Good afternoon, colleagues.
Now the sitting is open, and I remind members that in order to be registered for the sitting, you should insert your badge when you take your seat and keep it inserted for at least 30 seconds. And you should also insert your badge in order to speak or vote. And to request the floor, please press the "request" button.
I also remind members that the Assembly agreed on Monday that the speaking time in all debates today will be 3 minutes for spokespersons of political groups and 2 minutes for all other speakers.
The first item of business this afternoon is the debate on the report titled "The functioning of democratic institutions in Serbia” (Doc. 16424), presented by Ms Victoria TIBLOM and Mr Yunus EMRE on behalf of the Monitoring Committee.
And in order to finish by 6:05 p.m., I will interrupt the list of speakers at about 5:25 p.m. to allow time for the reply and the vote. And we will begin with Ms Victoria TIBLOM and Mr Yunus EMRE, who are co-rapporteurs.
You have each 5 minutes now and 5 minutes in total to reply to the debate. I call Ms Victoria TIBLOM.
Thank you, Mr President.
Dear colleagues,
Since joining the Council of Europe in 2003, Serbia has been under the Assembly's monitoring procedure. Its last resolution, 1858 on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Serbia, dates back to 2012, therefore, more than 14 years ago.
Several attempts to submit a new report by the Monitoring Committee were delayed due to a wide range of reasons. Therefore, we are happy to present our report to you today. We decided to prepare our report as a report on the functioning of democratic institutions instead of a regular monitoring report. We wanted to focus on issues related to the functioning of democracy, justice system and public freedoms.
We will now briefly summarise our findings.
The Serbian political environment is characterised by significant polarisation and by the ongoing tensions between President Aleksandar VUČIĆ's government and the ruling majority led by the Serbian Progressive Party on one hand, and political opposition, student movement and civil society on the other.
The next parliamentary and presidential elections should normally take place in 2027. However, the President has not ruled out the possibility of organising early elections by the end of this year. Since the 2000 general elections, all but two parliamentary elections in Serbia have been early elections. As regards electoral legislation, although a new electoral framework was adopted in February 2022, several long-standing Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE/ODIHR) recommendations remain unaddressed, especially concerning misuse of public funds and the audit of voter lists.
Moreover, on 18 May, Parliament adopted amendments to four electoral laws. Although the authorities state that these amendments aim at implementing the OSCE/ODIHR recommendations, according to the opposition and civil society, the new laws incorporate only a fraction of them. There are now concerns mainly about possible use of phantom lists and misusing advantages granted to national minorities lists.
For these reasons, the Monitoring Committee has just seized the Venice Commission for an opinion on these new laws. We also note with concern that after our visit to Belgrade, 29 March, local elections that took place in 10 municipalities were marred by violence and irregularities, according to independent observers, including a delegation of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities.
As regards the 2024 tragedy in Novi Sad – which resulted in the deaths of 16 people and led to mass protests at the end of 2024 and in 2025 – we note that it has had ongoing repercussions on political life and society in Serbia. The mass protests were led largely by students and civil society groups who demanded new elections, transparency, accountability and the eradication of corruption.
From late 2025 to early 2026, the nature of the protest shifted from constant daily mass marches to organised symbolic events and regional demonstrations. However, on 23 May, up to 190 000 people took part in an anti-government protest in Belgrade to demand early elections.
According to our findings and those of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, who went to Serbia last May, the government's response to protests were quite violent. There were reports of police crackdowns, detentions, smear campaigns against protesters, ill treatment by police in custody and infiltration and surveillance measures. Protesters also faced other forms of repression, such as difficulties finding jobs in the public sector and disciplinary sanctions.
As regards accountability for the Novi Sad tragedy, all the 13 people were detained in the immediate aftermath of the tragedy, including the former Minister of Transport. Several have since been released pending trial. No convictions have yet been handed down.
Thank you.
Thank you, Ms Victoria TIBLOM. And now I call Mr Yunus EMRE.
Thank you, Mister President. I will continue.
Another topic which struck us is the alleged use of a sonic weapon during the mass demonstration in Belgrade on 15 March 2025, which caused mental and physical distress to numerous protesters. This case is now being examined by the European Court of Human Rights. The government denies using such a device, but has confirmed its accusation.
Moreover, on 19 June, the Belgrade Higher Public Prosecutor's Office asked the police to identify and question every person who publicly spoke about the use of one sonic weapon, in the framework of an investigation on incitement to violent overthrow of the constitutional order.
In the past years, Serbia has taken important steps to reform its judiciary and prosecution services. In February 2020, two amendments to the constitution were adopted, which were followed by the adoption of laws aimed at making the judiciary and prosecution service more independent and efficient. These laws were positively assessed by the Venice Commission.
To implement the reform, the authorities have also adopted 36 bylaws. Unfortunately, despite this progress, on 28 January, the Parliament adopted, without public consultation, the so-called Mrdić's laws, which amend the functioning of the judiciary and the prosecution service, and might have a negative impact on ongoing corruption investigations, including the Novi Sad case.
In its urgent opinion of last April, the Venice Commission criticised the majority of the new provisions. Consequently, the Ministry of Justice proposed to largely reverse the contested provisions. The authorities asked again for an opinion of the Venice Commission, which, in its recent follow-up opinion, concluded that the new draft provisions implement the majority of its April recommendations, seven out of nine. We thus hope that the Serbian authorities will amend Mrdić's laws as soon as possible.
Finally, we would like to focus on the state of freedom of expression and civic space. We came to the same findings as the Commissioner for Human Rights. We are concerned by the reprisals, strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) and severe campaigns against journalists and independent media outlets. While Serbia has further aligned its media legislation with the European Union acquis and other European standards, it is also very worrying that the work of the Regulatory Authority for Electronic Media (REM) whose composition has not been entirely renewed since November 2024, is now totally blocked.
We are also concerned about reprisals and other intimidation measures against NGOs, civil society activists and human rights defenders, about the disruption of consultation processes between civil society and the authorities, and some legislative initiatives aimed at restricting the freedom of association. We are also worried about revelations of surveillance of Serbian journalists and activists made by Amnesty International and the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network.
To conclude, Serbian political life is characterised by significant polarisation. The widespread protests that followed the tragedy in Novi Sad have led to the emergence of a new civil actor, the student movement. We are concerned about the frequent organisation of early elections, lack of dialogue between the ruling majority and the opposition, risks to the independence of the judiciary, institutional control, corruption, threats to freedom of association and expression, and media capture.
Therefore, we conclude that the Serbian authorities should make more sustained efforts to honour all obligations and commitments arising from their membership in the Council of Europe, and that the Assembly should continue its monitoring of this country. Our detailed recommendations are included in the draft resolution and we hope the Assembly will support them.
Thank you very much.
Thank you, Mr Yunus EMRE.
And I remind the Assembly that the speaking time is limited to 3 minutes for spokespersons for the political groups and 2 minutes for other members.
And now in the debate, I call first from the European Conservatives, Patriots & Affiliates, Mr Zsolt NÉMETH. Mr Zsolt NÉMETH, you have the floor.
Thank you, Mister President.
Dear colleagues, first of all I would like to congratulate the rapporteurs for the fantastic work they have done.
Yes, Serbia is really a factor of stability in the Western Balkan region, in a region which has historical tensions and historical wealth and diversity at the same time.
Serbia, for example, was able to draw the conclusions from the very tragic wars of the 1990s and to start a negotiation process, for example, with Hungary. That historical reconciliation which has taken place between our countries, I believe is an example for many warring countries who have tense relations with each other.
And also, I would like to offer congratulations for the ongoing Belgrade–Pristina Dialogue. There are many results of this process. However, there are elements of the 2013 Brussels Agreement, which was the consequence of the original Ahtisaari Plan, which are still open.
But we all remember that recognising Kosovo, and at the same time, measures like the creation of the Association of Serb-majority Municipalities, have been very closely related. And we are still discussing these questions when we are talking, for example, about Kosovo's membership of the Council of Europe.
Colleagues,
What I would like to draw your attention to is that we have got the momentum. I think we have got the best moment to discuss, after 14 years, Serbia again in the Council of Europe, because European Union enlargement is at a critical momentum.
We have seen that the opening of the negotiations for Ukraine and Moldova have just been decided last week. And now I think this is a huge possibility for the Western Balkans and especially countries like Montenegro, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia.
And I am very glad to see and to realise that Serbia is ready to co-operate closely on, for example, Mrdić's Laws, with the Venice Commission and also with the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR). And there is now hopefully an agreement on the Media Council, including the participation of the Hungarian community in the Media Council. I think we have to be very optimistic and at the same time reserved when we have this very important subject in front of us. There are national interests. The Serbian people know that. Government, opposition and civil society should unite to use this historical momentum in front of Serbia.
Thank you very much for your attention.
Thank you. And now I call from the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, Ms Lucia PLAVÁKOVÁ.
Slovak Republic, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group
16:45:51
Dear President,
Dear colleagues and friends,
Since the tragic collapse of the canopy at the Novi Sad railway station in November 2024, which killed 16 people, Serbian society has been shaken and rightly outraged. This tragedy was only the tip of the iceberg.
Widely perceived as the result of corruption and negligence, the incident became a catalyst for mass protests across the country.
And what has been the response of President Aleksandar VUČIĆ’s regime? A demonstration of brute power. Intimidation. Smear campaigns. Also against opposition.
The Vice-President of the Free Movement of Citizens (PSG) and Member of Parliament, Ms Anna OREG, was subjected to unlawful surveillance by Serbia’s security intelligence service, BIA, without a clear legal basis, resulting in the monitoring of both her activities and the party’s internal communications.
Recordings were later used to prosecute and detain party members on allegations of attempting to overthrow the constitutional order, which can be obviously described as the political misuse of state security institutions. It represents a serious violation of European democratic standards, while also illustrating a broader pattern of state capture and the erosion of the rule of law in Serbia.
At the same time, we have witnessed a number of legislative changes that risk undermining democratic institutions in Serbia.
Uglješa MRDIĆ laws, the package of new judicial legislation, pushed through under urgent procedures and without public consultation. When you have bad intentions, you try to hide them in the dark. And I believe that it was also the case.
We have also seen recurring attempts to restrict the freedom of assembly and association.
In other words, Serbia’s non-democratic trajectory is being reinforced on two fronts: through legislative changes and through the excessive use of state power. Together, these developments have a deeply damaging effect on democratic institutions and the rule of law.
I also welcome the report’s final remarks on other important human rights issues, including the rights of national minorities, women, and LGBTI persons, which will be examined further in the forthcoming monitoring report on Serbia. However, it must be noted that targeting women or other minorities, which is happening in Serbia, also undermines democratic institutions and could have been part of the discussed report.
Let us hope that this report, together with the monitoring process, will help Serbia return to a democratic path. The courageous people of Serbia are very much in my thoughts, and I hope to see their country become a strong, free, and democratic member of our European family.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And I now call from the Group of the Unified European Left, Mr George LOUCAIDES.
George, you have the floor.
Cyprus, UEL, Spokesperson for the group
16:49:07
Thank you very much, Mr Mogens JENSEN.
Dear colleagues, on behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left, I would like to thank the co-rapporteurs for their comprehensive report.
The report acknowledges that Serbia has made progress in a number of important areas, including judicial reforms, anti-corruption efforts and the alignment of legislation with Council of Europe standards. These developments deserve recognition and should be further encouraged.
At the same time, the report identifies a number of issues that continue to require attention. It points to challenges related to political polarisation, the functioning of democratic institutions, the electoral framework and the quality of public dialogue. These are matters that are important for the healthy functioning of any democracy and merit continued engagement by the Serbian authorities.
The report also highlights concerns regarding freedom of expression, media pluralism and the environment in which journalists, civil society organisations and human rights defenders operate. Equally important are the recommendations concerning the independence of the judiciary and the implementation of the opinions of the Venice Commission and other Council of Europe monitoring bodies.
The events that followed the Novi Sad tragedy have had a profound impact on Serbian society. The calls for transparency, accountability and public confidence in institutions should be addressed through independent investigations and full respect for democratic rights and freedoms. Our role in this Assembly is not to pass political judgments, but to assess compliance with the standards and commitments that all member states have undertaken.
In that spirit, we support the draft resolution and encourage the Serbian authorities to continue their efforts to address the concerns identified by the rapporteurs through dialogue, institutional reforms and full co-operation with the Council of Europe mechanisms.
Thank you.
And I call the next speaker from the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group, Mr Piero FASSINO.
Piero, you have the floor.
Thank you, Mr President.
I speak Italian.
Serbia, as we know, is not only the most populous country in the Western Balkans but has always played a central role in that region. What happens in Serbia influences everything that happens and affects the Balkan region as a whole. That is why our Assembly is paying such close attention to what is happening in that country.
I would like to thank the rapporteurs for their efforts. In presenting the resolution to us, they have highlighted how Serbia is currently gripped by a very sharp polarisation between the government and the ruling party on the one hand, and civil society movements on the other.
There have been four snap elections in the last nine years, which in itself is evidence of the political tension gripping Serbia, and in a few months’ time there could well be a fifth snap election.
I therefore believe we must remain very vigilant and call on the Serbian authorities to do what our resolution sets out: full implementation of the rule of law and the Council of Europe’s standards, in line with the Venice Commission’s recommendations; the independence of the judiciary; media freedom; the protection of journalists; the fight against corruption; respect for democratic principles; and the maintenance of public order in a fair and respectful manner towards citizens.
These are essential points: for the European Union’s assessment of Serbia’s path towards integration and accession to the Union will depend on how these matters are guaranteed. Equally essential is the normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo, which have been languishing and at a standstill for months, respect for the integrity of Bosnia in the face of separatist threats that are often fomented in Republika Srpska, and respect for the arrangements agreed at Dayton – arrangements designed to bring stability and security to the entire region.
In short, we need Serbia to speed up the process of fully embracing the rule of law and democratic principles. And this is precisely because Serbia’s actions will influence everything that happens in the coming years in the Western Balkans, a region that is in the midst of a process of European integration, which we have a duty to support and assist.
And the Council of Europe, this Assembly and the Council of Europe’s structures intend and wish to accompany Serbia on this journey; for this reason, our group will support the resolution proposed by the rapporteurs.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And as the last speaker from the political groups from the Group of the European People's Party, Mr Ricardo CARVALHO, you have the floor.
Portugal, EPP/CD, Spokesperson for the group
16:54:56
Thank you, Mr President.
Dear colleagues,
I would like to thank the rapporteurs for their comprehensive and balanced work.
This report recognises an important reality: Serbia has made significant progress since joining the Council of Europe in 2003.
It is a fact that Serbia has made progress in a number of areas.
Judicial reforms have been undertaken, important legislative changes have been adopted, and efforts have been made to align national legislation with the recommendations of the Venice Commission. These developments deserve recognition.
At the same time, it is equally clear that important challenges remain. The political landscape is highly polarised, trust between institutions and society has been affected, and further efforts are needed to ensure fully functioning democratic institutions.
Media pluralism, the independence of the judiciary and the full implementation of the recommendations of the Venice Commission, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and other Council of Europe bodies remain of the utmost importance.
We cannot ignore the profound impact that the Novi Sad tragedy had on Serbian society. The emergence of the student movement as a significant social and political actor demonstrates both the concerns and the aspirations of a new generation of Serbian citizens.
The Group of the European People's Party (EPP) supports this report because it combines two essential principles: fairness and ambition. Fairness in acknowledging the progress achieved. Ambition in encouraging Serbia to continue its path to reform.
Serbia is a key partner for the stability, prosperity and security of the Western Balkans. Its future lies in a democratic, stable and European Serbia. For that reason, it is essential that the country maintains its strategic objective of membership of the European Union and continues aligning its institutions and practices with European standards.
We also encourage the Serbian authorities to continue fostering constructive relations with their neighbours. Regional co-operation, reconciliation and good neighbourly relations remain fundamental pillars for lasting stability in the Western Balkans. This includes strengthening political, economic and people-to-people ties with all European partners, including Poland, which has consistently supported the European perspective of the region and remains an important partner within the wider European family.
The Council of Europe must remain a platform for dialogue, engagement and democratic progress. Our objective should not be to isolate, but to accompany and encourage reform.
For these reasons, EPP will support the report and calls on the Serbian authorities to continue moving forward on the European path with determination and confidence.
Thank you very much.
Thank you. And the next speaker is Ms Valérie PILLER CARRARD. You have the floor.
Thank you, Mister President.
Fellow Members,
I would like, first of all, to thank the co-rapporteurs for the quality of the report, which provides a clear-sighted and alarming assessment of the situation in Serbia.
The tragedy in Novi Sad in November 2024, which claimed the lives of 16 people, exposed intolerable systemic corruption. Young people and students have legitimately demanded justice throughout 2025. Faced with these protests, the authorities’ response was not one of dialogue, but of disproportionate repression, arbitrary arrests and major restrictions on press freedom. Furthermore, on 15 March 2025 in Belgrade, the alleged use of a terrifying sonic weapon – a case currently under review by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) – is unacceptable.
Whilst public pressure forced Prime Minister Miloš VUČEVIĆ to resign in January 2025, the system has since become entrenched. Serbia is drifting away from our standards, aligning itself with Russia and stifling its opposition.
Voting in favour of this report is essential, but we must demand concrete and immediate measures from Belgrade.
Firstly, the independence of the judiciary. Serbia must urgently repeal or amend the "Mrdić laws" of January 2026, which remove the guarantees of autonomy for prosecutors, particularly in relation to the Novi Sad investigation. The Venice Commission’s opinion must be implemented.
Secondly, civil liberties. The illegal use of spyware such as Pegasus or NoviSpy against journalists and the opposition must cease.
Thirdly, electoral integrity. The widespread fraud observed during the local elections in March 2026 necessitates an overhaul of the electoral framework in line with the standards of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR).
Finally, the fight against impunity. The post of Chief Prosecutor for war crimes, which has been vacant since 2024, must be filled without delay.
Membership of the Council of Europe requires action, not window-dressing. I therefore urge you to support this report, to continue the fight against corruption in Serbia and to encourage the strengthening of institutions to foster greater democracy.
And the next speaker is Ms Dunja SIMONOVIĆ BRATIĆ.
You have the floor.
Thank you.
Dear colleagues, the main pillar on which this report rests, in the qualification of the situation in Serbia, is a tragedy that happened in Novi Sad, where 16 people lost their lives in November 2024.
The reason for the protests was this tragedy, but the real cause was the announcement of President Aleksandar VUČIĆ, just before the tragedy, that he would bring prestigious foreign universities to Serbia and thus provide students in Serbia with even higher quality education.
The university community began to protest only because of the fear of liberalisation and the arrival of competition. That's why the main organisers of the protests are university professors who made their army out of students to defend their monopolistic position. In the name of universities' autonomy, they made fortresses within the faculty buildings, and no one who was not one of their soldiers could enter.
So they did whatever they wanted. Until another tragedy happened, but this time at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, which is in the same building as the rectorate. The report states that the student Ms Milica ŽIVKOVIĆ lost her life at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, and that four police officers and the prosecutor were not allowed to enter the Faculty to investigate her death without the permission of the director.
That is an absolutely untrue statement. And the main question is: how come students can be in faculty buildings late at night, surrounded by fire from pyrotechnical devices that were used in the protests? Instead of paying tribute to a dead colleague, students and professors attacked police, trying to prevent them from investigating a tragic event or murder. And to make this tragedy even more creepy, only 20 metres from the place of death, the rector appeared on the balcony, demanding that the students support his political campaign, hoping to escape responsibility.
So, dear colleagues, next time you try to defend university autonomy, remember this vivid example from Serbia. Because it might happen to you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And I now call on Ms Biljana PANTIĆ PILJA.
You have the floor.
Thank you.
The established practice of the Council of Europe is that its report on each state under the monitoring procedure should be presented every two years. The previous report on Serbia was adopted 14 years ago. During those 14 years, no fewer than 16 core rapporteurs changed before we finally arrived at the report before us today. A report that contains incorrect and unverified information.
In this report, you first expressed concern about the frequent holding of early elections, even though such elections have repeatedly been requested by the opposition. At the same time, the report notes that the student movement currently engaged in protest is demanding new elections. What do you want?
The report also appears to suggest that the rule of law and democratic principles require pressure to be exerted on judicial authorities, as it calls on the competent authorities to dismiss what is described as unfounded and arbitrary criminal charges against demonstrators. Same question. What do you want for us?
Although this Assembly has held several debates on the situation in Serbia over the past year, in this report, you again focus on demonstrators who have blocked roads and public spaces, and consequently have been detained by the authorities and whose release you call for.
Let me remind you, in Sweden, where 20 demonstrators who blocked themselves in a university were arrested. Engaged activists were detained for blocking roads. We didn't have a discussion on that topic.
Nowhere in this report have you mentioned the condition in which Serbs live in Kosovo and Metohija, nor the fact that ethnic cleansing is taking place there. That does not appear to concern you.
There is a saying, when you have nothing meaningful to say, it is better to remain silent. It would have been better if you had continued to remain silent as you did over the previous 14 years.
Thank you.
And I now call on Ms Alicia KEARNS.
You have the floor.
Thank you, Chair.
I congratulate Ms Victoria TIBLOM and Mr Yunus EMRE on an unflinching report. It captures what followed the Navi Sad tragedy. 4 million people on the streets, in a country of under 7 million. The people of Serbia want what we all want: an open European democracy, free of rigged elections, corruption, state capture and the strangling of the press.
Because a free press is the foundation democracy is built on. And in Serbia, that foundation is being dismantled deliberately and in plain sight. One by one, the independent newsrooms have had their leaders removed. And now the last of them, N1, Nova S and Danas, are being sold. Sold to a firm tied to Mr Viktor ORBÁN and to President Aleksandar VUČIĆ, a firm whose media holdings are plagued by allegations of censorship, political interference and erosion of journalist standards.
The head of the European Federation of Journalists put it plainly: if these outlets fall, almost complete darkness will reign in Serbia. The European Commission is now asking whether Serbia still deserves European funds. And that is the right question.
So here is ours: will we make the capture of a free press cost more than it is worth? Because right now, for the men dismantling it, it is a bargain. Respect for democracy does not stop at the border. How a government treats its neighbours tells you how they treat its own. We see in Mr Vladimir PUTIN's Russia, war abroad and silence at home.
We are seeing the same shape in Serbia: backing the men who tear Bosnia apart, sheltering the gunmen behind the Banjska attack – no, arming the gunmen. Because look at the serial numbers on those weapons. Crushing Serbia's young protesters. Snuffing out the last free press.
For a country with Serbia's talent, this is a tragedy, but not its destiny. The millions who've marched want a different path. And our task is not to be naive, but to be a voice for those who others seek to silence.
Thank you.
The next speaker is Ms Sabina ĆUDIĆ.
You have the floor.
On 25 May 1995, at 8:55 p.m., Mr Novak ĐUKIĆ made a direct order for a missile to be launched on Tuzla city centre, killing 71 young people. The average age was 23 and the youngest victim was two years old.
Mr Novak ĐUKIĆ was arrested in 2007 in Banja Luka and put on trial for war crimes and received a sentence of 20 years for war crimes against civilians. Subsequently he fled to Serbia, where he is still free. And not only free, but receiving direct support from the Serbian regime.
And not only that, the Ministry of Defence subsequently financed the publishing of books spreading morbid theories about this war crime and defending the fugitives and war criminals it harbours.
I asked in October last year, what are we waiting for in analysing and receiving reports about Serbia for 14 years? So we waited for 14 years, in a sense, for this moment to analyse the material about the democratic functioning of institutions in Serbia. In Article 18 of this Resolution, the rapporteurs called the Assembly to urge the authorities to show a genuine commitment to investigating and adjudicating cases of war crimes, in particular by appointing the Chief Public Prosecutor for War Crimes, a position that has been vacant since 2024.
My question to the rapporteurs and to everybody in this chamber is: how likely do you think that this will take place by a country that's still harbouring war criminals and defending them? Because I deeply believe that Serbia should be as far away from the European Union, as the victims of the war criminals it protects and harbours are far from receiving justice and closure. Thank you.
And the next speaker is Ms Bisera KOSTADINOVSKA-STOJCHEVSKA.
You have the floor.
Thank you, Mister Chair.
Dear colleagues, I made a little research before coming into this debate. And yes, the last report on Serbia was in 2012. North Macedonia, besides the closing of the post-monitoring period, 2019. Kosovo, the one and only, 2024. Albania, 2024.
The only notion supporting a European perspective for the Western Balkans 2022 and 2016, Montenegro, 2021. So we cannot be surprised at regional destabilisation is the writing on the wall, when we all think about Western Balkans.
Western Balkans countries are in the waiting room of the EU for more than 20 years. Some among us less, but I would not like to be pessimistic and to say that they have quite a wait ahead.
Why? Because we keep putting Western Balkans under the rug, in the corner and always talk about them when only we see them in specific circumstances. And yet everyone keeps expecting that Western Balkans can get on without help, support or assistance.
If we leave a child unattended, the most horrible things can and will happen. It will be influenced, beaten, unsecured. It might even be attacked. And chaos can prevail.
So, colleagues,
We must not allow further derogation, one of the most strategical and geopolitically important regions to be left on its own.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Ms Denitsa SACHEVA.
You have the floor.
I would like to start by commending the report of Ms Victoria TIBLOM and Mr Yunus EMRE.
It is concentrated mainly on the current political and social tensions in Serbia.
I fully support the calls on the Serbian authorities to avoid the use of unnecessary or disproportionate force against protesters and members of the student movement. At the same time, we expect that the authorities have to investigate promptly, independently and effectively cases of violence against protesters and cases of ill-treatment in custody, and hold accountable all those responsible for violent acts, whether law enforcement officers or private individuals.
However, our report coincides with the recently adopted report on Serbia by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET). Our colleagues there raised one, in my view, very important question, which has to be addressed seriously by Serbian authorities. And this is the rights of national minorities in Serbia.
As a Bulgarian, I would like to quote here with a part of the already adopted AFET’s report:
"Strongly condemns any policies, narratives or administrative practices aimed at redefining, fragmenting or denying the identity of national minorities in Serbia; in this context, expresses concern over the promotion of artificial constructs such as the so-called 'Shopi nation,' which seek to erase the existence of the Bulgarian community and deny its historical roots and cultural heritage and right of self-identification, which is protected under international law; stresses that identity is a matter of free personal choice and cannot be subject to political engineering or state-sponsored reinterpretation; calls on the Serbian authorities to fully respect the historical continuity, cultural heritage and self-identification of the Bulgarian community; regrets the searches carried out by the Serbian authorities at the Bosilegrad Cultural Center and the initiation of pre-trial proceedings for 'ethnic hatred' against NGO activists."
In my view, the Council of Europe has to pay greater attention to the respect of the rights of national minorities in Serbia, which is exactly in the scope of our activities.
And I now give the floor to Ms Cristina Gabriella DUMITRESCU.
You have the floor.
President,
Esteemed rapporteurs,
I congratulate you on your balanced report. You have accurately described the challenges facing Serbia: democracy, polarisation, frequent snap elections, pressure on the judiciary and the media.
I would like to draw attention to a point mentioned in paragraph 1 of the resolution. The specific obligations and commandments undertaken by Serbia upon accession in 2003, in Opinion 239, among them, full implementation of the rights of minorities. Today, 22 years later, we must also speak about the over 300 000 Serbian citizens who identify as Romanian or Vlach in the Timok Valley.
Your report notes in paragraph 3 that there are new serious concerns about the country's adherence to the principle of democracy, the rule of law and the observance of public freedoms. Allow me to mention three concrete examples for Timok. The right to education: the Serbian constitution, in Article 79, guarantees education in the mother tongue. In Timok, there is not a single state class with teaching in Romanian. Parents are demanding it, but the Ministry of Education in Belgrade systematically blocks authorisation. The right to worship: priests of the Romanian Orthodox Church are harassed, fined and prevented from holding services. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 45 of the Serbian Constitution guarantee religious freedom. The right to media: for them, there is no public radio or TV station in Romanian.
Esteemed colleagues, we are not asking for a special status. We are asking Serbia to apply its own laws and the commitments it made in 2003 before this Assembly.
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Ms Elvira KOVÁCS. You have the floor.
Thank you.
Distinguished Chair,
Dear colleagues,
Indeed, the last report of the Monitoring Committee on Serbia's honouring of its obligations and commitments dates back to 2012. Repeated early elections and changes of co-rapporteurs have created obstacles to the preparation of a new report on the country. Therefore, it is a positive step forward that the two co-rapporteurs were able to carry out a fact-finding visit and that this Assembly is now debating the report before it.
The 2024 November tragedy in Novi Sad has had ongoing impact on political life and society in Serbia. The student movement has evolved into a potential civic force.
But I would like to speak about the obligations, after the adopted so-called "Mrdić's laws", the Serbian authorities have cooperated closely with the Venice Commission, which adopted its opinion at its June plenary session following a request from the Speaker of our National Assembly.
Serbia is now in the process of implementing the Venice Commission's recommendations. The extraordinary sitting of the National Assembly to consider the amended draft laws began last Wednesday. The debate is currently ongoing, and the vote is expected to take place by the end of this week at the latest.
Amendments to the Law on the Unified Voter Register were adopted last November. The law envisages establishing a permanent and inclusive Commission for the Revision of the United Voter Register.
Amendments to four laws were adopted in May this year: the Law on the Election of Members of Parliament, the Law on Local Elections, the Law on the Election of the President of the Republic, and the Law on the Constitutional Court.
Work is also under way on the Law on Financing Political Activities and the Law on the Prevention of Corruption, which has been further aligned with the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) recommendations.
So, all in all, these are the real things Serbia did in the last few months. And it is obvious that there is a big political polarisation. But I'm not convinced that this kind of reports, which are not so balanced, would help us. So please, next time try to, at least, listen to both sides.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And I now call Mr Ardian GOLA. You have the floor.
Thank you Chair,
Dear colleagues,
I would like to congratulate the rapporteurs on this report. I believe it contains many important recommendations which, if addressed, could help Serbia democratise itself.
Beyond the insufficient attention given to the long-standing violations of the rights of the minorities, especially the Albanian community in Serbia, I would like to address the infamous Banjska attack. I believe the language used in the report understates its nature, describing it merely as a clash between the police and Serb gunmen.
In its Resolution on Banjska, the European Parliament described the attack as follows: "a group of heavily armed ethnic Serb paramilitaries carried out a terrorist attack in the north of Kosovo."
Also, the EU High Representative, Mr Josep BORRELL, condemned the attack as a "hideous and cowardly terrorist attack against Kosovo Police officers".
Additionally, the operation was led by Mr Milan RADOIČIĆ, widely known as a confidant of President Aleksandar VUČIĆ, who publicly took responsibility for the attack, which claimed the life of Police Sergeant Afrim BUNJAKU and deprived three young children of their father.
This attack, ladies and gentlemen, reveals several uncomfortable truths about democracy and the rule of law in Serbia.
First, Serbia has yet to demonstrate its readiness to build normal relations, especially with Kosovo.
Second, rather than ensuring accountability, it continues to protect those responsible, as evidenced by the fact that Mr Milan RADOIČIĆ continues to reside freely and under protection in Serbia.
In this way, Serbia has become a violator of the very values that the Council of Europe was founded to uphold and protect.
Therefore, if our goal is to help Serbia democratise, we should not soften or obscure unpleasant facts through neutralising language. The real test of a state is not how it embraces comfortable truths, but how it reckons with uncomfortable ones. And Banjska is one such uncomfortable truth that Serbia, sooner or later, will have to reckon with.
Thank you very much.
And the next speaker is Ms Tatjana PAŠIĆ. You have the floor.
I would like to thank the rapporteurs for this accurate report.
Despite constant warnings from Europe, the Serbian regime continues to act in the same manner and, in fact, the situation is worsening. Recently, the president of the ruling Serbian Progressive Party signed a co-operation agreement with the Communist Party of China, openly declaring that they share the same values.
That means the suppression of democracy, the silencing of critics, and the systemic violation of human rights. Instead of moving toward Brussels and Strasbourg, Serbia is turning toward Beijing.
Simultaneously, a hostile propaganda campaign is being conducted in Serbia, targeting both the democratic opposition and the European Union. According to recent European Commission surveys, public support for Serbia’s EU membership has dropped from 67% in 2012 to a mere 31%. This is proof that Mr Aleksandar VUČIĆ and his regime have no intention of ever letting Serbia join the EU.
Serbia will soon face elections under deeply unfair conditions. In just a single year, President Aleksandar VUČIĆ appeared on national TV channels, including the public broadcaster, more times than there are days in a year. Meanwhile, the largest opposition party of Freedom and Justice was allowed a grand total of just 17 minutes over three entire years. This is why we insist on full implementation of all Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) recommendations.
We must end voter pressure, stop vote-buying, and halt the blatant misuse of public resources. Without these fundamental changes, free elections are impossible, and Serbia’s European future will remain entirely out of reach.
Thank you.
Thank you. And the next speaker is Mr Vladimir ĐORĐEVIĆ. You have the floor.
Thank you, Chair,
I come from Serbia. And today, I am not asking this Assembly to believe the opposition. I am asking it to believe its own report.
This report speaks about violence against protesters, about intimidation, about pressure on journalists, about corruption, about institutions that are losing public trust. And about 16 dead citizens in Novi Sad.
Sixteen.
Not in a war, not in a natural disaster, in a train station, built under contract, approved by officials, opened with applause.
That was not just an accident.
It was the result of a system where nobody was ever held responsible.
When citizens ask who is responsible, they are told to be patient.
When students ask, they are called troublemakers.
When journalists ask, they become targets.
When the opposition asks, it becomes the problem.
The people protesting in Serbia are not fighting against Serbia. They are fighting for Serbia. For a Serbia where public office means responsibility, not privilege.
Because the crisis in Serbia is no longer a crisis of politics, it is a crisis of trust.
And when citizens stop trusting institutions, democracy does not collapse in a single day. It collapses one unanswered question at a time.
This report contains the questions. This Assembly must demand the answers. Not ask. Demand.
And today we have a choice. To look away or to stand by our own principles.
I urge you to support this report for the credibility of this Assembly, for the citizens of Serbia and for the values of the Council of Europe. And just for the record, Kosovo is Serbia.
Thank you.
I now call on the next speaker. It's Mr Márton HAJDU. You have the floor.
Dear President,
Dear colleagues,
Hungary has a direct strategic interest in a stable, democratic Serbia. We remain a steadfast supporter of the EU integration of Serbia and the entire western Balkans.
Some began this European journey over a decade ago. If Europe offers delay without recognising genuine progress, public confidence in enlargement will decline. But credibility is a two way street. Supporting Serbia's European future cannot mean silence about democratic shortcomings. The concerns raised in this report regarding electoral conditions, pressure on protesters, media pluralism, civil society and judicial independence must be taken seriously.
At the same time, our assessment must remain objective and consistent. Conclusions should rest on agreed Council of Europe principles, verifiable facts, independent procedures and equal treatment of every country. We should distinguish carefully between established facts and allegations requiring investigations. Serious allegations must be investigated independently and effectively, and we will support further efforts to monitor the situation.
Hungary also has a particular responsibility towards the Hungarian community in Vojvodina. We want its language, education, culture, media and participation in public life to be protected. These rights belong to the whole community and to its individual members. They must never depend on political alignments.
Serbia belongs in Europe. Progress must be achievable, support must be available and accession must remain genuinely merit based for Serbia and for all other aspirant countries.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Ms Olta XHAÇKA. You have the floor.
Thank you.
Esteemed Chair, dear colleagues,
I'd like to thank the co-rapporteurs for their valuable work. The report provides a comprehensive assessment of a number of important developments in Serbia.
At the same time, there are several issues which, in my view, warrant greater attention and should have been more adequately reflected in the text. It is regrettable that the situation of the Albanian community in the Preševo Valley receives only limited attention in the discussions concerning democratic standards and fundamental rights. The effective protection of minority rights, equal access to public services and institutions and meaningful participation in public life remain essential benchmarks for every member state of our organisation and deserve continued scrutiny.
It is also a matter of concern that nearly three years after the Banjska terrorist attack of September 2023, full accountability has yet to be ensured. Several individuals linked to these events remain at large, while important questions regarding responsibility and follow-up measures remain unanswered. Meaningful progress in this regard would contribute significantly to trust, security and long-term stability in the region.
Furthermore, Serbia's continued opposition to Kosovo's membership in the Council of Europe remains, to say the least, disappointing. Regardless of political differences, extending the protection of the European Convention on Human Rights and access to the mechanisms of this organisation to all citizens of Kosovo would strengthen democratic standards, the rule of law and human rights protections across Europe.
These issues are not merely matters of bilateral concern. They relate directly to the principles, obligations and commitments of all member states, which all member states have undertaken within the Council of Europe. And for this reason, they deserved clear recognition and reflection in this document and would have contributed to a more balanced and comprehensive reflection of the challenges that remain to be addressed.
Thank you.
Dear colleagues, as announced, I must now interrupt the list of speakers.
The speeches of members on the speakers list who have been present during the debate but have not been able to speak may be given to the Table Office for publication in the Official Reports. These speeches must not exceed 400 words, and I remind colleagues that the typewritten texts can be submitted electronically if possible, no later than 4 hours after the list of speakers is interrupted.
And now I will call Ms Victoria TIBLOM and Mr Yunus EMRE to reply, and you have 5 minutes in total.
I call Mr Yunus EMRE first, or Ms Victoria TIBLOM, as you wish.
We want to thank the speakers for your input and your support.
This report is a first and much needed step toward a more comprehensive report, including the situation for minorities in Serbia. As you all have noted, it has been more than 14 years since the last one, and we chose to focus on the functioning of a democratic institution.
To Ms Denitsa SACHEVA, a report in the European Parliament was also critical about the situation in Serbia, and the right of minorities were not examined here, which has been saved for future monitoring reports. We are fully aware that the situation is complex due to the existence of numerous national minorities, something that was also brought up by Ms Cristina Gabriella DUMITRESCU.
To Ms Elvira KOVÁCS, on Mrdić's laws, we welcome that the Minister of Justice proposed amendments that were positively assessed by the Venice Commission in June. The Venice Commission said that the draft laws implemented four out of nine recommendations from April.
However, these draft laws need to be adopted by the Parliament as soon as possible. Let me see the notes here. Regarding the unified voter register, according to civil society, little has been done in practise to work that should continue for the next three to four years.
I'm sorry, I will stop there. I cannot read what it says.
Thank you.
Dear colleagues,
Yes, when we started our work on the report on Serbia, we noticed that our work would not be easy because, you know, there were 14 years of monitoring and there was no monitoring report.
For this reason, the first principle for us was to be balanced, balanced regarding the progress Serbia had made in these 14 years and the concerns.
And as my colleague Victoria said, there are many important criticisms in this debate. We are very grateful for all these views. And I should also point out that, for instance, in the report we noted human rights abuses at demonstrations, use of violence at demonstrations, and it is obvious that we are not the only ones who noted these problems. For instance, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe came to similar conclusions during his visit to Serbia in May 2026 this year.
Or the question of early elections. Yes, it is obvious that early elections were asked for by the opposition; that is true. But it is obvious that early elections are too often held, and they are in the interest of ruling parties.
And yes, there are many problems with national minorities, that's true. There are many issues of international politics, that's true. But this report is a report on democratic institutions in Serbia. So these types of issues, as far as I understand, are not for this report. For instance, the Kosovo issue is an issue for a report of the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy, not for the Monitoring Committee.
And lastly, we are not party to political conflicts in Serbia. We are observers, we are co-rapporteurs on the political situation in the country. And we used many credible sources like Venice Commission reports, election observation, international election observation reports, and Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) reports.
Also, we are very lucky that there is a very important office of the Council of Europe in Belgrade. So they are very good at their job. Also, our Secretariat helped us in many ways.
So this is the end result. And once again, I would like to thank all political groups and all members of the Assembly.
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
And I will now ask the Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson of the Committee, Mr Gerardo GIOVAGNOLI, and you wish to speak, it seems.
You now have the floor. You have 3 minutes.
San Marino, SOC, Vice Chairperson of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee)
17:36:07
Dear President, dear colleagues,
Since 2003, Serbia has been under the Assembly's monitoring procedure. The last rapporteur of the Monitoring Committee on Serbia dates from 2012. In its Resolution 1858 of 25 January 2012 on the honouring of obligations and commitments by Serbia, the Assembly welcomed the significant progress achieved in implementing obligations and commitments, entering into accession in 2003.
At the same time, it resolved to pursue its monitoring of Serbia and invited the latter to make substantial progress in the following five key areas: full implementation of the reform of the judiciary in order to guarantee its independence and efficiency; adoption of and implementation of effective anti-corruption policies; adoption of amendments to the Criminal Code in line with the GRECO recommendations; improvement of the situation of the media; and finally, implementation of the rights of minorities, especially Roma.
Since 2012, several attempts to submit a new report by the Monitoring Committee were delayed due to a wide range of reasons: the frequent changes of co-rapporteurs, yearly general elections and the Covid-19 pandemic. Since then, the situation in Serbia has considerably changed, in particular due to an unprecedented wave of mass protests following the collapse of the Novi Sad railway station canopy. Initially led by students, since November 2024, the protests spread across the country to include various social groups demanding accountability, transparency, justice and early elections. Therefore, I am happy that after 14 years, the Monitoring Committee approved the co-rapporteur's report on Serbia.
The report, which is a report on the functioning of democratic institutions instead of a regular monitoring report, does not cover all problematic issues, including the rights of national minorities. It takes stock of the developments concerning the four main outstanding issues mentioned in the 2012 Resolution, points out issues of concern and contains numerous recommendations for the authorities. The current rapporteurs decided to fast-track the report on Serbia because of the possibility that the new early election will be organised by the end of this year.
As a member of the Council of Europe, Serbia is committed to upholding fundamental rights, the rule of law and democratic standards. I hope that it will continue to demonstrate its commitment to implementing the organisation's standards. The Assembly, and in particular the Monitoring Committee, will be watching closely. I hope that the Assembly will back the draft resolution.
Thank you for your attention.
Thank you, Mr Gerardo GIOVAGNOLI.
The Monitoring Committee has presented a draft resolution, to which 20 amendments have been tabled and they will now be taken in the order in which they appear in the compendium. And I remind you that speeches on amendments are limited to 30 seconds.
I understand that the Vice-Chairperson of the Committee wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 14, 15, 16, 17 and 13 to the draft resolution which were unanimously approved by the Committee, be declared as definitively approved.
Is that so, Mr Gerardo GIOVAGNOLI? That is so. Thank you.
And if no one objects, I will consider these amendments to be approved. Is there any objection?
There is not.
So Amendments 14, 15, 16, 17 and 13 to the draft resolutions are therefore approved and will not be called.
And I also understand that the Chairperson of the Committee wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 1, 2, 3, 20, 6, 7, 8, 10, 9 and 19 to the draft resolutions, which were rejected by the committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared as definitively rejected.
I understand that Amendment 11 to the draft resolution was also rejected by a committee with a two-thirds majority. But however, because Amendment 18 is consequential to Amendment 11, Amendment 11 will still be taken separately. Is that so, Mister Vice-Chair?
San Marino, SOC, Vice Chairperson of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee)
17:40:54
Yes. It is so.
It is so.
So, if no one objects, I would consider the amendments to be rejected. Is there any objection?
So then, Amendments 1, 2, 3, 26, 7, 8, 10, 9 and 19 to the draft solution are therefore rejected and will not be called.
We are going to Amendment number 12 first.
And I call Mr Vladimir ĐORĐEVIĆ to support Amendment number 12. You have 30 seconds.
Thank you, Chair.
I support this amendment because it distinguishes between the constitutional right to call early elections and the potential abuse of that right for political advantage.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Does anyone want to speak against this amendment?
If not the case, then what is the opinion of the Committee?
The Committee was in favour of this amendment and I now put it to a vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
The amendment is agreed to.
And then I move to Amendment 5. And I call Ms Biljana PANTIĆ PILJA to support Amendment 5. You have 30 seconds.
Thank you. I see no reason why this last sentence was included in Paragraph 13.
We had one observation mission at the most recent parliamentary elections. Its report contains some point of criticism, but also praise. Overall, the election observation mission report was balanced and measured. There is no reason to only stress shortcomings here if it explains or progress are not highlighted as well.
Omitting the sentences will result in a better resolution text. Thank you.
Thank you.
Does anyone want to speak against the amendment?
If that's a yes.
Thank you, Chair.
I oppose this amendment because it presents unresolved recommendations as if they had already been adequately implemented. Thank you.
And what is the opinion of the Committee? The Committee is against. And I will now put the Amendment...
San Marino, SOC, Vice Chairperson of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee)
17:44:09
I now put the Amendment to the vote.
And the vote is open.
And the vote is closed.
And I call for the result to be displayed.
The Amendment is rejected.
And we now go to Amendment 4.
And I call Ms Biljana PANTIĆ PILJA to support Amendment 4.
It simply does not hold true. It may have appeared in April, when the report was being drafted, that this was the case, but that is no longer accurate. Two weeks ago the Venice Commission held a session and issued its opinion. And last week, and this week and today, our national assembly has been considering draft laws that will take into account the Venice Commission's position.
Subsequently, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights recommendation will also be on the Agenda, therefore, our proposal is far more accurate.
Thank you.
Thank you. Does anyone want to speak against? Yes? Please.
Thank you, Mister Chair.
I oppose this amendment because it removes the findings of international election observers and weakens the factual basis of the resolution.
Thank you.
Thank you. And what is the opinion of the Committee?
San Marino, SOC, Vice Chairperson of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee)
17:45:52
The Committee was against.
The Committee is against, and I now put the Amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed, and I call for the result to be displayed.
This is rejected.
And then we turn to Amendment 11. And I call on Ms Alicia KEARNS to support Amendment 11. Thank you.
Thank you.
This amendment is about the functioning of Serbia's legal system, a key part of Serbia's democracy.
Two years ago, a group of heavily armed militia crossed into Kosovo and killed Police Sergeant Afrim BUNJAKU. Fortunately, they achieved none of their further terrorist aims. The man who admitted leading that attack walks free in Belgrade today. President Aleksandar VUČIĆ refused to extradite him and promised Serbia's courts he would act.
This Assembly stands for human rights and justice. And my amendment names what happens in Banjska: a failure of justice. However, I will withdraw it.
And we have registered that you have withdrawn the Amendment. We take note of that, Mr Vladimir ĐORĐEVIĆ. It is withdrawn. So you move on to the next one.
So we'll go to Amendment number 18. And I call Ms Albana VOKSHI to support Amendment 18. You have 30 seconds.
Is Ms Albana VOKSHI in the room? Okay.
Any other who wants to support this Amendment? Anyone wants to speak against?
Mr Vladimir ĐORĐEVIĆ.
I oppose this amendment because it politicised this report and introduced issues that fell outside its core purpose, amended. Thank you.
Thank you.
And I just got the information that if no one is moving it, then it falls. So this amendment falls.
Thank you. And then we move now to the draft resolution as a whole, as contained in Document 16424. And we need a simple majority.
So I open the vote.
And I close the vote and ask for the result to be displayed.
The resolution is adopted.
Congratulations.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
17:53:30
Thank you, colleagues.
If we could move on, then, to the next item of business this afternoon, which is the debate on the report titled "Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Iran", Document 16413 presented by Mr Max LUCKS on behalf of the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy.
We will then hear from Mr Pablo HISPÁN, who will present an opinion on behalf of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights.
We will then hear from Mr Jacques PARIS. We'll have a statement from him. He was held hostage in Iran.
In order to finish by 8 p.m., I will have to interrupt the list of speakers at around 7:30 p.m. to allow for the reply and the vote.
With that, then, I call on Mr Max LUCKS, the Rapporteur. You have 7 minutes now and 3 minutes at the end to reply to the debate this afternoon.
Dear colleagues,
I believe from my heart that it's really time to send a clear message and a clear signal to the people of Iran, who have been all too forgotten in the last few weeks and especially very much forgotten in our public media discourse.
I think it's extremely important to send them today an extremely clear and an extraordinary message here from the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: the message that we do not let these people of Iran down and that we take a stand on their side.
And that is why I ask you to adopt this resolution today. Thank you for your attention.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:01:22
Thank you very much, Mr Max LUCKS.
I now call on Mr Pablo HISPÁN for the opinion from the Committee on Legal affairs and Human Rights. You have 3 minutes.
Thank you, Chair.
Colleagues,
This report provides a thorough account of the destructive acts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The country has been a threat to peace in the Middle East since 1979. A country that has called to destroy some of its neighbours. The regime has used terrorism and supported terrorist organisations such as Hamas and Hezbollah.
The repression of women, the political opposition, religious minorities, and the LGBTI community has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. Furthermore, Iran retains the death penalty and uses it frequently. This is a regime whose very nature, including with regard to the role of women and their freedoms, constitutes an attack on the values promoted by the Council of Europe.
Fresh news of the regime's brutal conduct emerges all the time. Only last week we heard news that female Iranian singer Ms Parastoo AHMADI was reportedly sentenced to 74 lashes, along with eight members of her production team. Her crime? Singing without wearing a hijab.
Mr Max LUCKS' report provides an excellent overview of the terrible situation in the country. I am grateful for his account of the Iranian government's repression of its own people, both at home and abroad, as well as its destabilising role in the Middle East.
The report rightly recalls that, as a provider of weapons to the Russian Federation to sustain its war of aggression against Ukraine, as well as its widespread hybrid threats in Council of Europe member states, the Iranian regime also poses a significant threat to European security. I am pleased that the report refers to the Iranian government's shockingly widespread use of the death penalty as a tool of political repression, as the death penalty continues to be a highly important subject in the work of this Assembly.
The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights proposes four amendments.
The first is to emphasise the regime's targeting of women, the political opposition and minorities. The targeting of persons based on their gender, political association, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation goes against the very core of the values of the Council of Europe.
The second amendment would establish the position of the Parliamentary Assembly that the repression conducted by the Iranian authorities since December 2025 may constitute crimes against humanity under international law.
The third amendment calls for a common international strategy to combat hostage-taking by Iran. The international community may not be in a position to force Iran to stop this practice: but it can and should co-ordinate an effective common approach between governments.
The fourth amendment aims to ensure that the full list of the Assembly's recommendations to states on the combating of transnational repression applies in the fight against Iran's transnational repression.
One of these persons that Iran tried to kill was a friend of mine, Mr Alejo VIDAL-QUADRAS, former Vice President of the European Parliament that was shot in his face in the middle of Madrid.
I want to congratulate Mr Max LUCKS for his report and say that the cause of freedom in Iran is stronger thanks to the commitment of this passionate politician.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:04:40
Thank you very much.
Now it gives me great pleasure to welcome to our company in the Hemicycle today, Mr Jacques PARIS. Many of you will know that he was detained in Iran along with his wife for nearly four years. He returned to France, I know, in April of this year.
Mr PARIS, it's a great honour for us to have you with us. And could I now invite you to address the Hemicycle?
Mr President,
Ladies and gentlemen,
It is a great honour for me to address you today, at a time when the issue of human rights in Iran is on the agenda.
My partner, Ms Cécile KOHLER, and I were detained for nearly four years in Iran on the basis of accusations that were as absurd as they were false.
We were victims of the Iranian regime’s policy of state-sponsored hostage-taking. Today, there are still hostages, including Mr Craig and Ms Lindsay FOREMAN, who have been imprisoned since January 2025 and sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment for espionage, and Mr Ahmadreza DJALALI, a Swedish dual national, who has been imprisoned since April 2016 and sentenced to death for collaborating with the Mossad and corruption on earth.
The intelligence services abducted us on 7 May 2022, without any arrest warrant.
It was in Ward 209 of Evin Prison that we spent most of our time in detention. Ward 209 is not an ordinary prison, but an interrogation centre under the absolute control of the Iranian intelligence services.
The length of stay does not generally exceed three months. Yet we were held there for three and a half years, in near-total secrecy, with contact with our families being as rare as it was brief and closely monitored.
Here are some facts about our conditions of detention, which are also those of many Iranian prisoners. For 1,277 days we lived locked up under a bright light, left on 24 hours a day, either in solitary confinement or in overcrowded conditions, with four or five prisoners crammed into a cell measuring less than 9 m². In solitary confinement, I was transferred to a tiny, overheated cell with no ventilation: I had to crawl along the floor to breathe in the trickle of fresh air coming under the door.
We had no bed, no chair, no books, and were not allowed to write. We were condemned to doing nothing. We had no window. Imagine being locked up in a cellar for three and a half years! We were only allowed out three times a week for 30 minutes each, into a courtyard that was as cramped as it was dusty. Iran completely disregards the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Mandela Rules) adopted by the United Nations.
We were transferred to a secret prison at the end of June 2025. I was once again placed in solitary confinement for 155 days until our transfer to the French Embassy.
We therefore welcome the fact that the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of the United Nations Human Rights Committee concluded on 28 August 2025 that “our deprivation of liberty is indeed arbitrary”, thereby demanding our immediate release.
Like many other Iranian prisoners, we appeared before the 15th Chamber of the Islamic Revolutionary Court in Tehran, presided over by Judge Abolqasem SALAVATI, known in Iran as “the death judge”. He has handed down dozens and dozens of death sentences, most recently. At the hearing on 7 May 2024, Judge Abolqasem SALAVATI announced his intention to sentence us to death for conspiracy to overthrow the Islamic Republic, collusion with the Mossad, and corruption on earth – a charge of the gravest political and religious nature in Iran.
We were denied the freedom to choose our own lawyers, as those selected by our families were disqualified on the pretext of national security. After 16 months in detention, the intelligence services assigned us fake lawyers who were under their control.
The Islamic Revolutionary Courts, therefore, represent a system of justice without the presentation of evidence, without cross-examination, and without the right to an independent defence; it is a system of arbitrary detention and the harshest sentences, very often the death penalty. In the end, my partner was sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment and I was sentenced to 17 years’ imprisonment.
What happened to us was by no means an accident. We were victims of a system whose sole aim is to ensure the regime’s survival through terror. Fundamental freedoms – of conscience, opinion, expression and association – are constantly flouted, just as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Iran is nevertheless a signatory, are flouted.
The methods to which we were subjected do indeed constitute torture, as defined by the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which Iran has not ratified.
We were subjected to: prolonged solitary confinement, threats of execution and death, pressure on our families, enforced disappearance for six and a half months, sleep disruption caused by exposure to constant, intense light, disorientation regarding the passage of time, constant exposure to fear, being kept in a state of absolute uncertainty regarding our fate, systematic humiliation, blackmail and arbitrary punishment, threats of extreme violence and preparatory simulation sessions, and forced confessions broadcast in the media. All these methods are documented in the Istanbul Protocol, the United Nations Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Over the course of these four years, we have been captive witnesses to two popular uprisings driven by the aspiration for freedom and democracy. In September 2022, Iranians took to the streets en masse following the murder of the young Ms Jina Mahsa AMINI by the morality police. They were also protesting against gender apartheid. "Woman, Life, Freedom" was the name given to this movement. In January 2026, even more people took to the streets to protest. They simply wanted to live; they wanted democracy; they were brutally suppressed, with the death toll running into tens of thousands.
We were also caught in the midst of two wars. On 23 June 2025, during the 12-day war, we narrowly escaped with our lives during the bombing of Evin Prison, which left 79 people dead.
At the French Embassy, day and night, we too were subjected to the bombardments – sometimes very close by – from 28 February until our release on 8 April.
We witnessed scenes that leave an indelible mark on you, such as that morning of 8 March, when dawn did not break over Tehran following the bombing of fuel depots by the Israeli and American air forces, which had cast a cloud of black smoke over the city.
Whilst there is now a ceasefire – and it is to be hoped that the bombing will stop – nothing has been resolved regarding the major issues of global concern, such as the nuclear programme or freedom of navigation.
This war has sent shock waves around the world, but for the Iranian people the situation is even more difficult than it was at the start of the war. The Iranian regime is neither new nor reformed, but has become more hardline: repression has intensified further, executions are increasing, and arrests number in the tens of thousands. All the regime’s institutions – its repressive arms, the judiciary, the intelligence services and the Revolutionary Guards – remain in place.
The Iranian people have thus suffered, on the one hand, military intervention from one side and, on the other, repression by the regime. “We’ll make your mothers weep if you protest,” threatened a journalist on one of the government channels during the war. The economic situation before the war was such that many families could no longer afford even the bare necessities of life.
The Iranian people, exhausted by the combination of wars, repression and deprivation, are in such desperate need of peace and freedom.
We must not forget this! Nor must we forget that democracy is not born beneath a carpet of bombs.
The Iranian regime has robbed us of four years of our lives. We believe that by bearing witness and contributing to the debate, we can make a meaningful contribution.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:15:24
"Thank you very much, Mr Jacques PARIS" [spoken in French].
And thank you very much for your address. Very powerful words, I'm sure we will all agree.
I now move on to the debate itself. I remind the Assembly that speaking time is limited to 3 minutes for spokespersons for the political groups and 2 minutes for other members.
The first speaker then is Mr Bertrand BOUYX.
France, ALDE, Spokesperson for the group
18:15:49
Thank you, Mr President,
My dear colleagues,
Dear Mr Jacques PARIS,
After several months of war between the United States and its Israeli ally on the one hand, and Iran on the other, we can see a glimmer of hope on the horizon, a glimmer of hope for world peace and international economic stability, given that, a quarter of the way through the 21st century, the world still depends on fossil fuels, a significant proportion of which passes through the Persian Gulf and the now infamous Strait of Hormuz.
One cannot but agree with the assessment set out in the resolution before us. I quote: “The ramifications of the conflict have shown the extent to which actions taken outside the framework of international rules and standards contribute to exacerbating global instability, in particular by heightening geopolitical tensions, disrupting the economy and increasing uncertainty in the global energy, pharmaceuticals and fertilisers.”
As Europeans, we can therefore only welcome the prospects for peace, however fragile they may be, but what of the Iranians – and above all, Iranian women? What of their human rights and their democratic aspirations?
For, let me remind you, liberating the Iranian people from tyranny was, at least in rhetoric, one of the war aims of the US-Israeli coalition. And what was the result? An Iranian regime more powerful than ever. It was anything but unpredictable.
There were two possible outcomes to this venture:
Either to stir up a nationalist response centred on the nation under external attack. The Iranian regime played this card to perfection by branding any dissent as treason. It was able to crack down at will, even on the regime’s most fierce opponents. Women, young people and democrats found themselves faced with a dilemma: whether to defend their country alongside the regime, or to defend freedom and democracy at the risk of plunging the entire country into instability. For the time being, it is this first outcome that has been brought about by the recklessly launched war. Democracy has moved even further away from the shores of the Persian Gulf.
The second possible outcome of this foreign intervention is a general collapse of the country and its fragmentation, much like what we are seeing in Iraq, Yemen or Somalia. This is still a possibility, and it is not good news. The United States, despite its president’s bluster, is well aware of the risk and its consequences, which would be far more damaging not only for the Iranian people but also for the world in general and Europe in particular.
The Israeli government, in its headlong rush, would probably not oppose this for reasons of strategic balance of power. We must all ensure that this does not happen, that the country holds firm. Not least because, if we are ever to see an Iran where democracy is a reality, there must be a society that stands on its own two feet.
The Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) would like to thank the rapporteurs for tabling this resolution, which we will, of course, vote in favour of.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:19:03
Ms Sevilay ÇELENK.
Türkiye, UEL, Spokesperson for the group
18:19:09
Thank you, Chair.
Dear colleagues,
First, I would like to thank the rapporteur for this serious and very well-prepared report. As the Group of the Unified European Left, we support this report. At the same time, we would like to use the debate to highlight several urgent concerns regarding the situation in Iran and to suggest areas that need to be further strengthened.
One important strength of the report is that it does not separate security issues from human rights concerns. However, for that very reason, it remains at a point where it needs to be addressed. While the report examines the Iranian regime's regional actions and their impact on civilians, it says little about the consequences of Israeli and United States military operations against Iran for civilians.
Civilian deaths, displacement, destruction of infrastructure and international law questions raised by these attacks should also be part of a more comprehensive human rights assessment. This aspect is relatively absent from the report.
Relatedly, we appreciate how it pays great attention to the Iranian government's use of the death penalty as a tool of repression, particularly in relation to political activists and oppositional groups. Yes, the sharp rise in executions in recent years raises serious concerns about the use of capital punishment to suppress dissent.
I would like to say a few things on this matter as well. According to Iran Human Rights and ECPM – Together against the death penalty, at least 1 639 people were executed in 2025, a shocking six times increase compared to 267 executions in 2020 and the highest number in the last decade. The UN has also reported that, since the beginning of 2026, at least 40 people have been executed on national security charges, including 18 protesters.
This repression falls largely on Kurds, Kurdish people and Baloch people, as well as political activists, journalists, writers and dissidents more broadly. Executions are being used not only for ordinary crimes, but also to silence opposition and intimidate entire communities.
We must do everything in our power to put an end to these shameful executions, which are a stain on our shared humanity.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:22:30
Mr Tony VAUGHAN.
United Kingdom, SOC, Spokesperson for the group
18:22:32
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:25:26
Ms Marie-Christine DALLOZ.
France, EPP/CD, Spokesperson for the group
18:25:29
Thank you, Mr President,
Dear colleagues,
Despite the recent announcement of an agreement between the United States and Iran to end the conflict, the situation in Iran remains extremely worrying. And Mr Jacques PARIS’s harrowing testimony – for it was indeed harrowing – bears witness to this and proves it to us. The end of hostilities must not make us forget the ongoing repression against the population, and particularly against women.
Throughout this period of war, the Iranian regime has continued to resort to arbitrary arrests, summary trials and politically motivated executions. We must also mention the physical torture inflicted without any basis other than suspicion or rumours. This is a direct violation of the principles of the rule of law: the right to a fair trial, the independence of the judiciary, equality before the law and the protection of human dignity.
The situation of Iranian women is one of the most visible symptoms of this. According to the World Economic Forum, in 2025, Iran ranks 145th out of 148 countries in terms of gender equality.
The struggle of Iranian women took on a global dimension following the death in custody of Ms Mahsa AMINI in September 2022. Her name has become a symbol of a universal aspiration for freedom and dignity. The ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’ movement has helped to raise awareness and ensure that the voices of those demanding respect for their fundamental rights are heard far beyond Iran’s borders.
Iran must commit resolutely to achieving genuine equality between women and men. This entails guaranteeing women the freedom to choose their own attire, as well as equality in access to employment, public life, justice and positions of responsibility.
Iran’s democratic future is inextricably linked to the full and complete recognition of women’s rights. It also depends on respect for the fundamental freedoms of the entire population, on equality before the law and on the existence of institutions that uphold the rule of law. Today, we can all see that these conditions are not met.
The Council of Europe has always been committed to defending human dignity, democracy and fundamental freedoms. Consequently, we must continue to support those in Iran who are working peacefully for greater freedom, equality and justice.
The Group of the European People’s Party therefore wholeheartedly supports this resolution.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:28:43
Mr Markus WIECHEL.
Sweden, ECPA, Spokesperson for the group
18:28:46
Mister President,
On behalf of the group of European Conservatives, Patriots and Affiliates, I rise in firm support of this resolution.
A resolution that refuses to look away from the central truth. The Islamic Republic is an illegitimate, blood-soaked theocratic dictatorship that has forfeited every claim to sovereignty over the Iranian people.
Since the nationwide protests erupted in late December last year, this regime has waged war on its own citizens with a savagery that shocks the conscience. Live ammunition fired into crowds, mass arrests, systematic torture, gender-based violence, and a death penalty applied on an industrial scale, including sham trials and the execution of political prisoners.
We may not know the precise death toll, but we know this: more than 50 000 Iranians did not sacrifice their lives in the streets just to get a nuclear deal, a ceasefire or any diplomatic formula that leaves the mullahs in power.
These brave men and women, students, workers, and elders alike, rose to freedom, dignity and the right to determine their own future.
They were met with bullets.
So colleagues, this is not a normal state.
This is a regime that exports terrorism through its proxies, supplies drones and missiles to Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. It conducts transnational repression on European soil including intimidation, surveillance, threats and even assassinations.
In September last year, there was an assassination attempt by the proxies of the Islamic Republic against a friend of mine, the researcher and Iran expert, Mr Arvin KHOSHNOOD.
He luckily survived but must live hidden since.
And this morning, the Swedish security service warned the public that the Islamic Republic continues to recruit young people linked to criminal gangs for attacks on Swedish territory.
The safety of European citizens are directly threatened by this regime’s hybrid warfare.
We must therefore reject any approach that treats human rights as a secondary concern to be bargained away.
The Iranian people have made their choice clear, at immense cost.
So colleagues,
The Council of Europe was founded to defend human dignity against tyranny. The Iranian people are fighting that same fight today. They deserve more than sympathy, they deserve our solidarity, our protection and a clear European policy that treats the Islamic Republic for exactly what it is: an enemy of freedom, while standing explicitly with those who risk everything to be free.
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:31:58
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:34:24
Ms Boriana ÅBERG.
Your microphone is off, I'm afraid. Let's try again.
Mister President,
Dear colleagues,
"Tyranny is an endless, boundless malevolence which for a long time has cast its grim shadow over millions of displaced human beings. Tyranny turns life into death, blessing into lament, and comfort into torment. Tyranny oppresses humanity, free will, and human dignity. Tyranny is the other side of the coin of war."
Those are the words of Ms Narges MOHAMMADI, from her Nobel Prize acceptance speech. A speech she could not deliver in person, because she was in prison. Ms Narges MOHAMMADI is still in prison today, her health failing after five years behind cold walls.
Punished simply for defending women's right not to be forced to wear the hijab. Punished for fighting for equality. Punished for supporting the Woman, Life, Freedom movement. A movement brutally crushed. Shattered. Just like the protests in December, when courageous young people filled the streets, only to be met with bullets, executions, and total disregard for human lives and human rights.
Iran's Islamist regime is not just ruling its people. It is waging war against them. A war against everything we, the Council of Europe, hold sacred: democracy, equality, and human rights.
We must stand with the Iranian people in their struggle for freedom, for democracy, for human rights. We must keep raising our voices and condemning the regime.
The Iranian people deserve so much more. They deserve freedom. They deserve justice. The regime's tyranny must come to an end!
Thank you.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:36:57
Sir Edward LEIGH.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:39:12
Ms Manuela PERTEGHELLA.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:40:55
Mr Fabian MOLINA.
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:43:05
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:45:14
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:47:32
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:49:46
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:52:04
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:54:18
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:56:34
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
18:59:10
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:01:23
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:03:52
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:06:07
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:08:30
United Kingdom, SOC, President of the Assembly
19:10:43