The year 1956 was darkened by the death of Dr Norman D. Begg, Regional Director for Europe. In him, the staff of the Regional Office for Europe deplores a trusted and inspiring leader and colleague.
The present report is based on a outline prepared by Dr Begg. During the year under review W.H.O. in Europe continued to promote the study of health problems common to countries in the Region, to further the spread of factual information and the exchange of ideas, and to sponsor educational programmes for health personnel.
The obvious pre-requisite for the successful pursuit of such activities is a large measure of mutual understanding among the participating countries. As in the past, such understanding has been amply in evidence, and it is now confidently expected that European co-operation in public health will in the near future be further strengthened through the resumption of full participation by countries in Eastern Europe.
Decisions of the Ninth World Health Assembly changed the status of two countries, formerly Associate Members within the Region, by according them full rightsNote. One of the new Members has been provisionally assigned by the Assembly to the European RegionNote, while the other has joined the Eastern Mediterranean RegionNote.
With regard to the budget, it is gratifying to be able to record an improvement in the stability of technical assistance funds. This in turn reflected favourably on the stability of regular funds. As a result, the completion, with only minor alterations, of the programme laid down for work in Europe during 1956 became possible.
Preparations for the move of the Regional Office to its permanent site in Copenhagen have progressed most satisfactorily, thanks in a large measure to the work of the Danish authorities. Details will be found in the following section and in Document EUR/ RC6/6.
There has been no change in the general structure of the Office in 1956, except that the clerical staff of the Fellowships Unit has been strengthened by the addition of a post of Clerk G.5, financed from technical assistance funds.
In spite of an exceptionally hard winter in northern Europe, no significant delay is expected in the completion of the new premises in Copenhagen, and the transfer of the Office is due to take place during the first half of 1957.
The Director-General has authorized the transfer to Copenhagen of a nucleus of secretarial personnel, in order that continuity of work may be safeguarded. Steps have also been taken to find qualified clerical personnel living in Denmark.
Relations with the United Nations have been maintained, each organization taking part in activities organized by the other. Joint planning with UNICEF has continued to work satisfactorily, as with the International Children's Centre, which provides useful training in the various aspects of maternal and child health. The long experience of the Rockefeller Foundation in health matters has continued to be readily available to the Regional Office, and collaboration with the Foundation in the organization of training programmes has proved to be most valuable.
Contacts have been maintained with I.L.O., UNESCO, E.C.E, F.A.O., the High Commissioner for Refugees and several nongovernmental organizations on programmes of common interest. The Regional Office pursued collaboration with the Council of Europe, the details of which are available in Document EUR/RC6/8. At a meeting held in Geneva early in 1956 between representatives of the International Union of Local Authorities (IULA) and the Regional Office, views were exchanged on WHO programmes in Europe, with particular reference to those that are of interest to local authorities.
The establishment of early contacts during the planning phase of health programmes in Europe remains an important desideratum of inter-agency co-operation. Efforts have been made to clarify the respective roles to be played by the various organizations and there is no doubt that this matter will call for continued attention in the future.
During the current year, work in the control of communicable diseases, including trachoma and other communicable eye diseases, was pursued in Greece, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia, under the Technical Assistance Programme. Other fields in which WHO's assistance was requested under Technical Assistance included maternal and child health, nursing, environmental sanitation, hospital administration, and social and occupational health. Close liaison with health administrations was maintained in order to ensure that health needs find their proper place in the establishment of the countries' general technical assistance programmes.
Within the regular budget, the fellowship programme remained an important part of WHO's assistance to individual countries. Attention was also paid, in certain countries, to the strengthening of existing facilities for the care of physically handicapped children, to various aspects of mental health work, and to the provision of national training in sanitary engineering.
The Regional Office continued its efforts to improve its fellowship activities for the benefit of the fellows and in the interest of both originating and receiving countries. The method used in 1954 for the evaluation of fellowships was further developed. For a number of European countries, all regular fellowships for the years 1950 and 1951 have now been analyzed. The results confirm the experience already obtained with the method used and described in the relevant report submitted to the Regional Committee at its fifth session (EUR/RC5/2 Add. 1). The number of evaluated cases is still insufficient for definite conclusions to be drawn. The study is accordingly being continued.
In 1955, a total of 1046 fellowships was awarded by W.H.O.; 526 fellows, or 50 per cent, of the total, studied in Europe. Three hundred and thirthy-seven fellowships, or 32 per cent, of all fellowships awarded in 1955, were awarded in Europe. The distribution by country of origin, type of fellowship and source of funds of the European fellowships are shown in Annex I.
During the first six months of 1956 there were awarded or approved 207 fellowships financed by the regular budget (183) and technical assistance funds (24). Details of these fellowships are set out in the tabular statement in Annex II.
In order to solve some of the problems arising from placing a large proportion of W.H.O. fellows each year in Europe, it was felt that it might be advantageous to bring together, in an informal meeting, the officers responsible in certain European countries for making placement arrangements for W.H.O. fellowships. This informal meeting, held in Geneva at the end of 1955, provided an occasion for such officers in France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom to exchange views on the practical day-to-day problems encountered in the placement of W. H. 0. fellows. The participants greatly appreciated the discussions between themselves and the W. H. 0. secretariat, and expressed the hope that a similar meeting, perhaps on an enlarged scale and with a wider scope, might be convened at the end of this year.
The Regional Office considers that close co-operation between its Fellowships Unit and the receiving countries, by such and other means, is an important condition for the improvemc of the W. H. 0. fellowship programme in Europe.
Regional activities in 1956 have been focused particularly on inter-country work related to professional education and training. For example, international conferences in public health teaching held in Nancy in 1952 and Goteborg in 1953 were followed up, this year, by a third Conference on Teaching of Hygiene, Preventive and Social Medicine, held in Zagreb, in which particular problems of organizing schools of public health and public health training centres were discussed. With a view to developing possibilities for inter-country cooperation in public health, training courses have taken place in Scandinavia and in Soissons, the latter with particular reference to rural public health. The Regional Office has, further, been associated with the development of national public health training centres within the framework of the regional programme of European schools and training centres of public health. Lectures and courses in a variety of fields were given in several training centres and a group of students from one of the centres visited a neighbouring country in order to observe its public health services.
Attention was also given this year to the training of nurses. A Conference on Post-basic Nursing Education was held in Peebles with the aim of clarifying the various aspects of post-basic education for nursing in the light of prevailing conditions and available resources in the different European countries.
Last year, the Regional Office, for the first time, organized training in the sphere of atomic energy. A course for health physicists was held in Stockholm late in 1955. Preparations have gone forward in collaboration with two European centres for holding training courses, one of them to be particularly intended for medical personnel.
Other activities in the year under review include the organization of the Fifth European Seminar for Sanitary Engineers. The study on methods of water analysis and criteria for water quality was continued, as well as the study on French and English terminology in sanitary engineering. The reports on both these activities will be issued in the near future.
A question of current interest is the important role played in public health by the virologist and the virological laboratory. At a meeting held in Madrid, participants from countries in Europe, Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean area studied the development of virus diagnosis as part of public health work.
One facet of inter-country activities which deserves mention here is the joint cooperation of different services concerned with child guidance. This will be reflected in a seminar designed for countries of Southern Europe which is due to take place in Lausanne with the participation of child psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers. At this meeting discussion will be mainly concerned with the organization of child guidance clinics.
Within the general field of maternal and child health, a follow-up of the study group on the perinatal period sponsored by WHO. in 1953 is to take place this year in Dublin with a view to assisting European countries in their efforts to reduce perinatal mortality.
After a first step on 'the part of WHO towards international co-operation in the important subject of the cardiovascular diseases, preparations are being made for further study of the chronic degenerative diseases.
The attention of the Regional Committee is invited to Annex III of this report which sets out, on the one hand, further information on publications arising from inter-country activities sponsored by W. H. 0. in Europe and already listed in the 1955 Report of the Regional Director and, on the other hand, information on publications which have been issued since or still remain unpublished.
A complete list of projects current during the year will be found in Part II of this report. The following have been selected for full description.
In looking back on the series of European seminars for sanitary engineers, the subjects raised and discussed there, the results obtained after six years both in terms of the technical reports produced and the fresh interest aroused among authorities responsible for environmental hygiene, one can say that their organization has been justified. Moreover, they offer an excellent example of fruitful international co-operation, as credit for their success must be divided equally between the Member Governments, the several experts in the different countries who have made special contributions to them and all who have taken part in the discussions. The role of the Regional Office has been essentially that of a catalyst.
At an early stage, international cooperation was developed through a meeting of persons of various professional backgrounds but whose work centred primarily on environmental sanitation. The first experiment was very successful, particularly in breaking the isolation in which most of these health workers were conducting their activities and in introducing the concept of team work, so that a series of seminars was organized in collaboration with various other European Governments. Once a suitable pattern and structure for these meetings had been found, closer attention was given to the technical questions that could best be discussed and to a number of larger problems, solutions for which could be arrived at only after accurate and sometimes lengthy study.
To devise the best methods by which useful assistance could be rendered to Member Governments, an Advisory Committee was established at an early stage. It has assisted the Regional Office throughout with the planning and development of regional environmental sanitation programmes along the lines indicated in the policy established by the governing bodies of W. H. 0. The soundness of the advice given by that committee is borne out by the results achieved so far. It has also provided continuity between seminars and constitutes a most efficient liaison between the Regional Office and the profession in member countries.
The seminars organized so far (The Hague 1950, Rome 1951, London 1952, Opatija 1954, Helsinki 1956) have also proved to be an excellent forum for ventilating questions of common interest which by their very nature could not be dealt with satisfactorily on a purely national basis. In this connexion, three important problems were put up to the Regional Office. These were :
The difficulty of communication between European engineers and the dissemination of technical literature.
The improvement of the quality of public drinking water supplies in the region.
The training of sanitary engineers in Europe—trends and needs.
These three questions were duly taken up by the Regional Office and studied in collaboration with Member Governments and selected experts. The resulting reports are being reproduced, and it is expected that they will be distributed before the end of 1956.
These three questions were duly taken up by the Regional Office and studied in collaboration with Member Governments and selected experts. The resulting reports are being reproduced, and it is expected that they will be distributed before the end of 1956.
During the year under review the Fifth European Seminar for Sanitary Engineers was held in Helsinki in co-operation with the Government of Finland. The main subjects discussed were :
The pollution problem in relation to water economy as a whole.
The present situation of ground-water pollution in European countries, especially of chemical and organic origin, and measures directed to its prevention.
The clangers associated with the disposal of certain toxic industrial wastes.
Special problems in the Northern European countries in disposing of pulp-mill wastes; and
The increasingly important problem of the safe disposal of radioactive wastes.
Ground-water pollution had only been touched on at the fourth seminar, at which study had been focussed on surface-water pollution. The fifth seminar has contributed to a clearer conception of the relative importance of the two aspects—surface-water pollution and ground-water pollution—in the sense that they have been viewed in their proper perspective. It is conceivable that, by eliminating the source of pollution, surface water could again be made utilizable, whereas once ground water has been heavily contaminated by organic or inorganic wastes, it cannot be used as a source of supply for an indefinite period of time.
In Europe, where there is every indication that ground-water sources are being exploited to maximum capacity—and such sources are likely to be further reduced by the indiscriminate disposal of wastes, especially industrial wastes—-the present trend is to utilize surface waters to meet the ever-increasing needs, and this practice is likely to spread even in those countries where there is a strong prejudice against using surface sources for drinking water supplies.
The question has then been viewed at the fifth seminar as a general European problem, and efforts were directed in the first instance at safeguarding those ground-water resources where pollution has not yet reached saturation-point and the possibility of their utilization has not been excluded indefinitely.
The principles and methods of choice for the disinfection of public drinking water supplies is another topic of great interest to many countries. Certain of its aspects have been discussed at previous seminars. With the discussions of the fifth seminar, it may now be considered that this topic has been gone into in sufficient detail.
Assistance in the field of rehabilitation of the handicapped, particularly handicapped children, has been included in the European programme since 1950. In that year, a survey was made in several countries in the Region by a consultant to the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund and the United Nations Department for Social Affairs. A subsequent strengthening of rehabilitation services can be recorded.
In Yugoslavia, for instance, a Federal Rehabilitation Centre was established in Belgrade. The United Nations Children's Fund assisted in equipping it, and a team of workers for the Centre were granted fellowships for study abroad. In 1955, the Government wished to expand its rehabilitation services, particularly for handicapped children. The number of handicapped children in the whole country was estimated at 12,000. A WHO consultant, working with Yugoslav experts made, an extensive survey of existing facilities and needs in the six Yugoslav republics. His findings and recommendations were discussed with representatives of the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund and the United Nations Technical Assistance Administration and were finally reviewed at a National Rehabilitation Conference held in Belgrade. The plan subsequently adopted in Yugoslavia provides for intensification of the work throughout the country, better co-ordination among the services involved and the training of rehabilitation teams comprising medical personnel, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, vocational counsellors and nurses.
In Greece, several medical consultants from W. H. 0. assisted the Government in developing a programme for the rehabilitation of handicapped children during the years 1952 to 1955. A model rehabilitation centre for children was opened near Athens. A Greek rehabilitation team attached to the centre received training abroad under the sponsorship of the United Nations, W. H. O. and I. L. O.; UNICEF assisted in equipping the centre. Subsequently, W. H. O. provided the services of a physical therapist to train staff for this and other centres. The services of an occupational therapist were also provided. In 1956, a W. H. 0. consultant who had previously visited Yugoslavia, went to Greece, together with a representative from UNICEF, in order to discuss the establishment of a national rehabilitation plan which would co-ordinate governmental and other initiatives. Several meetings took place in the Ministry of Social Welfare and, as an immediate result, a National Council for Rehabilitation was set up. by the Government. Other developments, particularly the improvement of training for national staff, are expected to follow. The recommendations made have been reviewed by representatives of U. N. T. A. A. and I. L. 0.
A survey of existing facilities in Spain has been made by a WHO consultant together with a UN social welfare expert. Discussions have taken place with the Spanish Government on the establishment of a national rehabilitation plan, the outline of which is at present under review by the Government, U. N. T. A. A., W. H. 0., I. L. 0. and UNICEF.
Developments in the field of rehabilitation of handicapped children have also taken place in Austria and in Italy with the assistance of W. H. 0. and UNICEF.
As part of a long-range plan for the advancement of nursing education in Europe, the Regional Office organized two inter-country meetings. The aim of these meetings was to study the development of nursing education in relation to the broad concept of nursing, which extends beyond curative and preventive service to administration and teaching. It is increasingly being recognized that preparation beyond that of the basic education programme is required for nurses who will serve as teachers or administrators in nursing schools, or occupy senior positions in hospitals or public health services. It is clear, however, that without a sound basic programme, there can today be no sound nursing services.
As the first stage of the review of nursing education in Europe, the Regional Office convened a special study group to examine the basic preparation of nursing personnel, more particularly of the professional nurse. The Study Group on Basic Nursing Curriculum, organized in 1955 with the co-operation of the Government of Belgium, was composed of participants representing the fields of nursing education, nursing administration, medicine and general education.
The group discussed the administrative aspects of nursing education, the requirements of schools of nursing, the trends and principles of curriculum construction, teaching methods and the co-ordination of learning experiences. It furthermore defined the scope and content of a basic programme that would prepare the nurse for responsible work within the health team. The nursing curriculum was discussed in its relationship to general education, and it was felt that the curriculum should develop the competence needed to cope with professional demands and also equip the nurse for successful living as a socially minded individual. In the group's opinion " the basic programme should provide a broad and sound foundation for the effective practice of nursing in all fields and a base for specialization and advanced nursing education ".
As a sequel to the Study Group on Basic Nursing Curriculum, a Conference on Post-basic Nursing Education was organized this year in co-operation with the Government of the United Kingdom and with the assistance of the Department of Health for Scotland. Participants were assisted in their work by special consultants in nursing education, general education, psychology, sociology and public health administration.
The conference considered the need for post-basic educational programmes designed to prepare nurses for specialized fields of nursing, for nursing administration, teaching, supervision and team-work and to equip nurses for increasing responsibilities in the planning and improvement of nursing services. The discussions focussed attention on the factors which have to be considered in organizing and conducting post-basic nursing education, the different types of programmes required, the methods of teaching which will be most effective, as well as the evaluation of post-basic nursing education.
The conference emphasized that, for continued efficiency, the nurse requires facilities for further education, and acknowledged the need for each country to make provision for some kind of post-basic nursing education. The particular types of programmes required by each country depend on the level of basic nursing education, and new developments should be based on a careful identification and assessment of present and future needs and resources.
These inter-country meetings arose in response to interest expressed at earlier meetings and have been organized in such a way that those attending had every opportunity for active participation in the planning and preparatory work. In this way, the aim of keeping the discussions closely related to the needs of individual countries was achieved. As an outcome of the meetings, detailed information on educational programmes at basic and post-basic level in the Region has been assembled. The participants recognized the value of re-examining their practice in the light of new knowledge and of experience different from their own.
In the course of W. H. 0.-assisted projects in the European Region, considerable advances have already been made in the methodology of collective treatment of trachoma, and co-ordinated inter-country research continues into simpler, more effective or more economic methods.
Programmes of collective antibiotic treatment are being widely developed in schools in trachoma endemic areas, notably in Morocco, Tunisia and Spain, and are being organized on a permanent basis whereby, each year, newly admitted trachomatous children receive routine treatment, and those previously treated are kept under supervision and re-treated if necessary. For example, during four years in Morocco, 462 schools have been included into the permanent school programme and nearly 140,000 children have been treated. It is proposed to extend this programme in the coming years to cover all schools in the country. In Tunisia and in Spain, where smaller beginnings have been made, there are plans for extensive development of systematic treatment in schools throughout the endemic areas.
The value of collective treatment of trachoma in schoolchildren, as a therapeutic measure, is without question; its value as a means of preventing the disease depends on whether the source of infection usually lies in the school- or post-school agegroups. This is by no means always the case.
It is the general policy in W. H. 0.-assisted trachoma control projects to commence simultaneously with (a) a systematic programme of treatment in the schools and (b) a study of the local epidemiology of trachoma-— the first, because it is always a profitable undertaking and forms a good starting-point for the campaign; the second, in order to determine how each project should be orientated and developed so as to direct preventive measures towards the important age and sex-groups of the population. It is also the policy to integrate as far as possible the trachoma control project in the general public health services of the country, and not to pursue it as an isolated activity. W, H. 0,/UNICEF-assisted projects along these lines have been in operation in Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia since 1953, and in Spain since 1955. Similar projects are being planned to commence in Algeria and Turkey in 1957.
In the rural areas of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, the sub-tropical climate and low standard of living contribute to an environment in which not only trachoma but seasonal acute conjunctivitis have become hyper-endemic. In Southern Morocco, extensive field trials (in which a W. H. O. ophthalmologist, sanitary engineer, statistician and consultants took part) have indicated that in such areas neither trachoma nor seasonal conjunctivitis can be eradicated without improvements in environmental sanitation. The trials however have demonstrated that, by repeated shortterm mass antibiotic treatment of the population, and particularly the child population, the intensity of the seasonal epidemics of acute conjunctivitis can be much diminished, the incidence of blinding corneal complications reduced, and the course and severity of the underlying trachoma considerably ameliorated. Pending the introduction of basic sanitary improvements, which, although under study, is necessarily a long-term undertaking, the present policy is to make treatment with antibiotics readily available to the people. This is being done in the course of a three-phase operation which leads from initial mass treatment and health education given by mobile teams, to self-treatment by the people themselves.
In Morocco, in the course of the campaign against seasonal conjunctivitis, more than 350,000 inhabitants have already received mass antibiotic treatment by teams and have now facilities for self-treatment. In Tunisia, nearly 250,000 inhabitants have been treated by teams; self-treatment will commence this year. Each year the mobile teams move on to new territories. In the North African countries the campaign against seasonal conjunctivitis occupies the latter half of each year. The collective treatment of trachoma in the schools is carried out in the intervening periods.
In the more favourable circumstances, as in Spain and parts of Yugoslavia, there is every hope that trachoma can eventually be reduced to a degree where it will no longer be a public health problem. Under the most difficult conditions, as in Morocco and Tunisia, trachoma, if not now preventable, can in the majority of cases be clinically cured with minimal risk of disabling complications and sequelae.
This part of the Report contains a list of the projects (country and inter-country) which were either in operation or in the planning stage during the first half of 1956. It therefore reflects the situation of the projects carried out in the European Region as at 30 June 1956.
" R " means regular budget, " TA " means technical assistance funds and " UNICEF " the United Nations Children's Fund. Names of other co-operating agencies, whether or not they have contributed funds, are given in brackets.
Aim of the project. To bring together high-level sanitary engineers and others actively engaged in the field of environmental sanitation: to exchange scientific and technical information; to focus attention on the great potentialities of the role of the sanitary engineer in the field of public health.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. The technical programme of these seminars has always been planned on a long-term basis and a certain continuity has been maintained, so that they can truly be said to form a series. The fifth seminar has been organized with the collaboration of the Government of Finland, the Regional Office being responsible for the planning of its technical aspects and the preparation and distribution of the technical documentation. Forty-seven participants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia will attend the seminar, as well as seventeen representatives from Finland. W. H. 0. is also contributing for the services of a lecturer from the United States of America.
Aim of the project. To discuss training possibilities for medical officers of health.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. Twenty-two directors of schools of public health and public health training centres, as well as leading public health administrators from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia will participate in the conference which will be held at the School of Public Health in Zagreb. Subjects for discussion include the need for various types of health officers; the training to be provided; the organization of and cooperation between training institutions in Europe.
Aim of the project. To discuss training facilities for personnel engaged in health education.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956 and work done. A short-term consultant has been engaged for three months to prepare work for the conference which is to be held in 1957. The W. H. 0. consultant will visit several countries in Europe in order to explore needs and facilities for training of health education personnel.
Aim of the project. To co-ordinate national research into the exact causes of perinatal mortality.
Work in 1956. It is expected that teams from Ireland, Sweden and possibly from a third country will participate in this activity. Each team will be composed of an obstetrician, a paediatrician and a pathologist.
Aim of the project. To stimulate the development and to improve the standards of national anaesthesiology services by training medical personnel. (Courses at the centre are given in English.)
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. A short-term consultant for three weeks.
Work in 1956. W. H. 0. has sponsored the visit of an expert in anaesthesiology to lecture at. the centre during the month of June. A Danish instructor and the eight W. H. 0. trainess attending the course, and to whom W. H. 0. fellowships were granted in 1955, will participate in the Fourth Congress of the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiolog-ists to be held in Helsinki in August 1956.
Aim of the project. To provide postgraduate training in tuberculosis control for physicians and nurses from several regions of W. H. O.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Two post-graduate training courses, one for tuberculosis physicians, one for tuberculosis nurses, will be held next autumn at the International Antituberculosis Training and Demonstration Centre in Istanbul. The Governments of Greece, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Yugoslavia each have been invited to nominate one physician and one nurse to attend these courses. It is also expected that fellowship-holders from the African and Eastern Mediterranean Regions will participate. To these courses E. U. R. O. will also contribute the services of four lecturers (two doctors, one health educator and one chief public health nurse).
Aim of the project. To establish a public health training centre for the Scandinavian countries.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work in 1956. The programme of this course is similar to that of 1955 and will include physiological hygiene, occupational health, nutrition, accident prevention and related subjects. Fellowships have already been awarded to twenty-one public health officers from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
Aim of the project. To assist in establishing in France a rural public health demonstration centre and to provide training facilities for trainees from France and elsewhere.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work in 1956. Work in the Centre is developing satisfactorily. A number of surveys and experimental studies are in progress, with technical advice and financial support from W. H. O. Field training activities for individuals and groups form an important part of the work in the centre. In October 1956, the second training course for health officers will take place. This course, which will be both theoretical and practical, is organized under the auspices of the School of Public Health in Paris. WHO fellowships for attendance at the course have been offered to a number of countries, and it is expected that the Governments of Austria, Belgium, Germany (Federal Republic), Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia will be represented.
Aim of the project. To illustrate certain features of childhood emotional disturbances caused by separating infants from their mothers during the first three years of life, and to develop preventive measures that might be taken by public health services.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1956 and work done. W. H. 0. is assisting financially in the production of a report which will contain the conclusions of the study which was carried out in France to elucidate the causes of mother/child separation, including their economic, social and deeper psychological factors. A similar study was carried out in the United Kingdom during the previous years.
Aim of the project. To produce an English-French dictionary of sanitary engineering terms for use in the Region.
Work in 1956. The draft dictionary was completed in the first half of the year, and a suitable form of reproduction is now being considered.
Aim of the project. To improve the quality of drinking-water supplies throughout the Region by advising health administrations of making or revising regulations for the control of water supplies; to secure the adoption of certain methods for water analysis and a uniform expression of results, and to recommend standards for water quality applicable to the European Region.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. Eight temporary advisers from the European Region met for the third time in Geneva. (The first meeting was held in December 1953; the second in July 1955.) The results of the study, in the form of a final report were reviewed and approved by the group. Bearing in mind its wide distribution, a suitable form of reproduction for the report is now under consideration.
Aim of the project. To stimulate postgraduate training in nursing, particularly nurse educators, in many countries in the Region.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. A fellowship of twelve months to a Swiss nurse for academic training in Canada and the United States of America.
Aim of the project. To stimulate the establishment of virus diagnostic laboratories; to give orientation to well-known as well as newer techniques in virus diagnostic work; to demonstrate how to incorporate virus diagnostic work into existing sero-bacteriological laboratories.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. A consultant organizer for six weeks; five discussion leaders; the travel expenses of twenty European participants.
Work done. This seminar was attended by thirty-five persons (twenty from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia-eleven from the African Region and three from the Eastern Mediterranean Region). A Spanish bacteriologist also attended. A short-term consultant assisted in the preparation and the organization of the seminar. Two temporary advisers co-operated in the preparatory work and conducted the seminar with three additional discussion leaders.
Aim of the project. To discuss post-basic nursing education.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. (a) two consultants; (b) five lecturers; (c) the expenses of thirty-six participants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.
Work done. The conference was organized as a sequel to the Study Group on Basic Nursing Curriculum which met in Brussels in November 1955. The Conference gave special consideration to the conditions that create the need for post-basic programmes; the factors that have to be considered in planning such programmes; the principles of organization and administration to be applied; the relationship between basic and post-basic education, the scope of post-basic education and the criteria for evaluating programmes. It was conducted under the chairmanship of the chief nursing officers in the Ministry of Health in London and in the Department of Health for Scotland in Edinburgh. Two representatives of the Florence Nightingale International Foundation also attended.
Aim of the project. To sponsor surveys of problems created through children deprived of maternal care.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. A survey has been commenced in West Berlin under the direction of a German psychiatrist and with the collaboration of the German Ministry of Health and Ministry of Youth and Sport. The survey will be directed towards the assessment of comparable groups of children who have spent their infancy in institutions, foster families, incomplete and complete families. Plans have been made for a study of the extent of, and certain effects of, the problem of maternal deprivation in the Soissons Public Health area under the direction of a French psychiatrist and with the collaboration of the Public Health Centre at Soissons.
Aim of the project. To collect and systematize material on selected aspects of the problems of alcohol in European countries.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. The International Institute for Research on problems of alcohol has undertaken a series of surveys in different European countries of patterns of drinking habits, with particular reference to problems of alcoholism. A report will be forthcoming later in 1956.
Aim of the project. To provide training in sanitary engineering for Scandinavian municipal and district engineers responsible for the design, operation and supervision of water-supply systems and waste disposal works.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. This course will include elements of bacteriology and epidemiology, principles of public health administration, water and sewage chemistry, sewage and water treatment and refuse disposal. WHO fellowships have already been granted to twenty municipal engineers from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The faculty comprises lecturers from the Northern European countries and one from a North American School of Public Health.
Aim of the project. To examine questions related to the organization of crèches, day-care centres and kindergartens.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. The seminar has been organized under the European social welfare programme of the United Nations with the collaboration of the French Ministry of Public Health and Population and the National School of Public Health in Paris. It was conducted in Sèvres, near Paris, at the " Centre international pédagogique ". Participants were chosen from administrative officials and social workers in a number of European countries. W. H. 0. assistance took the form of the provision of a temporary adviser, who participated in the detailed planning, gave lectures and led discussions on the medical aspects of the subject.
Aim of the project. To review available facts on accidents in childhood as a public health problem and to make suggestions regarding further collection of such facts as a basis for preventive work.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. After preparations by two consultants, one from Sweden and one from the United States of America, a group of nine temporary advisers from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom met in Geneva. A representative of the Economic Commission for Europe also attended. The results of the discussions were embodied in a report which was to be ready for distribution in July.
Aim of the project. To provide a forum for discussions of problems arising from the organization and practices of child guidance centres.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. The authorities of the Canton de Vaud, particularly the " Office Médico-pédagogique " have collaborated with W. H. 0. in the planning of this seminar. W. H. 0. has invited thirty-two participants from Belgium, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and Yugoslavia who have already been nominated, and has provided for the services of a consultant for one month and for five temporary advisers who have already met in Lausanne on 29-30 April to advise on the programme of the seminar.
Aim of the project. To train paediatricians and public health officers in important problems of medical and medico-social work amongst children.
Assistance provided by WHO and work done. The course, organized by the International Children's Centre, was held partly in Paris and partly in Spain and Portugal. It consisted mainly in visits to medico-social and child welfare centres and in conferences and study groups that were run by the participants themselves on the basis of documentation from their own countries, with a view to promoting a broad international exchange of information. The lectures were delivered by professors from various countries. WHO fellowships were granted to seven trainees from Austria, Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom.
Aim of the project. To provide training for public health nurses and social workers in the general problems of maternal and child health, with emphasis on their social aspects.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. The Governments of Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain have been invited to nominate, each of them, a public health nurse who would be the holder of a WHO fellowship.
To provide at the International Children's Centre training for school physicians and paediatricians.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. Fellowships to five physicians from Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia.
Aim of the project. To provide training for physicians, social workers, psychologists, and educators, particularly on the social aspects of child psychiatry.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. Two fellowships, one to Greece and one to Yugoslavia.
Aim of the project. Annual review of progress made in problems of neo-natal paediatrics.
Assistance in 1956. The meeting is organized by the School of Puericulture of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris in order to bring together doctors from different countries previously trained at the School. Three WHO consultants have been invited to lecture at the meeting.
Aim of the project. To establish closer co-operation between these training institutions through a programme of exchange of teaching personnel and study visits.
Assistance prodded by W. H. 0. in 1956. Nine lecturers and four fellowships.
Work in 1956. Visiting lecturers took part or will take part in teaching courses in Ankara, Athens, Göteborg, Leyden and Paris, and fellowships were or will be awarded to members of the teaching staff at Athens, Leyden Paris and Zagreb.
Aim of the project. To prepare for a symposium to be held in 1957.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Two short-term consultants to assist in the preparatory work for the symposium have been recruited.
Aim of the project. To discuss current problems in this field.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. This conference is being organized by the WHO Regional Office for Africa. E.U.R.O. will provide for the attendance of two participants of the European Region, one from France (Algeria) and one from Morocco.
Aim of the project. To discuss problems particularly relating to abnormal offenders, habitual offenders and young offenders, in preparation for the second UN Congress on Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. A WHO consultant has prepared a report on " Psychiatry and the Abnormal Offender " which will be used as basic documentation for the Consultative Group. The WHO consultant will also attend the meeting of the group.
Aim of the project. To produce a general review of health services in Europe.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956 and work done. Three temporary advisers met with members of the staff of the Regional Office to discuss the scope and outline of the proposed monograph. Work is continuing on the collection of information on health services in European countries, which will serve as basic material for the monograph.
Aim of the project. To stimulate improved services for maladjusted children.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. This seminar is organized under the European Welfare programme of United Nations. It will bring together social workers, children's court judges, administrators and others concerned in this field. WHO assistance is confined to the provision of a temporary adviser who has participated in the planning of the seminar and who will lecture and lead discussions on the psychiatric aspects of the subject.
Aim of the project. To discuss problems in this field.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O The seminar is still in the early planning stage. It is expected that W. H. O. will contribute a lecturer.
Aim of the project. To discuss the topic of constructive education and mental health in home, school and community.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. W. H. O. will contribute the services of two lecturers who will deal with the specialized mental health aspect of the subject.
This activity is being organized by the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. The Regional Office for Europe will contribute four of those taking part, two from Greece and two from Turkey.
The seminar is being organized by the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. The Regional Office for Europe will contribute a lecturer and, in addition, a member of the EURO staff will act as a faculty member. The Governments of Greece, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ygoslavia have been invited to send one participant each.
Aim of the project. To co-ordinate action directed at the eradication of the disease in the Eastern Mediterranean and European countries.
Work done. The Regional Office for Europe assisted in the organization of the conference, which was sponsored by W. H. 0. in collaboration with the Government of Greece. Participants from 25 countries (nine of which were from the European Region : France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia) attended the conference. This reviewed the progress made in fighting malaria in the participating countries, and dealt with the problem of anopheline resistance to insecticides and the question of co-ordination of measures at international level, with a view to eradicating the disease from the countries concerned.
Aim of the project. To develop (a) a mass campaign against seasonal epidemic conjunctivitis; (b) systematic collective treatment of trachomatous children in the schools; (c) a programme of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory research on communicable eye diseases.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. Follow-up visit by consultant ophthalmologist.
Work in 1956. A tripartite Government/WHO/UNICEF plan of operations is being signed by the three parties involved, but commencement of the project has been postponed until the end of the year.
See Euro-117.
Aim of the project. To strengthen and extend existing facilities for the care of physically handicapped children; to establish rehabilitation centres in Wiener Neustadt and Hermagor, Carinthia.
Assistance provided by W.H. O. and work in 1956. The report of the WHO consultant who visited the project in October/ November 1955 was submitted to the Government. Two fellowships which will be held for six and three months respectively have been approved for two physicians for further study in the field of rehabilitation of handicapped children.
Aim of the project. To strengthen mental health services for children.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O in 1956. A fellowship application is expected.
Aim of the project. To improve and increase production of sera and vaccines for the protection of the young population against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus; to incorporate vaccination against these diseases into the permanent public health services in Austria.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. A fellowship of three months to the Principal of the State Serum Institute in Vienna, to study, in the United States of America, recent developments in this field.
Public health administration. A fellowship of ten months to attend, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Diploma Public Health Course.
Thoracic surgery. One three-months fellowship to study heart surgery in Sweden.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 102, Euro. 105.1, Euro. 105.2.
Nursing. Four fellowships, three of nine weeks each, for study, two in Norway, Sweden and Finland and one in Switzerland, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Finland; one of three months for the study of nursing in industry in the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden.
Obstetrics. One three months fellowship to study the etiology, treatment and prevention of abortion in the United States of America.
Endocrinology. A fellowship for a period of six months to study clinical and experimental endocrinology in the United States of America.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 102, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.1, Euro 105.2, Euro. 120.
Aim of the project. To strengthen national psychiatric services through fellowships and refresher courses for Danish psychiatrists.
Assistance to be prodded by W. H. 0. in 1956. Two short-term lecturers and one fellowship.
Work in 1956. W. H. O. is contributing two lecturers to a refresher course that will be given in August. A fellowship for four and a half months has been approved for the deputy superintendent of a mental hospital, for further study, in the United Kingdom, on the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients.
Nursing. A fellowship of twelve months in the United States of America to study administration and supervision in public health nursing.
Medical and surgical specialities. A four-months fellowship to study in the United States of America, some aspects of urology with special reference to the treatment of cancer in the bladder.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 52, Euro. 60, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 93.
Nursing. A fellowship for twelve months to attend an academic course in the United States of America.
Mental health. A fellowship for four months to observe activities in the field of mental health of children in hospitals, in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Chemistry. Two fellowships for six months to study clinical chemistry in the United Kingdom.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 60, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 93.
Public health administration. Three fellowships—two of five weeks each, for study in Denmark, Sweden and Norway; one of three weeks for study in Italy.
Hospital administration and organization. Seven fellowships of three to four weeks for study, one in Italy; two in Denmark and Sweden; one in Denmark, Sweden and Norway; one in Germany; one in Sweden and one in Switzerland.
Maternal and child health. Three fellowships of three weeks each for study in Sweden.
Mental health. Two fellowships of three weeks each to study social psychiatry and alcoholism in Norway.
Drug control. Two fellowships of one month—one for study in Denmark, Germany and Switzerland ; the other for study in Sweden and Denmark.
Communicable diseases and laboratory. Two fellowships—one for two months, to study recent laboratory techniques and control methods of poliomyelitis vaccine in Sweden and Denmark. The other, for two weeks, to study maladia in Greece.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 64, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 91, Euro. 101, Euro. 102, Euro. 109, Euro. 110, Int. Reg. 18.
Public health administration. Two fellowships for periods of respectively two weeks and one month; the first for study in Switzerland, the second for study in France, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Italy.
Mental health. A fellowship for four months to study various problems connected with mental health as well as those related to juvenile delinquency in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
Health education. A fellowship for ten months to attend the diploma course in content and methods of health education at London University Institute of Education.
Occupational health. A six weeks' fellowship in the United Kingdom to study-occupational diseases with special reference to silicosis and other pneumoconioses.
Rehabilitation. A two months' fellowship for study in the United States of America.
Port sanitation and quarantine. A six weeks' fellowship to study the health services of ports and airports in Egypt, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.
Biochemistry. Two fellowships—one for six months to study specific problems of biochemistry in Denmark; the other, for two months, to study the methods of separation of nucleic acids in Sweden.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 91, Euro. 102.
Aim of the project. To strenghten and extend existing facilities for the care of physically handicapped children.
Assistance fournie par l'O. M. S. en 1956. Un consultant engagé pour six semainesAssistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A short-term consultant for six weeks.
Work in 1956. A WHO medical rehabilitation consultant visited several institutions connected with this programme, advised on their further development and discussed with the Government the formation of a national rehabilitation plan aiming at the co-ordination of governmental and voluntary resources for the solving of the whole Greek problem in this field. As an immediate result, a national rehabilitation board was created under the Ministry of Social Welfare.
Aim of the project. To develop a tuberculosis control programme as part of the national public-health service; to establish control areas; to develop the Athens Chest Institute as a national training centre for Greek tuberculosis workers.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done in 1956. A public health tuberculosis officer terminated a one-year assignment at the end of March. He assisted the Government authorities with the programme and advised on plans for the use of the Athens Chest Institute as a dispensary and training centre. An X-ray unit and other medical equipment are being ordered.
Aim of the project. To establish, in selected villages, centres for the improvement of environmental conditions which directly affect the survival and health of infants and children; to provide safe water and satisfactory means for the hygienic disposal of human excreta; to start a programme of health education; to train personnel in up-to-date rural health practices.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. during first semester 1956. Two short-term consultants.
Work done. The first instalment of UNICEF supplies has arrived in Greece and a revised distribution plan has been prepared by the Government. An orientation course of one week's duration took place in Macedonia in May. WHO consultants lectured at this course which was organized for the local personnel involved in the project. The course was followed by short seminars and field visits in the " nomi" concerned. WHO fellowships have been offered for rural medical officers, sanitary engineers and public health veterinary officers. Field work, as envisaged in the plan of operations on the installation of new water supplies, the construction of latrines and health education is in progress.
Aim of the project. To train personnel for their future responsibilities in connexion with the establishment of a post-basic nursing school in Greece.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956 and work done. Two fellowships for periods of twelve months each for study in the United States of America have been approved for nurses who will be in charge of a post-basic nursing school which the Government plans to establish.
Aim of the project. To strengthen national psychiatric services, particularly mental hospital practice and outpatient services for children.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. A short-term consultant for one month.
Work in 1956. The WHO consultant visited a number of mental hospitals in Greece and held discussions with psychiatrists in Athens and Salonika. His report concerns particularly advice on the proposed new legislation and methods of improvement of mental hospital services.
Cancer. A fellowship for three months to study the biochemistry of cancer in France.
Physiology. Two fellowships of three and a half months each to study physiology —one in Germany; the other in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Sweden.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 56, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.1, Euro. 105.3, Euro. 105.4, Euro 110, Euro. 123, Euro. 124, Int. Reg. 18.
Contrôle des médicaments. Une bourse de sept mois pour étudier l'analyse et le contrôle des médicaments et pour suivre des cours de pharmacie aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 60, Euro. 83.
Public health administration. Three fellowships of one month each for study in the United Kingdom.
Hospital administration. Two fellowships of one month each for study in the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.
Mental health. Two one-month fellowships to study psychiatric services in the United Kingdom.
Dental health. A fellowship for one month to study dental services in Norway.
Rehabilitation. Two fellowships of one month each to study orthopaedic surgery— one, in Austria and Italy ; the other in Denmark, Sweden and France.
Thoracic surgery. A fellowship of one month in the field of heart surgery for study in the United States of America.
Cancer. A fellowship of two months to study experimental chemotherapy in cancer in the United States of America.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 39.2, Euro 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 105.1, Euro 105.2.
Aim of the project. To set up an experimental and demonstration centre for health education of the public, which would develop and improve techniques suitable to Italy.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work in 1956. The first issue of the quarterly journal of the Centre was published in March with the title L'Educazione Sanitaria. Fellowships in the United Kingdom for periods of nine and one months, the first for academic training, have been awarded to two staff members of the Centre.
Environmental sanitation. Three fellowships—two for periods of six weeks in the field of water control and sewage, for study in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany; one, of three weeks, to participate in a course on drinking water analysis held at the Institut Pasteur in Lille (France).
Mental health. A fellowship of three months for study in Europe.
Port sanitation. A fellowship of six weeks for study in France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Belgium.
Laboratory. Two fellowships—one of three months to study laboratory methods in connexion with poliomyelitis virus in Denmark and Germany, the other of four months, to study laboratory techniques on encephalomyelitis in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 102, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.1, Euro. 105.2, Euro. 105.3, Int. Reg. 21.
See Euro. 9.5
Aim of the project. To carry out (a) a mass campaign against seasonal epidemic conjunctivitis; (b) systematic case-finding and collective treatment of trachomatous children in all schools throughout the country; (c) a programme of epidemiological therapeutic and laboratory research with the object of developing simpler, more effective or more economical methods of control.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. An ophthalmologist and a statistician, each for six months. Follow-up visit by W. H. O. consultant ophthalmologist. One fellowship. Laboratory equipment.
Work in 1956. During the first half of the year, nearly 40,000 trachomatous children were treated in new groups of schools. In schools where collective treatment had previously been applied, some 10,000 newly admitted children received the standard course of treatment, while those already treated were kept under supervision.
Aim of the project. To reduce the high incidence of syphilis, especially among mothers and children.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A statistician for six months and a consultant venereologist for two months.
Work in 1956. Owing to the reorganization of local authorities in many rural areas, the campaign slowed down during the last half of 1955 and beginning 1956. When these questions were settled, the campaign proceeded. A comparison between the Migliano test and the V. D. R. L. test is being prepared both in the country and in the VD Reference Laboratory in Copenhagen. An Addendum to the tripartite plan of operations (Government/ UNICEF/W. H. O.) was signed during the first quarter of 1956 to extend the duration of the project till the end of 1957 and adapt the plan of action to the development of the campaign.
Aim of the project). To improve maternal and child health services, with special reference to child nutrition.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. Two fellowships for periods of two months have been awarded for study, one in Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands, the other in France and Italy. A third application is expected.
Aim of the project. To improve environmental sanitation in the country.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. Following a request from the Government, a tentative plan of operations has been drawn up in collaboration with the Government. This plan includes advisory services, the training of local personnel, the establishment of appropriate services and the initiation of a pilot demonstration project. Further negotiations with the Government are under way.
Public health administration. Four fellowships of two months each; the first for study in France—the second in France, Switzerland and Turkey; the third in Italy, Yugoslavia and France; the fourth in France and Egypt.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 56, Euro. 83, Euro. 117, Euro. 124, Int. Reg. 18.
Food control. One two-months fellowship to study food analysis in Germany and Switzerland.
Health education. A fellowship of seven and a half months for study in the United States of America.
Rehabilitation. Three fellowships to study some aspects of rehabilitation and physical médecine—one, of six weeks, in the United Kingdom; one, of three weeks, in Denmark, Sweden and Norway; one, of three and a half months, in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Austria and Germany.
Veterinary public health. One six-weeks' fellowship to study special problems of veterinary public health, with special reference to poultry and game, in Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.
Sera and vaccine production. Two three-weeks' fellowships to study the production of sera and vaccines in the United Kingdom and in Denmark.
Laboratory. One fellowship of two and a half months to study recent developments of diagnostic laboratory techniques in leptospirosis, rickettsiosis and toxoplasmiosis in the United States of America.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 102, Euro. 110, Euro. 121, Euro. 122.
Public health administration. Two fellowships for study in the United States of America, the first to attend an academic course of twelve months, the second of two months, for observation in the field of public health administration and public health practice.
Environmental sanitation. Two fellowships of ten weeks to attend an environmental control course at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 60, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 93, Euro. 102, Euro 105.1, Euro. 105.2
Aim of the project. To provide training in sanitary engineering for municipal and district engineers responsible for the design, operation and supervision of water-supply systems and sewage disposal works.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. A course, similar to those held in 1954 and 1955, is planned for the autumn of 1956. To this course W.H.O. will contribute lecturers. A fellowships of twelve months' duration is being awarded to a chief municipal engineer for academic training in the United Kingdom, in the field of public health engineering.
Environmental sanitation. A fellowship for three months to study water purification in France, Belgium and Germany.
Health statistics. A fellowship for three months to a health officer for study in France, Switzerland, Italy and Spain.
Ophthalmology. A fellowship for a period of one to two months for study in France and Switzerland.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.2, Int. Reg. 18.
Aim of the project. To strengthen selected aspects of services for the control of communicable diseases.
Assistance to be provided by WHO in 1956. Two fellowships; supplies and equipment for laboratory. It is also envisaged to provide the services of a consultant in laboratory methods to advise on tissue culture techniques.
Aim of the project. To develop a national programme for the rehabilitation of handicapped children.
Assistance provided by W. H .0. A short-term consultant for six weeks.
Work done. A WHO medical consultant, together with a UN social welfare expert, visited a number of institutions in Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona and made a survey of the needs and existing facilities. They discussed with the Government the outline of a general rehabilitation plan for the country.
Aim of the project. To organize systematic examination and treatment of infants, children and pregnant women as part of the maternal and child health services; to organize active case-finding and diagnosis of syphilis in various population groups; to improve laboratory facilities for the sero-diagnosis of syphilis.
Assistance to be provided by WHO and work in 1956. A post-graduate course on dermatology and venereology has been organized at the University of Madrid with the assistance of W. H. O. Visits of WHO consultants in venereology and seradiagnosis are planned. A fellowship of six months is approved for a Spanish venereologist to study in the United Kingdom the modern techniques applied to dermatology and venereology.
Aim of the project. To expand existing maternal and child health services, to establish a number of pilot centres to serve as models for a country-wide system of infant care centres; to train staff for these centres.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A team, comprising a physician and a nurse, were given fellowships of respectively one and three months for further training abroad. Fellowship applications for a second team are expected.
Aim of the project. To learn more of the epidemiology of trachoma and associated eye infections in Spain and to develop practical methods of controlling their transmission; to apply mass antibiotic treatment to the population in selected hyperendemic districts; to carry out systematic case-finding and collective treatment of trachomatous children in all schools in the endemic area; to develop a programme of health education of the public.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Consultant services of an ophthalmologist and a statistician, including visits totalling eight weeks. Two fellowships in epidemiology and trachoma control.
Work in 1956. National training courses for auxiliary personnel have been held in Granada since April 1955. Short " refresher " courses in modern methods of trachoma control have been held in Granada and Almeria for ophthalmologists and general practitioners in the project area. Epidemiological surveys and mass treatment were extended to new districts. Collective treatment of trachomatous children ha been commenced in schools in the province of Granada, where an initial evaluation will be carried out. Two fellowships of two months each have been awarded for study in Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and Egypt.
Tuberculosis. Three fellowships of two months each to study tuberculosis control and tuberculosis rehabilitation—one, in the United Kingdom; two, in Italy, Finland and France.
Communicable diseases control. A fellowship of three months for study in France.
Laboratory services. A fellowship of two months in France to study tissue culture and diagnostic laboratory techniques with regard to poliomyelitis.
Surgery. A fellowship of three months to study cardio-vascular surgery in the United Kingdom and Sweden.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 56, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.2, Euro. 105.3, Int. Reg. 18.
Public health administration. A fellowship of two months' duration to study public health administration and education in the United Kingdom.
Mental health. A fellowship of six months to study psychiatric nursing in the United States of America.
Veterinary public health. One twelvemonth fellowship in the United States of America for the degree of Master of Public Health.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 39.2, Euro. 60, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 93, Euro. 110.
Aim of the project. To hold a conference on the general theme : work as a therapeutic agent.
Assistance provided by W. II. O. and work done. This activity was held in Geneva and sponsored by the University Polyclinic of Medicine and the School of Social Studies. A WHO consultant lectured on the special aspects of ergo-therapy and functional rehabilitation.
Public health administration. A fellowship of one month to study the organization of health services and legislation in Sweden.
Mental health. A fellowship of two months to study psychotherapy and schizophrenics in Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
Drug control. A fellowship of six weeks for study in Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Laboratory services. A fellowship of three months to study and observe the organization, work and equipment of virological laboratories in Sweden and the United Kingdom.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 77, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103.
Aim of the project. To carry out (a) a mass campaign against seasonal epidemic conjunctivitis; (b) a systematic collective treatment of trachomatous children in the schools; (c) a programme of epidemiological laboratory research on communicable eye diseases.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. An ophthalmologist team leader for one year; a bacteriologist for three months; a visit by a WHO consultant ophthalmologist for two weeks.
Work in 1956. During the first half of the year, the school campaign was extended to a new sector where approximately 7,000 trachomatous children were treated. In the schools of five sectors where collective treatment had already been applied, some 2,000 newly admitted trachomatous children received the standard course of treatment, those already treated were kept under supervision. During the summer months the campaign against seasonal epidemic conjunctivitis will be extended northwards to include an additional 120,000 inhabitants who will receive mass antibiotic treatment.
Aim of the project. To develop a pilot project in a selected area of Tunis with a view to ascertaining the efEcacity of home treatment and prophylactic use of antibiotics; to base further action on the results obtained.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. and work done. A WHO consultant visited the country n February to investigate the possibility of combining a survey on hospital and home treatment programmes, including prophylactic use of I.N.H. for contacts. A tripartite plan of operations has been worked out in collaboration with the Government and UNICEF.
Aim of the project. To develop and strengthen basic nursing education in the School of Nursing in Tunis.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. (a) Two nurse consultants; (b) two fellowships; (c) teaching supplies.
Work in 1956. The two nurse consultants assigned to the project since September 1955 report that continous progress has been achieved in the School of Tunis. Improvements have been introduced in the theoretical programme, but the greatest evidence of the progress is shown in the field of clinical instruction. Fellowships of respectively twelve months and three months have been approved for two Tunisian nurses for training abroad. Teaching supplies are being ordered. It is expected that this project, which was originally foreseen for a duration of nine months, will be extended for a further year.
Hospital administration. Two fellowships of one month each, for study in France.
Rehabilitation. A fellowship of six weeks to study the rehabilitation of the deaf and the dumb in France, the Netherlands and Sweden.
Biochemistry. A fellowship of four months for study in Switzerland and France.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 56, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 124.
Aim of the project. To survey occupational health services in Turkey and advise the Ministry of Labour on ways to improve them.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. A short-term consultant for one month and two fellowships.
Work in 1956. Following a request sent by the Ministry of Labour through the Ministry of Health, Euro, sponsored the visit of a consultant-lecturer in occupational health, who also visited the ILO—established Institute of Labour in Istanbul. Fellowships of three months duration each are being awarded to two physicians for study in the field of industrial health and administration, and the functioning of workers'hospitals.
Aim of the project. To develop maternal and child health services as part of the general public health service in Turkey; to establish a maternal and child health section within the Ministry of Health and a demonstration and teaching centre in Ankara.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. (a) A social paediatrician (team leader), a public health nurse and a midwife; (b) two fellowships.
Work in 1956. The fact-finding activities initiated in 1955 in collaboration between the maternal and child health section of the Ministry and the WHO team culminated in the presentation of a long-term MCH plan for the country envisaging the creation of basic MCH services throughout the country as part of its general public health structure, including' provisions for the training and supervision of the required staff. The teaching activities of the team were pursued normally, as well as the supervision of the Ankara MCH demonstration units created in co-operation with the team and now operated by Turkish staff only.
Aim of the project. To control leprosy and establish a long-term eradication programme.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. and work in 1956. A WHO consultant will visit Turkey towards the end of the year to advise the Government on the construction and organization of a leprosarium and on leprosy control. This visit is to be considered as a follow-up of the previous investigation and recommendations made in 1953 by another WHO consultant with regard to this problem.
Aim of the project. To carry out a campaign of BCG vaccination of children and young adults and to establish an evaluation unit; to lay the foundation for the establishment of a permanent national BCG service by demonstration of methods and training local personnel; to co-ordinate BCG vaccination with other services for the prevention and control of tuberculosis.
Assistance in 1956 and work done. The director of the Refik Saydam Institute of Hygiene in Ankara visited Geneva, Copenhagen and Paris during a period of one month to discuss with W. H. 0. and UNICEF the BCG programme and future tuberculosis work in Turkey. As a result of these consultations, an addendum to the plan of operations has been signed between the Government, W. H. 0. and UNICEF for the extension of the mass campaign. A fellowship for seven weeks has been approved for a medical staff member of the Refik Saydam Institute to study the sero-diagnosis of tuberculosis in Denmark.
Aim of the project. To re-establish post-graduate training at the public health training school in Ankara.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. W. H. O. assistance to this project in 1956 is included in inter-country activity Euro. 110.
Aim of the project. To advise the Ministry of Health on the administration of hospitals recently erected in Ankara.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A short-term consultant for two months.
Work in 1956. A consultant on hospital administration whose services had already been provided by W. H. 0. in previous years to advise on the construction of hospitals will visit Ankara again in the autumn of 1956.
Aim of the project. To improve vital and health statistics services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1956. As a follow-up of the recommendations made by a WHO consultant during his previous assignment in the years 1953-1954, the same consultant will revisit Turkey in the autumn to make a survey of the reorganization which has taken place in the country's Central Statistical Office and also in health and vital statistics. He will also advise the newly appointed director of the statistical service who recently returned from a long-term WHO fellowships.
Aim of the project. To organize the nursing division in the Ministry of Health so as to develop national services. To reinforce nursing education at basic and post-basic levels.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A nursing adviser.
Work in 1956. Plans have been drawn up and discussed with the Government for the establishment of the Nursing Division in the Ministry of Health and for the creation of a national nursing committee. A preliminary survey of needs for nursing personnel and of available resources was carried out by the WHO nursing adviser in collaboration with the chief nurse in the Ministry. This led the Ministry to request two WHO additional nursing advisers, one to advise on nursing education at basic and post-basic levels; the other to assist with the preparation of teaching and supervisory nursing personnel to be in charge of auxiliary nurse-midwives. These two nursing advisers are being recuited.
Aim of the project. To learn m e of the epidemiology of trachoma and associated eye infections in Turkey and to develop practical methods of controlling their transmission; to apply mass antibiotic treatment to the population in selected hyperende-mic districts; to carry out systematic case-finding and collective treatment of trachomatous children in all schools in the endemic area; to develop a programme of health education of the public.
Work in 1956. Recommendations for the establishment of a pilot control project were submitted to the Government; these were based on the findings of }a WHO consultant during a visit to Turkey in 1955, and on improved control methods recently developed in other WHO-assisted projects. The WHO consultant will revisit Turkey in July 1956 to assist in the drafting of a joint plan of operations.
Aim of the project. To strengthen the production of sera and vaccine.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A WHO consultant is to spend one month in the Refik Saydam Central Institute of Hygine in Ankara, to advise on horse immunization for serum production.
Mental health. A fellowship for a period of three months for study in Switzerland and Austria.
Food control. Three six-weeks fellowships for study in Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.
Surgery. A fellowship for a period of two months to study plastic and oral surgery in France.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.3, Euro. 110, Euro. 124, Int. Reg. 18.
Public health administration. Two fellpwships—one, of eight weeks, for study in France, Germany and Yugoslavia; the other, of five weeks, for study in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark.
Nursing. Two fellowships—one of six weeks to study basi cand post-basic programmes as well as domiciliary nursing services in Sweden and Finland; the other, of three months to study nursing administration in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, France and Belgium.
Paediatrics. A two-months' fellowship in the field of paediatrics and paediatric research for study in Sweden, Italy and the Netherlands.
Mental health. A three-months' fellowship for study in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Switzerland.
Dental health. A fellowship for six weeks to study dental health education, public health and preventive dentistry in the Netherlands, France, Germany and Switzerland.
Haematology. A one-month fellowship to study particular aspects of haematology and blood transfusion in the Netherlands, France, Italy and Switzerland.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 64, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 102, Euro. 105.1, Int. Reg. 18.
Aim of the project. To create new and improve existing rehabilitation facilities for the handicapped, particularly children, and to provide training for the necessary staff, all within the framework of a national rehabilitation programme.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956-A short-term consultant for one month.
Work in 1956. A WHO medical consultant concluded at the end of January the survey which he had started in November 1955. A national plan was drafted and adopted by the Government. Discussions with different UN agencies regarding their participation in the expanded scheme are proceeding.
Aim of the project' To reduce the prevalence of certain endemo-epidemic diseases which still constitute a serious problem in Yugoslavia.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Consultant's visits; supplies and equipment; fellowships.
Work in 1956. As a follow-up of previous years' activity in pellagra control in Bosnia, a WHO consultant will visit the country in July to advise on the continuation of the vitamin enrichment programme. Three fellowships of four to six months have been approved for study in the fields of sera and vaccine production and parasitology. A request for supplies and equipment is under consideration.
Aim of the project. To limit the transmission of trachoma by collective antibiotic treatment to render cases unconta-gious and to effect healing with the minimum risk of late complications.
Work in 1956. The reorganization of the campaign was continued to meet the changing needs in districts where trachoma had been practically eliminated and in other districts where it still remains a serious problem. In Bosnia, the project headquarters was moved from Sarajevo to Samac, where an eighty-bed trachoma hospital with laboratories and administrative offices has been built. The WHO consultant ophthalmologist will revisit the project in autumn. A fellowship application is expected.
Aim of the project. To strengthen public health services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. It is planned to organize a study tour in Europe for a team composed of ten chiefs of institutes of hygiene.
Aim of the project. To expand the maternal and child health services as part of the general public health services, principally by starting maternal and child health work in the general health centres and stations; to establish in each republic a demonstration centre to staff and supervise the sub-centres.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Four short-term consultants; fellowships.
Work in 1956. Three WHO consultants will lecture at a course on social paediatrics and obstetrics to be organized in Belgrade next autumn. A special WHO consultant will surwey facilities and needs in the field of premature children, the Government having indicated its intention to strengthen its services in this respect. Two fellowship applications are expected. An addendum to the existing plan of operations has been signed by the Government, W. H. O. and UNICEF for the extension of the programme.
Aim of the project. To improve the medical services set up for the workers by raising the technical standards of industrial medical officers.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Five physicians dealing with occupational health and coming from three republics will each be granted a fellowship of six months.
Aim of the project. To promote the organization of public health services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. A fellowship of 12 months for academic training in the United Kingdom has been approved. A second application is expected.
Aim of the project. To improve dental services, particularly with regard to the prevention of dental caries.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. in 1956. A fellowship of six months is earmarked for a dental health officer.
Aim of the project. To develop the organization of hospital services.
Assistance provided by W. H. O. in 1956. Fellowships of four months each are earmarked for three hospital administrators who wish to improve their technical standards in this field.
Mental health. A six-month fellowship to study neuro-psychiatry in France, Belgium and Switzerland.
Cancer. A fellowship for six months in cancer research for study in the United Kingdom.
Radiology. A six-months fellowship for study in Sweden and Germany.
See Euro. 9.5, Euro. 22.4, Euro. 56, Euro. 61, Euro. 83, Euro. 87, Euro. 103, Euro. 105.3, Euro 105.4, Euro. 124, Int. Reg. 18.
|
Country of origin |
Total |
Type of fellowship |
Source of Funds |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Inter-regional |
Regional |
Individual training |
Group training |
W. H. O. |
T.A. |
||
|
Austria |
12 |
12 |
7 |
5 |
10 |
2 |
|
|
Belgium |
8 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
8 |
|
|
Denmark |
14 |
3 |
11 |
7 |
7 |
14 |
|
|
Finland |
13 |
1 |
12 |
5 |
8 |
12 |
1 |
|
France |
22 |
3 |
19 |
20 |
2 |
22 |
|
|
Germany (Féd. Rép.) |
13 |
13 |
6 |
7 |
13 |
||
|
Greece |
16 |
16 |
10 |
6 |
9 |
7 |
|
|
Iceland |
4 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
|
|
Irelande |
14 |
1 |
13 |
9 |
5 |
14 |
|
|
Italy |
19 |
19 |
13 |
6 |
17 |
2 |
|
|
Luxembourg |
|||||||
|
Monaco |
|||||||
|
Morocco |
19 |
2 |
17 |
12 |
7 |
9 |
10 |
|
Netherlands |
15 |
2 |
13 |
10 |
5 |
15 |
|
|
Norway |
14 |
1 |
13 |
4 |
10 |
14 |
1 |
|
Portugal |
13 |
1 |
13 |
7 |
6 |
12 |
1 |
|
Spain |
23 |
6 |
22 |
19 |
4 |
11 |
12 |
|
Sweden |
20 |
14 |
9 |
11 |
20 |
||
|
Switzerland |
10 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
10 |
|
|
Tunisia |
24 |
1 |
24 |
17 |
7 |
13 |
11 |
|
Turkey |
12 |
1 |
11 |
8 |
4 |
9 |
3 |
|
United Kingdom |
9 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
||
|
Yougoslavia |
43 |
1 |
42 |
36 |
7 |
10 |
33 |
|
337 |
27 |
310 |
217 |
120 |
255 |
82 |
|
|
8% |
92% |
65% |
35% |
75% |
25% |
||
|
100% |
100% |
100% |
|
Country of origin |
Source of Funds |
Type of fellowships |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
W.H.O. |
Techn. assist. |
Total |
Inter-regional |
Regional |
Indiv. training |
Group training |
|
|
Austria |
6 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
||
|
Belgium |
7 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
|
|
Denmark |
13 |
13 |
2 |
11 |
3 |
10 |
|
|
Finland |
14 |
14 |
2 |
12 |
4 |
10 |
|
|
France |
20 |
20 |
1 |
19 |
20 |
||
|
Germany (Fed. Rep.) |
9 |
9 |
2 |
7 |
9 |
||
|
Greece |
5 |
2 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
2 |
|
Iceland |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
Ireland |
13 |
13 |
2 |
11 |
12 |
1 |
|
|
Italy |
14 |
14 |
14 |
12 |
2 |
||
|
Luxembourg |
|||||||
|
Monaco |
|||||||
|
Morocco (French Zone) |
4 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
Netherlands |
9 |
9 |
2 |
7 |
9 |
||
|
Norway |
15 |
15 |
2 |
13 |
4 |
11 |
|
|
Portugal |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|||
|
Spain |
7 |
7 |
14 |
1 |
13 |
13 |
1 |
|
Sweden |
13 |
13 |
2 |
11 |
3 |
10 |
|
|
Switzerland |
4 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
Tunisia |
4 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
||
|
Turkey |
7 |
6 |
11 |
11 |
10 |
1 |
|
|
United Kingdom |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
1 |
||
|
Yougoslavia |
5 |
4 |
11 |
11 |
10 |
1 |
|
|
183 |
24 |
207 |
23 |
184 |
155 |
52 |
|
N° |
Year |
Activity |
Form and outlet of material |
|---|---|---|---|
|
9 |
1951 and onwards |
Social workers in England and France |
(а) Review of study in England and France with main conclusions and recommendations. It has been decided that this shall be printed and distributed by the Regional Office—to appear late 1956. (b) The question of the issue of summary reports of the separate studies in England and France is as yet undecided. |
|
11 |
1951 and onwards |
Maritime VD demonstration and training centre, Rotterdam |
The document prepared for reproduction includes selected- lectures from the courses given at Rotterdam on all aspects of venereal disease control (but does not include actual reports of the study groups). It will be issued shortly. |
|
17 and 25 |
1952 and 1953 |
Seminars on Occupational Health, Leyden and Milan |
(а) The combined material from these seminars has now been published in the WHO Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 491-742, in English or French. (b) Material on occupational health legislation to be distributed in duplicated form with printed limp covers, in the course of 1956. |
|
18 and 27 |
1952 and 1953 |
Conference on the Teaching of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Social Medicine, Nancy and Göteborg |
The combined material from these conferences and other sources is being published in the autumn of 1956 by W. H. O. as a monograph. |
|
30 |
1954 |
Seminar on the Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholism, Noordwijk |
The main topics presented at this seminar were published in the " Quarterly Journal of Alcohol Studies " in 1955, and off-prints are now available in a single brochure from the Regional Office. |
|
32 |
1954 |
Fourth Seminar for Sanitary Engineers, Opatija |
(a) Survey on water pollution in Europe by Dr A. Key to appear shortly in an issue of the WHO Bulletin devoted to environmental sanitation. (b) Material on water pollution in Europe, including Dr Key's survey, to be printed and distributed by the Regional Office in English and French.<b>(c) Material on water disinfection edited by Dr E. L. Molt has been reproduced in mimeographed form by the Regional Office, in English and French. |
|
33 |
1954 |
Conference on Immunization, Frankfurt |
Material from this conference has now appeared in the WHO Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1955), pp. 363-489, in English or French. |
|
34 |
1954 |
Seminar on Meat Hygiene, Copenhagen |
Material from this seminar has not yet been published, but is expected to appear in the W.H.O. Monograph Series in September 1956. |
|
38 |
1954 |
Conference on School Health Services, Grenoble (with the co-operation of UNESCO) |
(a) The English edition of this report has now appeared in mimeographed form with limp printed covers. (b) Summary account was published by W.H.O. in the Chronicle, Vol. 9, No. 10, October 1955, pp. 269-280 (English) and pp. 289-300 (French). |
|
(b) Further publications |
|||
|
39 |
1955 |
Symposium on Training of Sanitary Engineers, Oxford |
(а) Review on the training of sanitary engineers in Europe to be published officially by W.H.O. in 1956 (English and French). Expected to appear as a monograph during the summer of 1956. (b) Summary of discussion at the symposium prepared by Professor M. Petrik, to be printed and distributed by the Regional Office, in English and French. No cover. Expected to appear during the summer 1956. |
|
23 and 40 |
1953 et 1955 |
European Study Groups on Mental Health through Public Health practices, Amsterdam and Monaco |
(a) Summary account of the meeting at Monaco was published by W.H.O. in the Chronicle, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 1955, pp. 247-253 (English) and pp. 265-271 (French). (b) It is planned eventually to publish combined material from the two study groups in the form of a Monograph (English and French). |
|
41 |
1953 and onwards |
Study on water standards |
A report on standards and methods of examination for drinking water supply to be published officially by W.H.O. or reproduced by the Regional Office, in the course of 1956. |
|
42 |
1953 and onwards |
Study of sanitary engineering terms |
A glossary of sanitary engineering terms prepared by experts, in English and French, to be published officially by W.H.O. or reproduced by the Regional Office, possibly late 1956. |
|
43 |
1955 |
Survey of alcohol problems in Europe |
The material on selected aspects of alcohol in European countries will be published officially by W.H.O. in systematized form or reproduced by the Regional Office in late 1956 or 1957. |
|
44 |
1955 |
Study Group on arteriosclerosis and Ischaemic Heart Diseases, Geneva |
A report to be published probably officially by W.H.O. |
|
45 |
1955 |
Advisory Group on Veterinary Public Health, Geneva |
The report of this group is to be published by W.H.O. in the Technical Report Series in 1956 (English and French). |
|
46 |
1955 |
Advisory Group on Tuberculosis Control, Luxembourg |
Material on the present epidemiology of tuberculosis, the development of new tuberculosis, the development of new tuberculosis indices and changing emphasis in methods of control to be published by W.H.O. in the Technical Reports Series, summer 1956 (English and French). |
|
47 |
1955 |
Conference on Malaria Control, Belgrade |
The report of this conference has been reproduced as a mimeographed document W.H.O./Mal/161 and EURO-107, in English and French. |
|
48 |
1955 |
Study Group on Basic Nursing Curriculum, Brussels |
The report of the Study Group has been reproduced by the Regional Office under the title " Basic Nursing Curriculum in Europe" as a mimeographed document with printed limp cover. English edition 51 pp., French edition, 58 pp. |
|
49 |
1955 |
Changes in Health Services necessitated by the Aging of Populations, Vienna |
(a) Summary report on the technical discussions at the fifth Session of the Regional Committee for Europe, prepared by Professot J. M. Mackintosh and reproduced by the Regional Office as a mimeographed document EUR/RC5/Technical Discussions/ 3 (English and French). (b) Summarv of discussions and conclusions, published by W.H.O. in the Chronicle, Vol. 9, No. 12, December 1955, pp. 339-342 (English) and pp. 363-366 (French). |
|
50 |
1956 |
Conference on Post-basic Nursing Education, Peebles |
Report in preparation. |
|
51 |
1956 |
Seminar on Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, Madrid |
(a) A short report on the work of the seminar to be produced by the Regional Office. (b) A report in extenso is under consideration. |
|
52 |
1956 |
Advisory Group on the Prevention of Accidents in Childhood, Geneva |
The draft report of the Advisory Group is expected to be available shortly as a mimeographed document EUR/RC6/6 (English and French). |