The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has the honour to submit to the Seventh Ordinary Session of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe a further report on the activities of the Organization, which may be of interest to Representatives.
The first report was issued in May, 1954 as Document 24.1, In order to avoid repetition, the present report contains a number of references to the earlier document. However, every effort has been made to render this second report self-contained.
1. The membership of the Organization now (June, 1955) stands at 73. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Byelo-Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became members in 1954, and Paraguay in 1955. Ethiopia has given official notice of its intention to become a member. In addition, under a constitutional provision adopted by the General Conference in 1951, 4 Associate Members of Unesco were admitted in 1954, on the proposal of the Government of the United Kingdom, namely: (a) Gold Coast; (b) Sierra Leone; (c) Sarawak, North Borneo, Brunei, Singapore and the Federation of Malaya (as one group) ; and (d) Jamaica , Trinidad, Grenada, Dominica and Barbados (as one group).
2. The General Conference at its Eighth Session decided to adjourn until its Ninth Session decisions on applications for admission to membership received from Bulgaria and Roumania. An application by Albania was not considered, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations—which under the relevant constitutional texts may pronounce upon applications for admission to UNESCO— having taken no decision as to whether it objected to this application. The Government of the Union of South Africa, on 5 May, 1955, gave notice of its intention to withdraw from the Organization, the notice becoming effective 31 December, 1956.
3. The enlarged membership of the Organization enabled the General Conference at its Eighth Session to adopt a budget for the period 1955/56 higher by some 2,900,000 dollars than that for the period 1953/54. The additional resources are appropriated not to new projects but to direct aid to Member States in selected priority fields, matching existing activities of the organization. Thus the additional finance is devoted to an intensification of UNESCO'S current work. Within six months of this decision, 58 Member States bad requested aid, and some 800,000 dollars had been allocated to satisfy tbe demand of 41 of them in 1955.
4. Another important decision reached by the delegations at Montevideo was to build up major projects, extending over a period of years, in which groups of countries, not necessarily contiguous but desiring to resolve similar problems in education, science or culture, will establish a working partnership for the purpose, the Organization acting as the central point of co-ordination and stimulation. Clearly, such major projects will require the most careful preparation and the prior assurance of tbe continued constructive collaboration of all the parties concerned : but there is ample evidence to show that many problems which appear insoluble, when considered in isolation within the frontiers of one country or territory, appear in a very different light if viewed from the broader angle of collective effort.
5. Among the international organizations which co-operate with UNESCO in the execution of its educational programme are the International Bureau of Education (I. B. E.) and the International Association of Universities, both of whose activities were outlined in the Report submitted to the Sixth Session of the Consultative Assembly (Doc. 241).
6. As in past years, UNESCO and the I. B. E. collaborated in the organization of the International Conference on Public Education. The XVIIth session (July, 1954) was held at Geneva. It dealt with the training and status of secondary school teachers. A number of recommendations were made concerning systems of training, recruitment and curriculaNote, professional status, conditions of work and salariesNote.
7. In continuance of its study of equivalence of diplomas, and as forecast in last year's report (Doc. 241), the International Association of Universities has now published its Recueil des Accords concernant l'équivalence des titres, diplômes et certificats de scolarité. It also published the Liste internationale des Universités et des Établissements d'enseignement supérieur (International List of Universities and other Institutions of Higher Education) and continues to produce a bilingual quarterly bulletin.
8. The International Universities Conference is meeting in Istanbul (Turkey) in September of this year and is expected to make recommendations in the matter of equivalences of degrees.
9. A number of seminars dealing with various aspects of adult education have been organized in the course of the last 12 months either by UNESCO or with the assistance of UNESCO. These included :
10. The Institute has continued to concentrate its work on adult education and early childhood education ; the two spheres originally selected by its. Council of Administration.
11. In April, 1954, a meeting of experts on the proA'ision of psychological services in educational institutions was jointly convened by UNESCO and the Institute as a sequel to the regional conference on education and the mental health of children in Europe (December, 1952) and to the conference on early childhood education (January, 1953). There were 14 participants from 6 countriesNote.
12. In November, 1954, the Institute was host to the third round of regional conferences which originated with its 1952 Conference on Adult Education. The 1954 Conference dealt with audio-visual mass media—film, radio and television—and adult education and representatives of 8 countries participatedNote. Valuable co-operation was given by the Landesbildstelle, Hamburg, and by the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk. The records and recommendations of the Conference were published this year.
13. A conference on the education and training of primary school teachers was held at the Institute in January, 1954 and attended by representatives of 15 countriesNote. This was a sequel to the XVIth International Conference on Public Education convened jointly by UNESCO and the International Bureau of Education at Geneva in 1953.
14. The Committee of Experts set up by UNESCO to study this question held its second meeting in October-November, 1954, and issued a final report, which was submitted to the eighth session of the General Conference. The General Conference invited the Director-General to consider this report in executing the programme for 1955-56 as well as in formulating future programmes.
15. Besides encouraging bilateral consultations on the improvement of text-books, UNESCO has directed its efforts to the problem of promoting understanding between peoples of widely differing cultural traditions. A German- Indian meeting, sponsored by the German National Commission for UNESCO, was held at Brunswick in October, 1954. Member States have also been invited to undertake a quantitative and qualitative study on the amount of knowledge that pupils in European schools may gain about Asian countries from their text-books and teaching materials, and of knowledge pupils in Asian countries may gain about European countries from their text-books and teaching materials. About 21 countries have agreed to participate in the study, and reports from 4 European countriesNote have already been received.
16. As a follow-up to the Ceylon Seminar on modern language teaching (August, 1953) two publications were prepared The Teaching of Modem Languages and an analytical bibliography. Bilateral meetings were encouraged, as well as meetings leading to the study of the value of languages for international understanding (Cologne, March, 1955).
17. UNESCO organised a study tour of the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies for a group of seven French-speaking scholarship- holders from March to May, 1954. They visited France, Italy and Switzerland.
18. Some 57 schools in 20 countriesNote are now associated with this scheme, and most have chosen " the study of other countries " as the central theme of their programmes. This involves special instruction on the country selected for study and on the United Nations, the use of photographic exhibits and recordings, and practical work with the pupils. UNESCO, in addition to assuming responsibility for the general co-ordination of the work, has supplied selected materials and technical documentation, helped to arrange contacts between schools in different countries, and provided travelling fellowships to enable those in charge of the experiments to visit participating schools in other countries.
19. In 1954 and during the first three months of 1955 the Secretariat provided 1003 youth groups in 66 countries and 31 territories with study kits containing selected materials on some of the main world problems that the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies are trying to solve.
20. During the first three months of 1955, the Secretariat has also sent documentation on methods and techniques of youth work to youth groups in 28 countries and 4 territories.
21. The 8th Conference of Organizers of International Voluntary Work Camps was held in March at the Institut National d'Education Populaire at Marly-le-Roi (France). The meeting was attended by 46 participants from 28 organizations having work camp programmes in 32 countries and 10 territories. The participants discussed work camps and education for social responsibility, training programmes for youth leaders and related problems.
22. A contract was passed with the Coordination Committee for International Voluntary Work Camps, in order that the Committee might serve as a clearing-house for information about international work camps.
23. The Secretariat published two lists of addresses of international relations clubs and similar societies for young people. One list contains information on clubs in secondary schools from 18 countries. The other gives addresses of international relations clubs for students from 30 countries and 6 territories.
24. In March, 1954 the Institute organized a training course on the international exchange ol young people. Thirty-eight observers from 11 countriesNote attended with a view to preparing similar courses in their own countries. The course included a number of practical exercises in planning visits by young foreigners. Other meetings during the year dealt with the training of leaders of youth movements and the collection and distribution of documentation on youth movements and activities. The experimental activities undertaken in 1953 in Darmstadt to develop practical methods of integrating young people into: their local communities have now been taken over by the local authorities; but the Governing Body of the Institute is preparing a long-term programme which will incorporate further experiments of this nature
25. As in the past, UNESCO has continued to provide technical and financial assistance to a number of international scientific organizations for the holding of meetings and symposia, issuing of publications (including multilingual technical dictionaries), provision of travel expenses, etc.
26. Through the International Council of Scientific Unions, grants were again made to international laboratories located in Europe (International High Altitude Research Station, Jungfraujoch, International Zoological Station, Naples, and the Océanographie Institute, Monaco) for the purchase of equipment, travel by research students, and publication of records of proceedings.
27. The International Advisory Committee for documentation and terminology in pure and applied science met in February, 1954, and decided on the preparation of a co-operative plan, for listing scientific periodicals with indications of where they are abstracted.
28. The Secretariat continued its advisory work on vocabularies of technical terms and gave assistance to other Specialized Agencies in this regard, e. g. to World Health Organization on water supply terminology, to Food and Agriculture Organization on forestry and fisheries terminology, and to the Economic Commission for Europe on machine tool terminology.
29. In September, 1954, France and the German Federal Republic deposited their instruments of ratification of the Agreement establishing the European Organisation for Nuclear Research ( 0 . E. R. N.), thus bringing the definitive body into existence.
30. The first meeting of the Council of the new Organization was held in Geneva in October, 1954, under the chairmanship of Sir Ben Lockspeiser (United Kingdom) and a number of administrative arrangements were made.
31. In April, 1955, Professor C. G. Bakker (Netherlands) was appointed Director of the Organization in succession to Professor F. Blqch (Switzerland), who had resigned and on 10 June, 1955 the Director-General attended the ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the research laboratories being erected at Meyrin, near Geneva.
32. The draft budget for 1955 totals 27 million Swiss francs.
33. There are no further ratifications to record to the Convention setting up an International Computation Centre; Belgium, Ceylon, Italy and Japan have ratified, but six further signatures arc required before the International Centre, which is to be located in Rome, can begin to function on a permanent basis. Prepatory work continues meanwhile, and a meeting of experts is to be held in Rome in September, 1955 to discuss further the future functioning of the Centre.
34. This Conference organized by UNESCO in collaboration with the Italian Research Council was held in Milan in April, 1955. In preparation for the Conference, the Secretariat undertook a study of the professional status of scientific research workers.
35. An exhibition entitled " Man measures the Universe " , was opened in Paris in July, 1954 and then started its tour of the European continent. It is now in Belgium, where it has been shown in Liège, Brussels and Ghent.
36. The General Conference at its Eighth Session held in Montevideo authorized the Director-General to promote research aiming at the improvement of fundamental knowledge on cell growth. This activity will be undertaken in close co-operation with the World Hearth Organization.
37. The General Conference at its Eighth Session in November-December, 1954 expressed its appreciation of the measures taken by the United Nations to develop international cooperation for the utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, and invited all Member States to join in devoting their efforts and resources for that purpose. It also authorized the Director-General to extend full co-operation to the United Nations in the fulfilment of this task; UNESCO is contributing a number of papers and will be sending a delegation to the United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, which is to open in Geneva in August. A separate investigation —which UNESCO is conducting independently but the results of which will accrue to the work of the United Nations—is a study of measures to facilitate the use of radio isotopes in research and industry. A meeting of experts is being held in Paris in late June on this topic.
38. The International Social Sciences Council is one of the main organizations assisting UNESCO in the social science field; it convened various meetings during the year. In December, representatives of 18 National Social Science CouncilsNote met to discuss the functions of their councils and to organize exchanges of information between themselves and with the International Social Science Council.
39. The International Political Science Association held a symposium in Florence (April, 1954) on the problem of teaching and research in comparative government.
40. With the assistance of UNESCO, the International Committee of Comparative Law organized two scientific symposia at Munich in August, 1954, attended by some 60 persons from 20 countriesNote . The first dealt with the relations between various institutes of comparative law and the organization of research in law, and the second (under the chairmanship of Professor Otto Riese, Judge of the Court of the European Steel and Coal Community) with the way in which States interpret their rights and responsibilities with regard to the international community.
41. The International Research Office on the social implications of technological change, established in October, 1953 in Paris, has been mainly concerned during the past year with problems arising in under-developed countries.
42. Discussions are proceeding with the European Productivity Agency concerning the proposed register of research projects on productivity carried out in Member States of the European Organization for Economic Co-opcration with the help of United States " conditional aid " funds.
43. UNESCO has also been associated with the European Productivity Agency in connexion with a series of seminars on the theme of " human relations in industry " , the next of which is to be held in Rome later in the year.
44. UNESCO took an active part in the World Population Conference (Rome, Septemher. 1954) called by the United Nations, with particular reference to methods of research on relations between intelligence and fertility, for which preparatory work had been done by UNESCO earlier in the year, and to the social aspect of population changes with special emphasis on disciplinary studies. The UNESCO publication, Culture and Human Fertility, edited by Professor Frank Lorimer (United States), was used as a working paper.
45. Tbe studies on social integration and differentiation begun in 1952 continued during 1954. The study of small rural communities was completed in September, 1954, and its results published under the title Das Dorf im Spannungsfeld industrieller Entwicklung. At the same time, a further survey on small-town communities wras initiated.
46. A seminar on family sociology was held in June, 1954 at Cologne on the theme of " The Family in the changing social order ", and a further seminar was held in January, 1955 on the " Entry of the young person into working life and into the larger community " .
47. The following issues of the International Social Science Bulletin appeared in 1954 :
Vol. VI, No. 1 : Second World Congress .of Sociology, Liège 1953
Vol. VI, No. 2 : Factors of Economic Progress
Vol. VI, No. 3 : Economic Motivations and Stimulations in under-developed countries
Vol. VI, No. 4 : Mathematics and the Social Sciences
48. The first number of Vol. VII (1955) deals with social factors affecting personality.
49. Four issues of the periodical Current Sociology have also been published :
Vol. III , No. 1 : Social implications of Technical Advance in under-developed countries
Vol. III, Nos 2/3 : An International Bibliography oj Sociology, 1953
Vol. III, No. 4 : Electoral Behaviour
50. Among publications on the Leaching of the social sciences issued in 1954, the following may be mcnlioncd :
The University Teaching o\ Social Sciences : International Relations, by Professor C. A. W. Manning (United Kingdom)
The University Teaching of Social- Sciences : Political Sciences, by Professor W. A. Robson (United Kingdom)
The University Teaching of Social Sciences : Law, by Professor Ch. Eisenmann (France)
The University Teaching of Social Sciences : Economics, edited by Professor C. W. Guillebaud (United Kingdom)
The University Teaching of Social Sciences : Sociology, Social Psychology and Cultured Anthropology, English translation of the work issued in French in 1953.
51. The first work in the scries " Science and Society " dealing with the applied social sciences, prepared by M. Pierre Mendès-France and M. Gabriel Ardant (France), has been issued under the title La science économique et l'action. This work has also been issued in English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
52. As in the past, UNESCO gave material help to a number of international non-governmental organizations in 1954. Among these were the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, the International Theatre Institute, the International Music Council, and the International Council of Museums.
53. The round-table discussion on the European contribution to cultural life and humanism among the peoples of the Americas duly took place at Sao Paolo, Brazil, in August, 1954 in conjunction with the celebrations for the fourth centenary of the city. Although M. Robert Schuman appointed as the representative of the Council of Europe to this " round-table », was unable to go, the Council was ably represented by the Italian man of letters, Sr. Guido Piovene. This discussion, attended by many eminent leaders of thought, was a logical sequel to the Council's own " round-table " held at Rome in October, 1953, and fits into the overall pattern of international " round-tables " designed to encourage free exchanges between leaders of differing civilizations. UNESCO greatly hopes that the Council of Europe will be associated with further exchanges of this type, notably those designed to promote greater understanding between leaders of western civilization and those of the several Asian traditional cultures.
54. The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the event of Armed Conflict, together with a Final Act, regulations for the execution of the Convention and a Protocol, was signed at the Hague on 14 May, 1954 by the representatives of 37 States, and 13 further states had signed the Convention by the end of the yearNote . All 50 signatory States have now been invited to set on foot the process of ratification. In the meantime, a number of States, including Greece, Italy and Norway, have made unilateral declarations of their intention to observe the spirit of the Convention forthwith. A Manuel sur les techniques de protection des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé was published in April, 1954.
55. The General Conference, in November, 1954, decided in favour of the establishment of international regulations to govern archaeological excavations, in the form of a Recommendation to Member States, and work is now proceeding on this subject.
56. Discussions are proceeding with the Belgian and Italian authorities with a view to the selection of one of the two countries as host to the proposed International Study Centre for the preservation and restoration of cultural property. Both countries already operate national centres of repute, and, whatever the final decision about the site of the International Centre, it is certain that all national activities will be brought into harmonious relationship with the new project.
57. The second international Seminar on the role of museums in education took place in Athens in September and October, 1954 on tbe invitation of the Greek Government. Twenty-three States were represented, including Austria, Denmark, France, German Federal Republic, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia. The main subjects for discussion were archaeology, ethnography, natural history, and the role of science museums in education, museum techniques in education and in fundamental education programmes, and the use of audio-visual devices.
58. The Universal Copyright Convention, adopted at the Plenipotentiary Conference held in Geneva in 1952, the main object of which is to harmonize the Berne Conventions and the copyright system in force in the American continents, has now received the necessary number (12) of ratifications and accessions and will come into force on 16 September, 1955. The European signatories include the German Federal Republic, Monaco and Spain. The United States Government ratified tbe Convention in December, 1954.
59. Apart from the wrelcome position taken by the Consultative Assembly in support of tbe Convention, it may be mentioned that both the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, in the course of 1954, urged Governments to adhere to the Convention.
60. UNESCO has been entrusted with the administrative work involved in applying the Convention, and, in preparation for this, an interim Copyright Committee met at UNESCO House in May, 1954. Among the problems discussed were obstacles to the exchange of broadcasting and television programmes, protection of news and information media, and double taxation of copyright royalties.
61. The second volume of the International Directory of Photographic Archives of Works of Art was published 1954, and new editions of the two volumes of the Catalogue of Colour Reproductions of Paintings (before 1860 and from 1860 to 1954 respectively) will appear this year. The large albums of reproductions devoted to the Ajanta frescoes (India), to the paintings from the tombs and temples of Upper Egypt, and to Australian aboriginal art, were published during the year, and albums are now in preparation devoted respectively to Yugoslav Byzantine frescoes, medieval frescoes in Norwegian churches and ancient Persian miniatures.
62. The travelling exhibitions of reproductions, two of which deal with the history of art in general, one with Japanese prints, and one with drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, .continue to circulate among Member States. A fifth exhibition, of reproductions of Chinese prints, has been put into circulation.
63. In the Arabic series, the translation of Leibnitz' Monadology has been completed, works by Montesquieu and Rousseau have been published, and translation is in progress of works by Durkheim, Claude Bernard, Shakespeare and Hume. The French translation of the Kitab-at-Tag (Rules of conduct of kings) attributed to Gahiz, was published during the year, and the English translation of Averroes' Tahafut-at-Tahafut (Refutation of Refutation) is about to appear.
64. Good progress is being made with the Latin American series, in collaboration with .the Organization of American States, and with the Persian and Asian series.
65. In the Italian series, there will shortly be published translations in French of Marco Polo's II milione, a selection of comedies by Goldoni, Benedetto Croce's History of Europe and selection of Leopardi's prose works.
66. The experiment in collective viewing and the use of television in adult education in a group of French villages, launched in 1953, was pursued in 1954. À report is to be published shortly. Meanwhile the experiment has aroused interest in other countries and similar projects are being undertaken in Belgium, the German Federal Republic, Italy and Switzerland.
67. À study course for producers and directors of educational and cultural television programmes, organized in co-operation with the British Broadcasting Corporation, which acted as host and made its technical facilities available, was held in London in July, 1954. It was attended by 21 participants from 10 countriesNote outside the United Kingdom, and 26 BBC producers and administrators joined in the discussions at different times.
68. The influence of television in promoting international understanding was studied in connexion with the European programme exchange which took place in June and July, 1954, when television programmes were relayed between eight different Western European countries. Viewer research was undertaken in five of these countries, and the detailed results will be incorporated in a report to be published this year.
69. The Agreement for facilitating the international circulation of visual and auditory materials of an educational, scientific and cultural character became operative on 12 August, 1954. Eleven Member StatesNote are Contracting Parties to the Agreement and 10 others have signedNote but not yet ratified it.
70. Nineteen Member StatesNote are now operating the Agreement on the importation of educational, scientific and cultural materials. A further 13 countries have signed but not yet ratified, while the United Kingdom has extended the Agreement to territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations it is responsible.
71. The operation of the UNESCO-sponsored scheme for the safe and expeditious transit of fragile instruments of measurement exchanged between laboratories for the purpose of comparison was initiated on 30 August, 1954. The scheme functions on the basis of a standard label suggested by the National Commission of the United Kingdom and accepted by 27 Member States, 20 of whom have now designated over 150 laboratories who are to benefit from the arrangement.
72. At its Eighth Session, the General Conference decided that this instrument, designed to facilitate travel for educational, scientific and cultural purposes, should take the form of a Recommendation to Member States. The General Conference authorized the Director- General to pursue the study of this question in consultation with Member States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, and to submit a report to the next session of the Conference.
73. Transmitting World News, a study of telecommunications and the press by Francis Williams, was published in English and French; a Spanish edition was completed for publication in 1955.
74. The second edition of World Communications has been sold out on account of the many advance orders; work on a third, fully revised edition was begun for publication in 1955. It is also planned to publish a second French language and a first Spanish language edition.
75. A revised and considerably expanded edition of Trade Barriers lo Knowledge was prepared for publication in English, French and Spanish in 1955.
76. Norway has, among other countries, joined the Gift Coupon Programme as a donor country, bringing the total of active participating countries to 17. Fifty-six new projects in 16 countries or territories have been prepared for promotion, and plans for the preparation of new projects and the extension of existing projects were made in order to meet the demand from participating Member States.
77. This programme promotes direct aid from donor countries to projects selected by the donors themselves in under-developed or war-devastated areas. It covers a wide variety of educational and scientific rehabilitation schemes and the sponsored projects range in cost from a few dollars to large sums.
78. The Coupon Scheme for Books, Films and Scientific Materials and the recently launched Travel Coupon Scheme, both of them also based on international assistance to enable students and others in soft currency countries to obtain facilities in hard currency countries, have also developed steadily in 1954.
79. UNESCO has continued to act as an information centre for the international exchange of persons for educational, scientific and cultural purposes. To this end, it has provided clearing-house services on a worldwide scale and issued numerous publicalions. Among the most important of these are :
80. The Workers' Study Tour Scheme has continued on the same lines as in previous years.
81. In 1954, grants were made to 62 different groups; an additional 12 had been awarded ' in 1953 for travel in 1954. They went to about 1,200 manual and non-manual workers from 14 European countriesNote and the United States of America. This was the first time a non-European group had taken part in the scheme, the UNESCO grant helping a group from the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which was paying its own transatlantic transport, to travel inside Europe.
82. For travel in 1955, 71 grants have already been awarded, the majority of them for workers from the following European countries : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, German Federal Republic, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Saar, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.
83. Under the Youth Travel Grant Scheme, UNESCO allocated for 1954 the sum of $ 16,450 to cover travel costs of young people participating in international activities of an educational character, such as study tours, conferences, seminars, etc., arranged by youth and student organizations having consultative status with UNESCO, in connexion with subjects closely related to tbe interests of UNESCO.
84. This programme, consisting of grants allocated to 20 international youth and student organisations to enable 43 young people from 31 different countriesNote or territories to take part in meetings and projects, has been completed.
85. Thirty-nine grants have so far been awarded to representatives of 19 organizations for travel in 1955.
86. This service, which enables teachers to learn of posts available in other countries, has recently expanded considerably. During 1954, 12 institutions in 9 countries participated in its operation.
87. Twenty Member States in 4 continents used the Universities Recruitcment Service, with which some 1,200 candidates have now registered.
88. Under this scheme, it is proposed to oiler financial assistance to help individuals spend from 6 to 9 months in a university situated in a cultural region different from their own in order to carry on advanced study and research on some aspect of the country visited. The main purpose of the programmes of study will be to enable specialists in such fields as language, literature or cultural history, geography, economics and social problems, to use their special knowledge in order to orientate themselves in the broader problems of the culture and social life of tbe region visited. The type of person for whom these grants are envisaged is the post-graduate specialist, university lecturer, or junior professor.
89. It is proposed to provide the cost of travel from the home university to the host university, together with a special allowance not exceeding $ 1,000 per person. Funds authorized for the project will enable between 30 and 40 specialists to pursue studies abroad during 1955 and 1956.