strategic importance of the resilience agenda and broad national consensus to support it across political parties and the public.
Agreements among Lithuania's main political forces on fundamental principles of democracy, national security and foreign policy helped us to strengthen institutional resilience and limit the ability of hostile information operations to exploit internal political divisions.
We live in the fifth year of Russia’s full-scale aggression against sovereign Ukraine. Issuing hundreds of thousands of visas to Russian citizens to travel to Europe for non-essential purposes, such as tourism, gives us serious reason to be concerned about misuse of access to our territories for hybrid activities. We don’t know how many Russian combatants, who have participated in the war of aggression, came to Europe this year.
And this is not a standalone example, which erodes our resilience. In the energy sector, we are fast learning the lesson about the need of de-coupling from Russian gas and oil, creating alternative sources of energy supply and avoid situations when you can be easily blackmailed. Other gaps in economic security include dependence on raw materials from the aggressor state, shortcomings in the protection of critical infrastructure systems from cyberattacks, and holes in the building of secure digital ecosystems based on trusted equipment and services; such fragmentation weakens our strength and sends contradictory signals when unity and clarity are needed.
Thank you very much.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:25:04
Thank you very much.
And sorry, I did not announce that the next speaker will be Mr Szymon HOŁOWNIA from Poland, where he is the Vice-Marshal of the Sejm, followed by Ms Christine SCHWARZ-FUCHS.
Dear President,
Dear colleagues,
Let me start with a few remarks on the very nature of the hybrid or, as we can call it, shadow conflict.
The first thing is that there is a lie woven into it. It imitates. It warps. It works from the outside, but pretends to originate from the inside. And, of course, millions of times we have asked what the best strategy is when we are facing hybrid threats. And it is just a simple antidote.
When we have information, what is the best cure? What is the best medicine or treatment? It is information, of course.
What is the best cure and treatment for divisions? Co-operation. That's obvious.
And, of course, for us politicians, polarisation, conflict and even disinformation are sometimes much more tempting. Much more tempting because of our short-term perspective. We are living in a constant rhythm, a very fast-paced rhythm of constant elections, so sometimes we prefer, regrettably, shortcuts.
But let me concentrate for a second on the third issue, which is very important when we speak about hybrid shadow threats. All of these threats, or almost all of these threats, are invisible, invisible to the everyday user of democracy, of society, of every tool of modern society and all the stuff that surrounds us. It is invisible.
What is the solution? What is the therapy? What should we do?
We should make all of these attempts visible, on every level. Imagine when we call our bank and we want to make a simple bank transfer. We are asked millions of times if we are ourselves, if we can confirm this and confirm that. We are warned that there are guys who will most probably steal our money if we share a secret code and so on. Do we have such safeguards when it comes to our elections?
Ladies and gentlemen,
In the next year, in the next 12 months, we will face 20 elections. Twenty elections in our countries, in the lands in Germany, for the Landtags, 20 electoral cycles. Are we ready for that? Are we ready for this invisible threat? Are we ready to make these threats, these dangers, visible to everyone? It is not only media literacy that we should support from elementary school today. We should make our citizens aware that there is such a thing as weaponising democracy, not only migration or other things, but there are guys in the East that want to weaponise our liberal democracies.
And of course, the campaign Mr Vladimir PUTIN started in March this year, and which he will end in December next year, has seen him invest billions of dollars into it. It is not concentrated on our critical infrastructure, not in Poland, not in probably most of your countries. But it is orchestrated, and it is aimed at the voters. Voters are the targets of this disinformation and manipulation campaign.
We should protect them. We should protect our people, not only with tanks and missiles. We should take care of them. I know that nowadays in politics it is very trendy to follow the American example and this slogan that we should "move fast and break things". Let us not only move fast, but also let us build something. And the first thing that we should build – and this is our responsibility as parliamentarians – is stability in our societies and the feeling of safety and hope in the hearts and minds of our voters, of our people.
Thank you so much.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:30:08
We thank you very much.
And the next speaker is Ms Christine SCHWARZ-FUCHS. She is President of the Federal Council of Austria.
Sorry, she is followed by Ms Esther GIL DE REBOLEÑO.
President of the Federal Council, Austria
12:30:25
Thank you, Madam President, Petra BAYR.
Dear Excellencies,
Today’s topic shows that we live in very challenging times, and I might add that signs of improvement are very scarce. Our citizens are therefore worried, like we just heard, to say the least, and they expect their governments and parliaments to protect them and to protect our democracies against a significant increase in hybrid threats over the past couple of years.
Whereas hybrid threats like Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) or disinformation are known phenomena, the intensity has dramatically increased.
In Austria, measures have been taken and are being implemented in order to monitor, increase preparedness and counter hybrid threats. Let me just mention some of them. Since 2024, we have a new law called the Federal Act on Ensuring National Resilience and Coordination in Crises. Furthermore, the Austrian Security Strategy 2024 has been updated with regard to hybrid threats and transmitted to Parliament. The Critical Infrastructure Resilience Act was enacted in Austria in October 2025 to implement the EU Directive on strengthening the resilience of critical infrastructure.
But still, there is a lot to be done. Last week, the Austrian Minister for European and Foreign Affairs addressed the Members of the Austrian Federal Council during an urgent debate, talking about a "world in disorder" with regard to Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, the situation in the Middle East, hybrid threats and disinformation, and the handling of AI and autonomous weapons systems. She informed members that a dedicated "Centre of Excellence against Foreign Information Manipulation" will be established in Austria, following an international conference on this topic to be held in Vienna, next year in spring.
And I would like to thank you, Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, for your speech that you just gave before and the words that you addressed at us. I was in Ukraine myself just a few weeks ago, and I wish all the people in Ukraine a lot of strength and all the best.
To continue on this topic, being at the heart of our democracies, parliaments are prime targets for disinformation, cyberattacks and other hybrid threats. Therefore, we have to be well prepared.
Let me just quickly mention that the Austrian Parliament addresses these threats on several levels. These include, in particular, a combination of ensuring the physical security of Parliament, cybersecurity and combating disinformation, which is achieved, among other things, through democracy education, our so-called "democracy workshops" for children and young people, and also the provision of reliable information on parliamentary proceedings. In order to achieve a certain level of digital sovereignty, there is also a growing focus on procuring in-house hardware. As a result, our Parliament is already able to run certain parts of cybersecurity on-premises.
In the spirit of being stronger when we unite against these threats, I greatly welcome today's exchange.
To conclude, we have the option of preparing ourselves in order to counter hybrid threats, and we can help each other to be prepared. The option that we do not have is to stay passive and to give in to these threats because this would have dramatic and long-term consequences for the safety of our citizens and for democracy as such.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:34:54
Thank you very much.
We will now listen to Ms Esther GIL DE REBOLEÑO. She is Vice-President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain.
She will be followed by Mr Jussi HALLA-AHO.
Vice-President of the Congress of Deputies, Spain
12:35:11
Madam President,
Speakers of Parliament,
Before I begin, let me express my thanks that we have with us Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, who has reminded us of the cruel war which is still being waged in Ukraine. I'd also like to remind all other honourable members that genocide is continuing against the people of Palestine.
Might I begin by thanking the Italian Parliament for its hospitality here in Rome, the city where, in 1950, the European Convention on Human Rights was signed. And my thanks to the Council of Europe for organising this and for the quality of the documents that support our work here.
Now, we realise that hybrid threats have increased, as well as threats to infrastructure. We are also thinking about other attacks aimed at undermining the confidence of society in institutions. We need to demand democracy and think about what was undertaken in 2023. This government has the mandate to protect these institutions. We subscribe to the principles of this.
Security begins through democracy. Moldova, which hosted the meeting in May, illustrates this through its capacity to respond. It has conducted elections in spite of illicit funding, vote-buying and other attempts at interference. I would like to address two aspects which were demonstrated by Moldova regarding what to do with foreign supporters of one side or another, with undisclosed money, with those who try from abroad to actually intervene in an election. How do we work on confidence? Thinking about opaque sources of money, from third parties and as part of the work of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, we have documented attempts at vote-buying and others.
We need to think about financial institutions which have been at fault, including those from abroad. And money both from crypto sources and from other dark sources. And Ms Maia SANDU reminds us of this. We need to think about the money coming from various entities, both public and private. We need to think about a ban on this and the means to verify this, particularly when things are beyond our own jurisdictions. And when it's difficult to prosecute this, or when it's not possible to actually prove these things, we need to improve our ability to verify the genuine donor behind these things and to strengthen our border controls, and we need to ensure that we have closer co-operation between judiciaries.
I'd also like to think about another form of interference which our laws barely foresee. That is the involvement of major private fortunes in European elections.
My second point refers to the guarantees of the right to vote. Judicial bodies are a crucial part of the electoral process, so we need to think about the judicial decisions which may have an effect on this, such as annulment of the decision, exclusion of candidates or suspension of the rights of certain groups of voters and how this undermines confidence, which is precisely what we need to protect.
There have also been attempts to consider Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 about restrictions of some kind and indiscriminate attacks. We need to be aware of this. We need to help things in a way that we protect the rights of each individual voter.
We need to think about the extent of these threats, and, as the document underscores, sexualised deepfakes and discrediting campaigns are, by a huge proportion, mostly conducted against women candidates. We need to think about women's participation in politics and one particular form of interference in elections which certainly has a gender aspect. We need to think about both the violence against women and the fact that, at the moment, the European Convention on Human Rights is too weak on this. And we need to actually criminalise certain actions which are yet to be taken on board. We need to think about how we can demand that platforms remove all content which is contrary to existing conventions. The Council of Europe was born to protect democracy, human rights and the rights against those who attempt to undermine these things.
We must make sure that elections in our countries are decided by voters, without third parties, big money or others being able to subvert the will of the people.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:40:31
“Thank you very much.” [Spoken in Spanish]
Next is Mr Jussi HALLA-AHO, Speaker of the Parliament of Finland.
He will be followed by Mr Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ.
Madam President,
Colleagues,
I would like to emphasise the importance of basic trust between citizens and trust in the authorities and in decision makers.
Russia and other hostile actors amplify divisions and distrust in our societies and use them for their own purposes. But it is important to remember that Russia does not invent these divisions. People in Europe have legitimate and genuine concerns, worries and grievances about issues such as immigration, crime, climate policies, the use of tax money and so on.
If our citizens feel that these concerns are ignored, ridiculed or suppressed by the media or politicians, this creates distrust, makes us vulnerable to disinformation and has unfortunate political consequences, as we have seen both here in Europe and across the ocean. So, trust is the most fundamental building block and safeguard of a resilient democracy. But trust is something that the media, the politicians and the authorities must earn by showing that they listen to the citizens and work for the citizens.
We are open societies and, as such, exposed to sabotage and other hybrid operations. It is necessary to be more alert and less naive than before, and update our laws and practices. It is very difficult, for example, for us to understand why some western and southern European countries still issue tourist visas to Russians. This is not just immoral; it also makes life very easy for Russian operatives in Europe.
I encourage everyone to carefully consider the political sins that were listed by esteemed Mr Ruslan STEFANCHUK of Ukraine in his opening remarks. While being alert, we should avoid becoming timid and paranoid. Mr Vladimir PUTIN is not omnipotent, and he doesn't have agents under every stone and behind every tree. We should not make him look more powerful than he is by seeing him everywhere.
Finally, freedom of opinion, expression and political disagreement are fundamental freedoms. We must strongly resist the temptation to restrict these freedoms in the name of fighting hybrid threats. Our societies are resilient when citizens feel they can express their opinions freely and convey their hopes and anxieties in free elections.
Thank you, Madam President.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:44:03
Thank you very much, Mr Jussi HALLA-AHO.
Next is Mr Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ. He is Speaker of the Croatian Parliament and will be followed by Mr Vincent BLONDEL.
Speaker of the Croatian Parliament, Croatia
12:44:19
Madam President Petra BAYR,
Today, we meet in Rome, the birthplace of a legal tradition that has strongly shaped Europe.
At the heart of that tradition lies a simple principle: power must be exercised within the framework of law. This principle remains one of the foundations of the Council of Europe. It is central to our discussion today. For Croatia, this has special significance. In just three weeks, we will mark 30 years of membership in the Council of Europe. From that time, Croatia had to profoundly transform its political and economic system.
We had to build democratic institutions, restore peace and rebuild our society. All while earning the trust of our citizens. I am referring to this historical experience today because it taught us, very practically, that democratic resilience is not an abstract concept. It takes decades to build.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Today, all our societies are exposed to multiple hybrid threats, which target the foundations of our democracies, our electoral processes, our institutions and public trust. The aim of these attacks is to exploit divisions in our societies and to sow distrust, to weaken our citizens' confidence in democracy. If people start believing that elections are rigged, that the media and politicians are lying, that parliament no longer represents them, then democracy suffers serious damage.
So, we must be quick in identifying our vulnerabilities, in protecting our citizens and institutions, concretely and practically. Initiatives and reports by the EU and Council of Europe significantly contribute to understanding these threats and addressing them. We need a whole-of-society approach. Public institutions, independent media, civil society, schools, universities and technology platforms all have a role to play. Each within its own responsibilities. Closer co-operation can help us detect emerging threats and learn from solutions that work.
We know that parliaments are very interesting targets too. So our members and staff must be able to recognise and respond to information manipulation. In this sense, we welcome the sharing of experiences, best practices and training across national parliaments.
Distinguished colleagues,
Defending democracy must never become an excuse to limit or neglect freedom of speech and political expression. We need to be able to distinguish legitimate political criticism from malign interference. Our task is to protect the democratic debate, not restrict it. If we abandon these principles, we risk damaging the values we seek to defend.
Finally, let me say that I believe that democratic resilience begins in people's everyday lives: in cities, in schools and universities, in courts and other public institutions. When institutions act fairly, when citizens are heard and when decisions follow clear rules, trust can grow. Parliamentarians have a responsibility to foster this process, through sound legislation, effective oversight and direct engagement with citizens.
Ultimately, the strength of democracy will not be measured only by the threats we manage to resist, but also by the trust we preserve.
That should be our shared responsibility, as is our support for Ukraine.
Thank you.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:48:20
Thank you, Mr Gordan JANDROKOVIĆ.
The last speaker for this morning will be Mr Vincent BLONDEL. He is President of the Senate of Belgium.
And we will continue after our lunch break; I will give you more details afterwards. Mr Vincent BLONDEL will be followed by Mr Amir OHANA.
Madam President,
Ladies and gentlemen,
I'm the last speaker before lunch, then, right?
Our democracies today face threats that are less visible than the traditional challenges of the past, but are no less dangerous. Hybrid attacks combine cyberattacks, disinformation, foreign interference, economic pressure, sabotage, and attempts to undermine trust in our institutions. It is, more than ever, essential to express our full support to Ukraine.
With advances in artificial intelligence, these threats are taking on a new dimension. It is now possible to produce misleading content on a massive scale, manipulate images and voices, and target citizens with unprecedented precision. The line between truth and falsehood is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish, even for the most informed observers, as we may be. And some very convincing examples were given by Ms Yaël BRAUN-PIVET, president of the National Assembly of France, earlier in this session.
The ultimate aim of these attacks is often to generate doubt. Doubt about our elections, about facts, doubts about the legitimacy of our institutions. Yet democracy does not rest on rules and procedures alone. Above all, it rests on trust, as it was also very clearly expressed by Mr Marcos PERESTRELLO, president of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, earlier this morning.
We must, therefore, not only protect our democracies, but also strengthen them. Democratic resilience cannot simply be declared; it must be built. It depends on strong institutions, transparent decision making and citizens who are fully engaged in democratic life. Defending our democracy cannot be the responsibility of any single institution. It requires close co-operation between parliaments, governments, security services, civil society, universities, the media and citizens.
But democratic resilience is not just about combating threats. It is also about making democracy attractive, accessible and inclusive. Democracy is about more than elections. Citizens must feel that their voices are heard and that they can actively participate in public debate. A society in which citizens trust their institutions, think critically and are actively engaged in democratic life is also a society that is much harder to manipulate. It is therefore not enough simply to respond to attacks. We must invest in prevention, education for democratic citizenship and the resilience of our societies.
Parliaments have an essential role to play here, not only in legislating and holding governments to account, but also in listening, explaining and contributing to high-quality public debate. Democratic resilience is not built within institutions alone. It is built every day in our schools, our associations and our communities. It grows through our ability to debate, to accept our differences and to trust one another.
Dear colleagues,
Hybrid attacks do not stop at our borders. They exploit precisely what makes our democracies strong: their openness, freedom of expression, pluralism and the free flow of information. We must therefore learn to protect these freedoms without weakening them.
The Council of Europe plays a unique role in this regard. Founded on the principles of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, it provides a vital forum for co-operation among our democracies. We must join forces to protect the integrity of elections, safeguard the independence of institutions, strengthen media literacy and combat disinformation and foreign interference, while preserving our fundamental freedoms.
For this is one of our greatest challenges: we must defend our democracies without compromising the freedoms and values that define them. In the face of hybrid attacks, our greatest strength remains our unity – a unity founded on freedom, the rule of law, human rights and respect for democratic debate. Because, ultimately, the best defence of democracy is a democracy that is vibrant, open and supported by its citizens.
Thank you very much.
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
12:54:00
Dear colleagues, we have reached the end of our morning session.
We will continue this debate this afternoon, after lunch, at 3 p.m.
I want to thank you all for your really substantive and interesting contributions to our discussion, and I am very much looking forward to continuing this afternoon.
Before joining us for lunch, I invite all Speakers, Vice-Speakers, Presidents and Vice-Presidents to now proceed to the traditional family photo, which will be taken just outside of this meeting room.
This Conference is adjourned.