Application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Biennial Report by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe to the Parliamentary Assembly

Communication | Doc. 14530 | 18 April 2018

Author(s):

Secretary General

Contents

1Introduction

2Monitoring the Application of the Charter in States Parties

2.1 Regular monitoring

2.1.1Monitoring cycle during the reference period

2.1.2Working methods: challenges and developments

2.2 Ad hoc monitoring

3Assistance to States Parties in implementing the Charter

4Assistance to States in preparing the ratification of the Charter

4.1 Georgia

4.2 Republic of Moldova

4.3 Belarus

Appendix 1– Languages to which the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages applies

Appendix 2– Signatures and ratifications of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Appendix 3– States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages

1 Introduction

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (“the Charter” or “the ECRML”; ETS No. 148) is the only international legally-binding instrument for the protection and promotion of traditionally used regional and minority languages. Maintaining regional and minority languages requires using them in all spheres of private and public life. Based on the principle “promotion through use”, the Charter places legal obligations on its States Parties to ensure and promote the effective use of regional and minority languages in education, justice, administration and public services, media, cultural activities and facilities, economic and social life, and transfrontier co-operation. The application of the Charter is monitored by an independent Committee of Experts.

The Charter was opened for signature on 5 November 1992 and entered into force on 1 March 1998. To date, it has been ratified by the following 25 States: Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. A further eight States have signed the Charter. [(1) Azerbaijan, France, Iceland, Italy, Malta, Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation and “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, see Appendix 2.] Six States committed themselves to ratification when joining the Council of Europe but have not yet done so (Albania, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation and “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”).

In accordance with Article 16 (5) of the Charter, the Secretary General of the Council of Europe is required to present a two-yearly report to the Parliamentary Assembly on the application of the Charter. This ninth Biennial Report covers the years 2016 and 2017. [(2) The first Biennial Report was presented to the Parliamentary Assembly in 2000 (Doc. 8879), the second in 2002 (Doc. 9540), the third in 2005 (Doc. 10659), the fourth in 2007 (Doc. 11442), the fifth in 2009 (Doc. 12300), the sixth in 2011 (Doc. 12881), the seventh in 2014 (Doc. 13436) and the eighth in 2016 (Doc. 13993). These reports are available on the Charter website (www.coe.int/minlang) in English, French, German, Italian and Russian.]

During this period, the monitoring of the application of the Charter has brought new positive impacts of the Charter to light on the legal status and the actual situation of regional and minority languages in Europe, but has also highlighted outstanding challenges in the implementation of the treaty (see Part I). At the same time, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has closely coordinated its work with the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) and the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). This co-operation became particularly visible in the parallel monitoring visit of the three bodies to Ukraine in November 2016. Furthermore, member States have received assistance with regard to the application of the Charter (see Part II) and its ratification (Part III).

2 Monitoring the Application of the Charter in States Parties

2.1 Regular monitoring

The Charter’s monitoring procedure consists of several stages: submission of a three-yearly State report, on-the-spot visit of the Committee of Experts to the State concerned, submission of statements by NGOs, adoption of the evaluation report by the Committee of Experts and subsequent submission to the national authorities for comments, transmission of the evaluation report and State comments to the Committee of Ministers, adoption of the Committee of Ministers Recommendation and finally the publication of the evaluation report and recommendation.

Over recent years, considerable delays in the submission of the three-yearly State reports have been noted. This leads to the disruption of the entire monitoring procedure. The timely submission of the national reports constitutes a precondition for an efficient monitoring by the Committee of Experts and hence of the Charter’s effective implementation.

2.1.1 Monitoring cycle during the reference period

In 2016 and 2017, the Committee of Ministers reached important milestones with the completion of the 7th monitoring cycle for some States. The Committee of Ministers adopted and made public the following recommendations relating to the respective evaluation reports of the Committee of Experts: [(3) All the evaluation reports and the related recommendations by the Committee of Ministers are available at www.coe.int/minlang.]

• 20 January 2016, Spain, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)1, fourth evaluation report
• 27 April 2016, Slovak Republic, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)2, fourth evaluation report
• 27 April 2016, Serbia, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)3, third evaluation report
• 5 October 2016, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)4, second evaluation report
• 14 December 2016, Hungary, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)5, sixth evaluation report
• 14 December 2016, Switzerland, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)6, sixth evaluation report
• 14 December 2016, Netherlands, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2016)7, fifth evaluation report
• 10 May 2017, Sweden, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2017)1, sixth evaluation report
• 10 May 2017, Armenia, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2017)2, fourth evaluation report
• 27 September 2017, Montenegro, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2017)3, fourth evaluation report
• 25 October 2017, Denmark, Recommendation CM/RecChL(2017)4, fifth evaluation report

As was regularly the case since 2001, the recommendations that the Committee of Ministers has addressed to the States Parties have generally corresponded to the proposals made by the Committee of Experts in its evaluation reports. This practice constitutes an important support to the independent monitoring mechanism.

The evaluation reports of the Committee of Experts have shown that the Charter and its monitoring mechanism continue to have a positive impact on the situation of regional or minority languages in Europe. On the other hand, States Parties still face challenges in the application of the Charter. The following overview [(4) The presentation follows the chronology of publication of the reports (see above).] lists the main challenges identified by the Committee of Ministers and the Committee of Experts in the context of the aforementioned evaluation reports:

• Spain: amend its legislation with a view to making it clear that the criminal, civil and administrative judicial authorities in the Autonomous Communities can conduct their proceedings in Aranese, Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician respectively, make sure that the judicial staff has a corresponding working knowledge of these co-official languages, and also ensure the use of these languages in the State administration in the Autonomous Communities and in health care services.
• The Slovak Republic: lower the 20% threshold regulating the use of minority languages in the field of administration, extend teaching in or of all minority languages at all appropriate levels, strengthen the support to television, radio and newspapers in all minority languages, and start to introduce Romani-language education for Roma children on a large scale.
• Serbia: strengthen teacher training and provide adequate teaching materials for all minority languages, provide teaching of/in Czech, German and Macedonian at all levels, establish an adequate offer of Romani in education and strengthen the use of all minority languages in administration by introducing them in official use in municipalities.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: provide ways and means for the teaching of the minority languages, make provision so that public radio and television broadcasters offer programmes in the minority languages, and adopt and use the traditional place names in the minority languages.
• Hungary: further increase bilingual education at all levels and increase accordingly the number of teachers able to teach subjects in the minority languages, improve the teaching of Romani and Beás, encourage speakers of minority languages to use them in their contacts with judicial and administrative authorities, and further improve the offer of minority language programmes on television.
• Switzerland: continue promoting the use of Italian in cantonal administration, ensure that mergers of municipalities do not hamper the use of Romansh, and adopt specific legal texts regulating the local use of German in the cantons of Jura and Ticino.
• The Netherlands: continue to strengthen the teaching of and in Frisian at all levels of education, upgrade the teaching of Limburgish and Low Saxon to the status of regular school subjects and extend the offer of education in these languages, and take measures to protect and promote Romanes and Yiddish.
• Sweden: strengthen education of or in all national minority languages, in particular by extending bilingual education in Finnish and Sami, establishing bilingual education in Swedish and Meänkieli, and developing a system of teacher training for minority languages, including Romani and Yiddish.
• Armenia: promote the use of Assyrian, Greek, Kurdish and Yezidi in pre-school education and extend the offer of teaching them at primary and secondary levels, make provision so that public broadcasters offer programmes in these languages, and provide adequate funding for cultural activities and to the minority associations to ensure the promotion of all regional or minority languages.
• Montenegro: develop a structured policy ensuring the application of the Charter in all parts of the country where there are sufficient numbers of speakers of Albanian, Romani, Bosnian or Croatian, and take all necessary measures to ensure the use of Romani in education, in particular by providing teacher training and teaching materials.
• Denmark: extend radio broadcasting in German, provide television broadcasts in this language, and take measures to increase awareness and appreciation of German as a minority language of Denmark throughout the country.

2.1.2 Working methods: challenges and developments

At its 56th meeting in March 2017, the Committee of Experts introduced a new outline for its evaluation reports. The new structure shortens the reports and ensures a compact presentation of the monitoring findings. The overall objective of this reform was to support the authorities and the linguistic groups in the implementation process by providing them with clear conclusions on the state of implementation of each undertaking and corresponding lists of prioritised recommendations. The list of recommendations could also significantly facilitate the development of targeted co-operation projects.

The 20th Anniversary of the entry into force of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides an opportunity for all stakeholders involved in the process, from the member States to the Committee of Experts and the Secretariat, to examine ways and means to overcome the present difficulties encountered, such as the considerable delays in the submission of the three-yearly State reports, and to consider how to better adapt the monitoring mechanism to developments of the last decade and existing needs.

2.2 Ad hoc monitoring

In accordance with Article 19 of the Committee of Experts’ Rules of Procedure, members of the Committee of Experts may, at the request of the Committee of Ministers or the Secretariat General, participate in ad-hoc missions, including missions carried out as a rapid reaction to significant changes in the policies, legislation or practice of a State which might have a negative effect on the promotion of regional or minority languages. The possibility of ad-hoc missions enables the Committee of Experts to respond to emergency situations and current affairs with a view to improving the Council of Europe’s effectiveness in such cases [(5) See in this context: State of democracy, human rights and the rule of law in Europe. An analysis of democracy, human rights and the rule of law in Europe, based on the findings of the Council of Europe monitoring mechanisms and bodies, SG(2014)1, p. 8.].

Furthermore, the Committee of Experts is also entitled to review current affairs between two regular monitoring cycles, either on its own initiative or upon a relevant official request. During the reporting period, the Committee of Experts has made use of this possibility three times, respectively in a case concerning the decision not to provide bilingual signs on official institutions and streets, the ceasing of broadcasting programmes in a number of minority languages which were considered crucial for the minority languages concerned, and the termination of an agreement on the funding of an institute that has served as the backbone for the promotion of a minority language in higher education and research [(6) Respectively in Croatia, Serbia and Germany.].

3 Assistance to States Parties in implementing the Charter

The Council of Europe supports States in the implementation of the Charter and the monitoring recommendations through Charter Implementation Round Tables. These events are attended by representatives of the national minorities as well as by the national authorities, and are moderated by a member of the Committee of Experts. They aim at agreeing on concrete steps for the implementation of the recommendations made by the Committee of Experts and the Committee of Ministers. During the last two years, activities supporting States Parties implementing the Charter have been organised in Germany.

Charter Implementation Round Tables and similar follow-up activities enhance the implementation of the Charter and help institutionalise dialogue with the national minorities concerned. However, further efforts are needed to ensure the full implementation of the Charter. In the medium term, the Council of Europe could play a more direct role in the actual implementation of Charter provisions. Co-operation projects addressing the main challenges identified by the Committee of Experts should be made available to all States Parties immediately after the respective evaluation report has been made public and become a regular component of the monitoring mechanism.

4 Assistance to States in preparing the ratification of the Charter

The Council of Europe is the leading international organisation in the field of legally-binding standards for the protection of national minorities and the promotion of regional or minority languages. The FCNM and the ECRML are frames of reference for the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations (UN) whose Universal Periodic Review/UPR regularly refers to monitoring recommendations concerning the Charter. In particular, the EU is raising the issue of pending ratifications in its bilateral relations with States concerned (e.g. relations, agreements and action plans).

However, no additional State has ratified or signed the Charter and the Framework Convention during the last two years. [(7) The Charter Secretariat is aware that steps are being taken to further examine the protection of language rights in some States, which could lead to a further move towards consideration of signature and/or ratification of the instrument in the future.] There is a need to enlarge the scope of the protection of national minorities and their languages throughout Europe. [(8) In 2015, the Committee of Ministers invited member States on whose territory no regional or minority languages are used (Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Malta, San Marino) to follow the example of Liechtenstein and Luxembourg and ratify the Charter as an act of solidarity.] It is recalled in this regard that six States that committed themselves to signing and ratifying the Charter when acceding to the Council of Europe have not yet done so. Two of them have however taken steps preparing ratification in the period under review (see below). [(9) Albania, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”.]

The flexibility created by the Charter’s à la carte approach enables the devising of tailored solutions for specific concerns that States may have in relation to ratification. The Council of Europe is available to provide legal expertise to the preparation of the instruments of ratification with a view to addressing any perceived obstacles to ratification.

Assistance to States preparing ratification (legal advice, capacity building, awareness-raising) has been and is being provided in the framework of Council of Europe/EU Joint Programmes (see below). The implementation of Joint Programmes could certainly help to comply with the commitment taken to ratify the Charter.

During the period under review, two member States as well as Belarus have taken steps to prepare ratification:

4.1 Georgia

When acceding to the Council of Europe in 1999, Georgia committed itself to ratifying the ECRML by 27 April 2000. In 2013, further to a request for expert support by the Georgian authorities, the Georgian high-level inter-ministerial commission on the ECRML and Council of Europe experts prepared a  detailed draft instrument of ratification covering 15 languages. [(10) See eighth biennial report, 2006, Doc. 13993.] In order to further prepare the ratification of the ECRML and its implementation, the Council of Europe/EU project “Civic Integration of National Minorities in Georgia and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages” was included in the Council of Europe Action Plan for Georgia 2013-2015 and implemented from 2015 to 2017.

One of the objectives of the ongoing reform of the Council of Europe is to offer member states not only human rights standards and monitoring thereof, but also assistance in implementing these standards and the recommendations made by the monitoring bodies. The aforementioned project has contributed to these three pillars as its activities were based on ECRML provisions and recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on the FCNM.

Monitoring findings confirm that national minorities in Georgia are not comprehensively aware of minority rights. Therefore, bilingual information material has been developed in Georgian and the minority languages and distributed at information meetings organised throughout Georgia for all linguistic groups.

In education, the teaching of the history and culture of the national minorities is hampered by the fact that textbooks cover these topics insufficiently and in some cases portray minorities in a stereotyped way. To combat such stereotypes, [(11) As recommended in the Second Opinion on Georgia of the Advisory Committee on the FCNM, ACFC/OP/II(2015)001, para. 95.] specific awareness-raising material was developed in cooperation with national authorities, national minorities and experts, portraying the cultural contribution of each national minority in an objective way. This material has been widely distributed among public institutions, decision-takers and all secondary schools in Georgia where it is used as a complementary teaching material.

In order to make this cultural heritage and the related minority languages also visible in public, buildings built by persons belonging to national minorities have been signposted in Georgian and the respective minority language(s). This signage and the accompanying publications not only demonstrate to the Georgian public that several widely-known buildings, especially in Tbilisi, have actually been contributed by persons belonging to national minorities, but also support tourism.

As far as improving the quality of education in minority languages is concerned, [(12) As recommended ibidem, paras. 87, 90.] textbooks have been published in 13 minority languages. In the case of the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Russian linguistic groups, these teaching materials will also support children to develop proficiency in Georgian. Furthermore, in co-operation with the Ministry of Education and Science, a multilingual information campaign has been carried out to encourage parents to enrol their children in schools teaching minority languages.

In order to facilitate the use of minority languages before courts, the most important national laws and those pertaining to national minorities have been translated into minority languages. Furthermore, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a Georgian translation of the ECRML has been prepared.

As the adoption and use of traditional place names in minority languages is an affirmation of the long-standing presence of national minorities in Georgia and important for their public visibility, support has been granted to the adoption of historic place names as well as the installation of place name signs. [(13) As recommended ibidem, paras. 82, 85, 86.]

In Georgia’s media, there is insufficient support for the few newspapers in minority languages. Therefore, minority newspapers have received support to carry out journalist training for students of secondary schools teaching minority languages. [(14) As recommended ibidem, paras. 67, 70.]

In order to continue and extend the aforementioned activities, Georgia and the Council of Europe have agreed to include a follow-up project in the Council of Europe Action Plan for Georgia 2016-2019. This regional project will be funded by the EU in the framework of the Partnership for Good Governance (PGG) and cover also activities on the ECRML in the Republic of Moldova and in Belarus (see below).

4.2 Republic of Moldova

In 2012, a working group comprising representatives of the Moldovan authorities, national minorities as well as Moldovan and Council of Europe experts prepared a detailed draft ratification instrument. [(15) See eighth biennial report, 2006, Doc 13933.] This document contains the selected ECRML provisions that the Republic of Moldova intends to apply to the Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Gagauz, German, Polish, Romani, Russian and Yiddish languages. [(16) Fourth report submitted by the Republic of Moldova pursuant to Article 25 (2) of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, ACFC/SR/IV(2015)005, pp. 20-21.] In 2016, the Moldovan authorities agreed to a proposal by the Council of Europe to support the ratification process through capacity building activities in pilot municipalities and to include the proposal in the Council of Europe Action Plan for the Republic of Moldova 2017-2020. The pilot municipalities were chosen by the authorities, in co-operation with the Council of Europe, on the basis of proposals made by each of the eight national minorities mentioned above. [(17) See Comments of the Government of the Republic of Moldova on the Fourth Opinion of the Advisory Committee on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by the Republic of Moldova, GVT/COM/IV(2017)001, p. 20.] Activities will start in 2018 as part of the aforementioned regional project with the EU.

4.3 Belarus

Pursuant to Article 20 (1) of the ECRML, “the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe may invite any State not a member of the Council of Europe to accede to this Charter”. Belarus has expressed an interest in acceding to some Council of Europe treaties, including the ECRML. Therefore, the Council of Europe Action Plan for Belarus 2016-2017 adopted by the Committee of Ministers foresaw to identify which provisions of the ECRML are applicable in Belarus. [(18) See document GR-DEM(2016)20 of 4 October 2016, p. 9.] On this basis, the Council of Europe/EU Eastern Partnership Programmatic Co-operation Framework (PCF) 2015-2017 has comprised the project “Promoting the standards of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Belarus”. Its main aim was to raise awareness of the ECRML, to study the experience of other countries implementing the ECRML, particularly those with Belarusian as a minority language, and assist the authorities of Belarus in examining legal scenarios for the country’s possible accession to this convention.

In 2016 and 2017, Belarusian and Council of Europe experts, in co-operation with national minority associations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other national and local authorities, carried out a comprehensive analysis of the Belarusian legislation pertaining to national minorities and relevant practice in promoting the regional or minority languages traditionally used in Belarus (Estonian, German, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romani, Tatar, Ukrainian and Yiddish). Following this analysis, a specialised working group identified the provisions of the ECRML matching the situation in Belarus. Following an additional review by the competent authorities, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed the findings in August 2017. Belarus now disposes of the core elements (list of undertakings) of a possible ratification instrument on the ECRML and is technically ready to be invited to accede to this treaty.

In parallel, awareness-raising activities (round tables, production and distribution of information material) were organised with a view to informing national minority representatives and authorities about the ECRML and European best practice in the field of minority language promotion.

Furthermore, under the co-ordination of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, local authorities in Belarus and experts have identified more than 60 tourist landmarks related to the cultural heritage of the national minorities (e.g. synagogues, churches, palaces, fortresses). These objects shall be signposted in several languages with a view to raising awareness of the cultural contributions made by these groups and increasing the visibility of the minority languages in the public space.

As indicated above, the activities in Belarus will continue in 2018 as a country specific component of a regional Council of Europe/EU project and a part of the Council of Europe Action Plan for Belarus.

***

The Council of Europe has developed strong working relationships with organisations such as FUEN, NPLD and ELEN, and has participated in or co-organised a number of events in both beneficiary parties and countries which have not yet acceded to the Charter. Further contacts have been made with international organisations such as UNESCO to discuss their Roadmap event “Endangered languages”, and for which the Charter representative was invited to Paris in December 2017 in order to develop synergies between the two organisations.

Appendix 1 – Languages to which the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages applies

Status on: 1 January 2018

Language	State Party	Level of protection under the Charter (Articles applying to the language concerned)
Albanian	Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Romania Serbia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Aragonese	Spain	Part II (Article 7)
Aranese	Spain	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Armenian	Cyprus Hungary Poland Romania	Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Assyrian	Armenia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Asturian	Spain	Part II (Article 7)
Basque	Spain	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Beás	Hungary	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Belarusian	Poland Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Bosnian	Montenegro Serbia	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Bulgarian	Hungary Romania Serbia Slovakia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Bunjevac	Serbia	Part II (Article 7)
Catalan	Spain	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* [(19) In some parts of the State, the given language is covered only by Part II while in other parts also by Part III. In the present table, such cases are marked by an asterisk (*).]
Cornish	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7)
Crimean Tatar	Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Croatian	Austria [(20) Burgenlandcroatian.] Czech Republic [(21) Moravian Croatian.] Hungary Montenegro Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Cypriot Maronite Arabic	Cyprus	Part II (Article 7)
Czech	Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Danish	Germany	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Finnish	Norway Sweden	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Franco-Provençal	Switzerland	Part II (Article 7)
French	Switzerland	Part II (Article 7)
Frisian	Netherlands	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Gagauz	Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Galician	Spain	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)*
German	Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Greek	Armenia Hungary Romania Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Hungarian	Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Inari Sami	Finland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Irish	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Istro-Romanian	Croatia	Part II (Article 7)
Italian	Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Romania Slovenia Switzerland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Karaim	Poland Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Karelian	Finland	Part II (Article 7.5)
Kashub	Poland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Krimchak	Ukraine	Part II (Article 7)
Kurdish	Armenia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Kven	Norway	Part II (Article 7)
Ladino	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Lemko	Poland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Leonese	Spain	Part II (Article 7)
Limburgish [(22) covers Northern Limburgish, Central and Southern Limburgish as well as Ripuarian/West Central German.]	Netherlands	Part II (Article 7)
Lithuanian	Poland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Low German	Germany	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)*
Lower Saxon	Netherlands	Part II (Article 7)
Lower Sorbian	Germany	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Lule Sami	Norway Sweden	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Macedonian	Romania Serbia	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7)
Manx Gaelic	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7)
Meänkieli	Sweden	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Moldovan	Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
North Frisian	Germany	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
North Sami	Finland Norway Sweden	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Polish	Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Hungary Romania Slovakia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Romani (Romany, Romanes, Romani Chib, Roma language)	Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Finland Germany Hungary Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7)
Romanian	Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia [(23) Boyash Romanian.] Hungary Serbia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Romansh	Switzerland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Russian	Armenia Finland Poland Romania Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Ruthenian	Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Hungary Romania Serbia Slovakia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Sater Frisian	Germany	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Scots	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7)
Scottish-Gaelic	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Serbian	Croatia Hungary Romania Slovenia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Skolt Sami Eastern/Skolt Sami	Finland Norway	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Slovakian	Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Slovenian	Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Hungary	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
South Sami	Norway Sweden	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Swedish	Finland	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Tatar	Finland Poland Romania	Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Turkish	Bosnia and Herzegovina Romania	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Ukrainian	Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Ulster Scots	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7)
Upper Sorbian	Germany	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Valencian	Spain	Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)*
Vlach	Serbia	Part II (Article 7)
Welsh	United Kingdom	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Yenish	Switzerland	Part II (Article 7)
Yezidi	Armenia	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Yiddish	Bosnia and Herzegovina Finland Netherlands Poland Romania Slovakia Sweden Ukraine	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Total: The Charter covers 79 languages …	… used by 203 national minorities or linguistic groups of which …	… 72 benefit from Part II only and 124 from Parts II and III. The languages of 7 linguistic groups belong to both aforementioned categories, depending on the region.

Note: In its Declaration of 30 November 2009, “Finland declare[d], referring to Article 7, paragraph 5, that it undertakes to apply, mutatis mutandis, the principles listed in paragraphs 1 to 4 of the said Article to the Romanes language, to the Karelian language [emphasis in original] and to the other non-territorial languages in Finland”. However, Finland has not designated “the other non-territorial languages in Finland”.

Appendix 2 – Signatures and ratifications of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, CETS No. 148

Treaty open for signature by the member States and for accession by non-member States

Opening for signature	Entry into force
Date 5/11/1992	Conditions: 5 ratifications Date: 01/03/1998

Status as of: 1/1/2018

Member States of the Council of Europe

States	Signature	Ratification	Entry into force	Notes	R.	D.	A.	T.	C.	O.
Albania
Andorra
Armenia	11/5/2001	25/1/2002	1/5/2002			X
Austria	5/11/1992	28/6/2001	1/10/2001			X
Azerbaijan	21/12/2001					X
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina	7/9/2005	21/9/2010	1/1/2011			X
Bulgaria
Croatia	5/11/1997	5/11/1997	1/3/1998		X	X
Cyprus	12/11/1992	26/8/2002	1/12/2002			X
Czech Republic	9/11/2000	15/11/2006	1/3/2007			X
Denmark	5/11/1992	8/9/2000	1/1/2001			X			X
Estonia
Finland	5/11/1992	9/11/1994	1/3/1998			X
France	7/5/1999					X
Georgia
Germany	5/11/1992	16/9/1998	1/1/1999			X
Greece
Hungary	5/11/1992	26/4/1995	1/3/1998			X
Iceland	7/5/1999
Ireland
Italy	27/6/2000
Latvia
Liechtenstein	5/11/1992	18/11/1997	1/3/1998			X
Lithuania
Luxembourg	5/11/1992	22/6/2005	1/10/2005
Malta	5/11/1992
Republic of Moldova	11/7/2002
Monaco
Montenegro	22/3/2005	15/2/2006	6/6/2006	56
Netherlands	5/11/1992	2/5/1996	1/3/1998			X		X
Norway	5/11/1992	10/11/1993	1/3/1998			X
Poland	12/5/2003	12/2/2009	1/6/2009			X
Portugal
Romania	17/7/1995	29/1/2008	1/5/2008			X
Russian Federation	10/5/2001
San Marino
Serbia	22/3/2005	15/2/2006	1/6/2006	56		X
Slovak Republic	20/2/2001	5/9/2001	1/1/2002			X
Slovenia	3/7/1997	4/10/2000	1/1/2001			X
Spain	5/11/1992	9/4/2001	1/8/2001			X
Sweden	9/2/2000	9/2/2000	1/6/2000			X
Switzerland	8/10/1993	23/12/1997	1/4/1998			X
“The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”	25/7/1996
Turkey
Ukraine	2/5/1996	19/9/2005	1/1/2006			X
United Kingdom	2/3/2000	27/3/2001	1/7/2001			X		X
Total number of signatures not followed by ratifications:				8
Total number of ratifications/accessions:				25

Notes: (56) Dates of signature and ratification by the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.

a: Accession - s: Signature without reservation as to ratification – su: Succession – r: Signature “ad referendum”. R.: Reservations – D.: Declarations – A.: Authorities – T.: Territorial Application – C.: Communication – O.: Objection.

Source: Treaty Office on http://conventions.coe.int

Appendix 3 – States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages

Status on: 1 January 2018

State Party [(24) Liechtenstein and Luxemburg do not appear in the table as no regional or minority language is used in these countries.]	Languages	Level of protection under the Charter (Articles applying to the language concerned)
Armenia	Assyrian German Greek Kurdish Russian Ukrainian Yezidi	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Austria	Burgenlandcroatian Czech Hungarian Romani Slovakian Slovenian	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* [(25) In some parts of the State, the given language is covered only by Part II while in other parts also by Part III. In the present table, such cases are marked by an asterisk (*).] Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)*
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Albanian Czech German Hungarian Italian Ladino Polish Romani Romanian Ruthenian  Slovakian Slovenian  Turkish  Ukrainian  Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Croatia	Czech German Hungarian Boyash Romanian Istro-Romanian Italian Ruthenian Serbian Slovakian Slovenian Ukrainian	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Cyprus	Armenian Cypriot Maronite Arabic	Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7)
Czech Republic	Moravian Croatian German Polish Romani Slovakian	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Denmark	German	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Finland [(26) Note: In its Declaration of 30 November 2009, “Finland declare[d], referring to Article 7, paragraph 5, that it undertakes to apply, mutatis mutandis, the principles listed in paragraphs 1 to 4 of the said Article to the Romanes language, to the Karelian language [emphasis in original] and to the other non-territorial languages in Finland.” However, Finland has not designated “the other non-territorial languages in Finland”.]	Inari Sami Karelian North Sami Romani Russian Skolt Sami Swedish Tatar Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5)
Germany	Danish Low German Lower Sorbian North Frisian Romani Sater Frisian Upper Sorbian	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Hungary	Armenian Beás Bulgarian Croatian German Greek Polish Romani Romanian Ruthenian Serbian Slovakian Slovenian Ukrainian	Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5)
Montenegro	Albanian Bosnian Croatian Romani	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Netherlands	Frisian Limburgish [(27) covers Northern Limburgish, Central and Southern Limburgish as well as Ripuarian/West Central German.] Lower Saxon Romani Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7.5)
Norway	Kven Finnish  Lule Sami North Sami  Romanes Eastern/Skolt Sami  South Sami	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Poland	Armenian Belarusian Czech German Karaim Kashub Lemko Lithuanian Romani Russian Slovakian Tatar Ukrainian Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
Romania	Albanian Armenian Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Greek Hungarian Italian Macedonian Polish Romani Russian Ruthenian Serbian Slovakian Tatar Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Serbia	Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Bunjevac Croatian Czech German Hungarian Macedonian Romani Romanian Ruthenian Slovakian Ukrainian Vlach	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Slovakia	Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Hungarian Polish Romani Ruthenian Ukrainian Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Slovenia	Croatian German Hungarian Italian Romani Serbian	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7)
Spain	Aragonese Aranese Asturian Basque Catalan Galician Leonese Valencian	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)* Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) or Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)*
Sweden	Finnish Lule Sami Meänkieli North Sami Romani South Sami Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7.5) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7.5)
Switzerland	Franco-Provençal French German Italian Romansh Yenish	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7)
Ukraine	Belarusian Bulgarian Crimean Tatar Gagauz German Greek Hungarian Karaim Krimchak Moldovan Polish Romani Romanian Russian Ruthenian Slovakian Yiddish	Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)
United Kingdom	Cornish Irish Manx Gaelic Scots Scottish-Gaelic Ulster-Scots Welsh	Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14) Part II (Article 7) Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14)