C Explanatory memorandum by Mr Pierre-Yves
Le Borgn’, rapporteur for opinion
1 Introduction
1. The refugee crisis in Europe
has brought the topic of refugee and migrant integration to the
fore, and placed it high on the political agenda. Some of the European
States, notably the Nordic countries, have identified the area of
integration as one of the most important political priorities in
the years to come, and have adopted measures to strengthen not only
the economic integration of refugees, but also the social and cultural aspects,
and recognised in policy documents and action plans the importance
of investing in early support in order to enhance the refugees’
prospects of integration.
2. These countries
Note should be
commended for having developed exemplary holistic integration models
that encompass legislation, funding and institutional structures
where immigrants and refugees have access to mainstream services,
social support and education after recognition and can access help
like any other citizen. In addition, refugees receive targeted post-recognition
integration support during a transition period, which helps them
access mainstream services and rights in practice, as this is often
difficult upon arrival without knowing the local language or having
the requisite knowledge about the host society. These are examples
to learn from.
3. On the other hand, many other countries struggle with receiving
asylum seekers and migrants. The European Union’s response to the
refugee crisis has been chaotic and divisive, characterised by squabbling over
sharing responsibility, cascading border closures and finger-pointing.
Several EU countries are focused on preventing arrivals and deflecting
responsibility to neighbouring countries.
Note Others are delaying
the relocation or have agreed to accept only very small numbers
of asylum seekers on the grounds that they would be unable to absorb
and integrate even very small numbers. It appears evident to me,
in the situation where the UNHCR estimates that 84% of all asylum
seekers have a grounded claim to qualify as refugees because of
wars or other circumstances, there should not only be solidarity
between the EU member States but also beyond, extending to all European
countries.
4. The recent terrorist acts have interjected fear of terrorism
into the mix. Those who seek to keep refugees out with appeals to
prejudice and panic are exploiting that anxiety. Negative portrayals
of migrants and asylum seekers in the media and by public figures
do a tremendous disservice to the vast majority of those arriving, and
to the principle of inclusive societies. It is not only far-right,
anti-immigrant parties that have distorted reality to prey on people’s
fears. Any xenophobic and anti-Muslim rhetoric from people in positions
of power risk nurturing a climate of intolerance in a region where
minorities, including Muslim communities, and asylum seekers already
face significant levels of discrimination and hate crime. If not
countered forcefully through responsible rhetoric, anti-discrimination
measures and accountability for hate crimes, this climate will fundamentally
undermine the integration of newcomers into European societies.
Note
5. Refugees do not travel aimlessly, nor are they satisfied with
merely arriving at the safe borders of the European Union. Refugee
networks share information on countries of transit and arrival and
their rules regarding asylum and welfare, and information travels
fast through online news, social media, and mobile communications.
And their journeys do not end at a country’s borders. Large cities
across Europe function as hubs for initial reception and transit,
and often as the end destination of the refugees’ journeys. Ultimately,
it is those communities, rather than national governments, that
have to deal with accommodating and integrating new arrivals. The
responsibilities facing these cities and municipalities are enormous,
especially during the period of great social unease given the recent
terrorist attacks, rising tension around cultural and religious differences,
and growing volatility in local, State, and national politics. In
many respects, this complex and contentious environment requires
greater focus on how cities design and deliver successful integration strategies
Note.
6. On 23 May 2017, the committee had the opportunity to exchange
views with Mr Andreas Wolter, Vice-Mayor of the City of Cologne.
This German city of slightly over a million inhabitants, 40% of
whom are of immigrant origin, has received over 14 000 refugees
in the last two years, and is successfully putting into practice
integration policies in terms of housing, education and training,
workforce development, health care, language courses, public safety
and extracurricular activities like sports, arts and cultural events.
2 Priorities for
successful integration
7. A successful integration process
needs to start right at the beginning. Many integration studies
identify a close interdependence between different integration policy
areas and that of employment as being a key factor for successful
integration. At the same time, factors such as language skills,
education and training, health and accommodation impact refugees’
possibilities to access employment and achieve economic independence.
8. It is essential to keep in mind that refugees cannot be treated
as a homogenous group, even when they come from the same country.
They face common structural obstacles when they arrive in a country,
but individual backgrounds, gender, age, personality, psychosocial
and educational resources, professional skills, history or plight,
trauma and a variety of other factors impact their resilience and
preparedness to face the challenge of meeting a new culture, learning
a new language and starting a new life in a new country. Integration
programmes should therefore take into consideration the individuality
of each person and, where possible, develop individually tailored
integration plans.
9. However, as seen in some recent EU relocation and resettlement
cases, even where States have made considerable efforts to match
the employment, language learning, educational, housing and social
needs of refugee families, this has not laid the conditions for
their successful integration. The rate of success of integration
largely depends on the presence of the social network of the diaspora
from the same community. For example, refugees in Germany generally
wish to integrate into German society, for they see that their long-term
projects could materialise there. In other countries, especially
those that have been traditionally transit countries, such as the
Baltic States, for instance, the story is quite different. In Estonia,
31 of the 142 refugees relocated from Greece in 2016
Note have already left the country (mostly
to Germany to “visit relatives”), for even with the most favourable
conditions put in place, they felt excluded and left for somewhere
they have social networks and family connections.
10. In this context, I am particularly concerned about the cases
of refugee children who, having been relocated into host countries
which their families then leave again, fall into an irregular situation
and lose access to education. Such cases are not so massive that
they could not be dealt with by the countries concerned. What really
needs to be avoided is creating new situations where these children
again have to disrupt their education and thereby risk falling victim
of forced marriages or slavery.
3 Access to education
11. Access to education is a basic
human right, enshrined in the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.
In times of displacement, education is crucial. It can foster social
cohesion, provide access to vital information, address psychosocial
needs, and offer a stable and safe environment for those who need
it most. It also helps refugees and asylum seekers rebuild their communities
and pursue productive, meaningful lives. Without the chance to study,
an entire generation could be at risk.
12. In October 2016, the UNHCR released a report “Missing Out:
Refugee Education in Crisis” showing that more than half – 3.7 million
– of the 6 million school-age children under its mandate had no
school to go. Some 1.75 million refugee children were not in primary
school and 1.95 million refugee adolescents were not in secondary
school. Only 50% of refugee children have access to primary education,
compared with a global average of more than 90%. And as these children
become older, the gap becomes a chasm: only 22% of refugee adolescents
attend secondary school compared to a global average of 84%. At
the higher education level, just one per cent of refugees attend
university, compared to a global average of 34%. The figures may be
slightly better in the European context; however, considering that
the average length of time a refugee spends in exile is about 20
years, which is more than an entire childhood, and represents a
significant portion of a person’s productive working years, education
of refugees has to be taken very seriously.
13. The report by Mr Gvozden Srećko Flego on “Access to school
and education for all children”
Note clearly points out that whereas children
benefit from most of the humanitarian assistance offered, sectors
specifically targeting children, such as child protection and education,
are strongly underfunded at global level. Over the last decade,
education was the least funded humanitarian sector, with almost
two thirds of needs unfunded and an allocation of only 3% of overall
humanitarian assistance.
14. Despite efforts by governments and donors to provide education
for refugee children, the problem is largely in the numbers, which
have dramatically increased in recent years – on average by 600
000 children and adolescents annually since 2011. At this pace of
growth, UNHCR calculates that an average of at least 12 000 additional
classrooms and 20 000 additional teachers would be needed on an
annual basis.
15. In Cologne alone, 5 300 children have arrived since 2015,
for whom the local authorities have set up 180 new school classes
and 2 new special schools, and this is not enough. About a hundred
children are still on the waiting list.
16. While education can also be provided in reception centres,
best practice mandates integrating children into the mainstream
national school system, with the help of preparatory classes to
help them learn the language and adjust to the whole new system.
According to Mr Wolter, the Cologne experience shows that most refugee
children master the German language in nine months and can be integrated
into mainstream schools. Many Syrian refugee children have a good
educational background, despite the war, and they have no problem
catching up with German children. A greater challenge is linked
to the authoritarian behaviour patterns of teenage boys, notably
vis-à-vis their female tutors. It is therefore important to include
in their curriculum discussions on values and rules.
17. On the other hand, the presence of significant numbers of
children from different educational and cultural backgrounds poses
obvious challenges for teachers and the entire school community.
So it is important to invest in adequate training and support for
all professionals, but also to introduce more classes that teach human
rights, tolerance, social justice, anti-discrimination and refugee-related
issues. I would like to add that, as a matter of fact, such an investment
is likely to be beneficial not only to refugee children, but to
the whole school community.
18. Education and notably learning the local language is also
an essential step towards integration for adults. Ideally, asylum
seekers have access to language classes, often run by volunteer
organisations in many countries, from the beginning of the process.
Member States should also consider the possibility of introducing combined
language and job training programmes and activities.
19. In her explanatory memorandum (paragraph 43), Ms Huovinen
rightly points out that “Ensuring refugees’ and asylum seekers’
access to labour markets requires assessment of their existing skills
and qualifications. Most refugees will have fled without documentary
proof of their educational or vocational qualifications or professional
experience, and so the authorities should be flexible and accommodating
in accepting alternative forms of proof”. In this respect, I wish
to commend the Council of Europe pilot project “European Qualifications Passport
for Refugees”, initially proposed by the Norwegian agency NOKUT
and the British agency UK NARIC and now being tested by the Council
of Europe together with the Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research
and Religious Affairs, in co-operation with UNHCR and ENIC-NARIC
recognition offices from Greece, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom.
The goal of this project is to establish a multinational framework
to organise and establish a fast-track scheme to evaluate refugees’
educational and training background while still ensuring their mobility
around Europe. In the long term, this methodology can save costs
for host countries by facilitating and accelerating the process
of recognition of undocumented or non-verifiable foreign qualifications
across borders in Europe – and possibly beyond. The first documents
were issued in Athens in March 2017.
4 Diaspora communities
as a vector for integration
20. In June 2016, the Assembly
adopted
Resolution 2124
(2016) on educational and cultural networks of migrants
and diaspora communities in which it endorsed the role of educational
and cultural networks in building cohesive societies by strengthening
pluralism and democracy. It also asked member States to set up national
platforms which would allow the different ministries and specialised
institutions to work transversally with diaspora associations, to
encourage the establishment of similar platforms at local level
and to provide adequate financial support programmes to help them
to professionalise their activities, develop and consolidate their
networks and conduct joint initiatives.
21. I think that the role of diaspora communities could be much
more explored in the current situation. Voluntary organisations,
due to their informal structure, are easier to reach by the newly
arrived than embassies and consulates and frequently serve as the
first point of contact for them. They can help with maintaining
links with the country of origin, but also help with daily administrative
matters, schooling of children, native language services like doctors,
etc.
22. At the same time, States should not count on spontaneous help
from the diaspora. They should actively engage with diaspora associations
in order to involve them at the various stages of policy making
and implementation of integration policies involving refugees. They
should also encourage and financially support joint initiatives
for creating platforms for social media, media and information dissemination
(local newsletters, “welcome radio stations” in different migrant
community languages).
5 Sport for integration
23. Sport has the unique power
to bring people together, regardless of background, gender, culture
or belief. The Olympic Games 2016 in Rio reminded us all of this
unifying power of sport. The best example of this was the participation
of the first-ever Refugee Olympic team. The refugee athletes participated
alongside all 11 000 athletes of the world from all 206 National
Olympic committees. They competed not as refugees but as Olympic
athletes, like any other Olympic Team.
24. The creation of the Refugee Olympic team sent a strong message
of hope and inclusion to the millions of refugees in the world.
Their participation was proof that refugees – like any other human
beings – are an enrichment to society, just as they are an enrichment
to the Olympic family.
25. As pointed out in Mr Rigoni’s report on “Migration as an opportunity
for European development”, the sports sector can be very helpful
in the promotion of better social and work participation of migrants
and refugees. He presents the example of Germany, where the football
club Bayern Munich created a “training camp” which offered food,
German language classes and football equipment for young refugees.
Moreover, in February 2016, this club “raised 1 million euros at
a friendly match to support integration projects in Germany”.
Note
26. The Council of Europe Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport
has recently set up a “Sport migrant integration platform” for indexing
and sharing knowledge on good practices which are taking place at
pan-European level, on current activities and future projects focusing
on newly arrived migrants and their integration via sport. The aim
of this project would be to bring together various stakeholders,
and by doing so give them a platform to share their experiences
in this field.
27. In conclusion, the importance of successful integration procedures
cannot be stressed enough. To act decisively now could help prevent
even bigger problems in the future. However, there are still many
obstacles refugees will have to overcome, and their integration
into European societies will remain a challenge – perhaps one of
the most profound Europe has ever had to face.
