The year 1957, in which a new Director was placed at the head of the Regional Office for Europe, was marked by the return to active participation of a number of Member States and the transfer of the Office from Geneva to Copenhagen. These events open up new perspectives in the work of W. H. 0. in Europe, but full decentralization has brought new responsibilities and has necessitated considerable strengthening of the Regional Office staff. The number of active Member States in the Region is now twenty-seven, and it is hoped that through the speedy return of Member States still inactive the Regional Office for Europe will soon fully justify its name. Only through the firm support of all Member States in the Region will W. H. 0. in Europe succeed in fulfilling the functions laid down in the Organization's Constitution. In 1957, a signal advance towards that goal can be recorded. Details will be found in Documents EUR/RC7/2 and EUR/RC7/8.
Following the sixth session of the Regional Committee, and in view of the illness of Dr G. Montus, the Director-General appointed Dr E. Grzegorzewski as Acting Regional Director as from 26th November 1956. He continued in this post until 31st January 1957. Dr Paul J. J. van de Calseyde was appointed by the Executive BoardNoteas Regional Director with effect from 1st February 1957 and took up his duties on that date.
Since 11th June 1957 the Regional Office for Europe has been established in its new quarters in Copenhagen. Full details regarding the transfer and the revised structure of the office are given in Document EUR/RC7/8 (Establishment of the Regional Office for Europe in Copenhagen). Here it is only necessary to record the invariable courtesy and assistance of the many Danish Government Departments and their officials. Thanks to their help and understanding cooperation the task of establishing the Office in Copenhagen has been greatly facilitated— and teething troubles correspondingly reduced.
The unfortunate death of the former Deputy Regional Director, Dr G. Montus, j has further saddened the staff of the Office, and his wise counsel and guidance are sorely missed at this time of transfer and expansion. Dr J. D. Cottrell, who was transferred on 16th February from the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, where he had occupied the position of Director of Health Services, took up his duties as Deputy Director of the Regional Office for Europe on 1st May 1957.
Recruitment of staff for the expanded office is proceeding but is not yet completed. Owing to the considerable rise in cost of living indices since the local salary-scale for Copenhagen was established late in 1955, the scale has proved to be out of line with the salaries at present being paid by the firms and institutions on which the WHO survey at that time was based. This has materially effected recruitment of local staff, as several interested and qualified candidates have turned down offers of employment because the salary-scale has become unattractive and they would suffer a loss in remuneration on joining the Organization. To overcome this difficulty a new survey has taken place; recommendations have been submitted for a revision of t h e local salary-scale, and it is expected that it will become effective at an early date. Similarly a cost-of-living survey has been requested in connexion with the post adjustment (cost-of-living differential) applicable to international staff. This negative adjustment at present entails an average reduction in salary of some 11 per cent. For comparison, Geneva has been granted a plus adjustment of 5 per cent in salaries effective on 1st June 1957.
Under the Technical Assistance Programme, anti-trachoma work was continued with UNICEF participation in Morocco, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia, and it is hoped to s t a r t operations in a pilot sector in Algeria during 1957. Other fields in which services were given under Technical Assistance include malaria eradication, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, leprosy, nursing, rural sanitation, the rehabilitation of physically handicapped ohilddren, public health administration and various aspects of mother and child health. Close co-operation with national health administrations for the planning and execution of these programmes continued to be pursued.
Under the regular programme, fellowships were prominent, and these are reported in some detail in the following paragraph and in Part II. Other services requested include consultants in the care of premature infants and lecturers in mental health and environmental sanitation.
While the work of the fellowships unit has continued normally in 1957, a number of features may require mention. Not all the Members who have now returned to active participation have so far taken advantage of communicating their intentions with regard to their fellowships for 1957. Poland has submitted a substantial fellowship programme under one heading—assistance to the medical faculties. Fellowship applications have been submitted and can be accommodated in this year's programme. They are all for senior university teachers. Fields of study include paediatrics, nutrition, microbiology, tuberculosis, gynaecology and obstetrics.
This year, the Office has received a larger number of requests for Fellows travelling in a group consisting of persons of the same interest and calibre. It is expected that the Office will arrange group travelling fellowships lasting four to six weeks for the benefit of three countries. The fields so far proposed are mother and child health, public health administration and hospital administration. In former years a total of only two group travelling fellowships have been arranged, both in the field of public health administration.
The increasing work of the fellowships unit made it necessary to engage a short-term consultant, who, in addition to assisting the Fellowships Officer, started to compile an inventory of courses in Europe that are of special interest to W. H. 0. for the placement of Fellows. The inventory will include information on teaching staff, language, programme, duration, approximate annual dates, qualifications for admission, certificates and diplomas granted, fees, etc.; i t will cover courses in public health, health education, various fields of communicable disease control, and others. After the entries have been checked by the various countries and institutions, t h e inventory is, to be circulated to Member Governments in the European Region and to other Regional Offices.
Co-operation with the Council of Europe in establishing their fellowship programme has been continued by advising the Secretariat on various aspects of the programme and by sending a WHO medical officer as observer to the session of t h e Council's fellowship selection committee. This co-operation has proved helpful for both sides.
Training of personnel continued to figure largely in the 1957 inter-country programme. Among other topics on which training courses were arranged with WHO assistance may be mentioned radiation protection, j municipal engineering, virus and rickettsial j diseases, public health and tuberculosis.
The inter-country nursing programme j was continued with two seminars. One was held in London, and considered the functions and training of the nurse in the occupational health team. The second will be held in Nordwijk in the Netherlands and will fulfil a similar function for the nurse in the psychiatric team. A training course for nurses working in industry will be beginning later in the year.
In the field of communicable diseases, t h e meeting of an Advisory Group on Public Health Laboratory Services will carry on the work of the seminar held in Madrid in 1956 on virus and rickettsial diseases, at which strong interest in the expansion of health laboratory work in European countries was expressed. A seminar on veterinary public health will take place in Warsaw in November. It relates to the work of the 1952 Seminar on Zoonoses, the 1954 Seminar on Meat Hygiene, and the 1955 Advisory Meeting on Veterinary Public Health. The aim is to further the development of veterinary public health in European countries and to establish a closer relationship between medical and veterinary services in the control of zoonoses and of products of animal origin.
The public health implications of chronic diseases will be explored on the occasion of a symposium to be held in Amsterdam later this year.
The Advisory Committee on the Organization of European Seminars for Sanitary Engineers met in Paris in April, reviewed the work of previous seminars, and made plans for the next seminar. The glossary of water and sewage engineering terms, which is already available in English and French, will shortly be available also in Spanish. Through the initiative of engineers in Austria, Finland, Italy and the Netherlands, work is proceeding on translating the glossary into the respective languages of those countries. The conference j on air pollution to be held in Milan introduces j a new and increasingly important topic into ' the WHO programme.
Through the Malaria Conference held in Belgrade early this year, countries in southeastern Europe were able to move towards more intensive exchange of information and better co-ordination of eradication programmes.
A review of the mental health programme will be found later in this report. The outstanding event in this field during 1957 was the holding in Oslo of a Seminar on the Subnormal Child.
A complete list of projects current during t h e year is given in P a r t II of this report. The following have been chosen for more detailed description.
The Organization's programme in child mental health at first took the form of collaboration with the United Nations. The study on " The Psychiatric Aspects of Juvenile Delinquency " by Bovet was made as a contribution t o the United Nations programme for the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders; a second study—Bowlby's " Maternal Care and Mental Health "—was made as a contribution to the United Nations' programme for the welfare of homeless children. A number of expert committee reports were brought out concerning subnormal children, handicapped children, mental health in nursery schools, and certain aspects of adoption, in collaboration with representatives of the United Nations, UNESCO and the International Labour Organization.
As a result of these joint activities, i t became possible to define more clearly the medical role in the field of social and mental health of children. The studies of Bovet and Bowlby, although primarily directed towards producing reports, required the authors to travel extensively in Europe, and a great deal of information about services in various countries was gained. It became apparent that even in the most highly-developed countries of the Region there was still a considerable deficiency in mental health services for children, particularly in child guidance. A seminar was then organized by the Regional Office for Europe to study the techniques and procedures of child guidance clinics. It was held in Norway in 1952 and was attended by parti- i cipants from the Scandinavian countries.
About the same time, the Regional Office collaborated with the World Federation for Mental Health in a seminar on infant development. Some 40 participants from various European countries attended, and the seminar emphasized the importance of intercultural differences.
Concurrently, the International Children's Centre was becoming interested in problems arising from the separation of infants from their mothers—the field of Bowlby's study mentioned above—and the Centre sponsored research work by Bowlby and his team in London, as well as work started in Paris under the direction of Roudinesco. Because of the opportunities for preventive public health action, the topic was of great interest to the World Health Organization, and these researches were partly financed by WHO funds.
In order to further the basic research necessary to public health planning, the Regional Office set up a study group, which met periodically to discuss the relationships between electro-encephalographic findings and the psychology of child development. This study was later widened to include relevant material from animal behaviour and anthropology. The main result was the extension of international co-ordination of research in child development, which illustrates the catalytic role of t h e Organization.
Following recommendations from expert committees and from Member States in Europe, the Regional Office turned its attention to a more immediately practical problem, i.e. the concept that preventive mental health work can be extended through already existing medical services. A seminar on this topic was held in Amsterdam in 1953 and a study group met to discuss it in Monaco in 1955. Both meetings stressed the possibilities afforded by infant welfare clinics, child health centres and social services for the prevention of mental illnesses, particularly in the prevention of childhood neurosis and delinquency.
In international studies of the effects of mother-child separation, more attention was beginning to be paid to public health asj^ects. In Paris, the outcome of deliberate attempts to prevent separation was examined, and knowledge was slowly being accumulated about the effects of separations that occur for medically inevitable reasons.
These studies have now been extended by the Regional Office. In 1956, an epidemiological study was started in the experimental public health area of Soissons concerning t h e extent of mental disorder produced by separation within a given population. A study was sponsored in Berlin, in the course of which ah attempt is being made to compare groups of children who have received different upbringings during their infancy, i.e. entirely in institutions, entirely in foster-families, in incomplete families, and in complete families.
In response to requests from Member States, another seminar on child guidance was held in 1956, this time attended by participants from countries in Southern Europe, Belgium and Switzerland. It dealt not only with the internal organization and practice of child guidance centres, but also with their position in the whole network of services, medical and social, for children. As a result of this seminar, a monograph is being prepared on child guidance centres. It will stress particularly their organizational aspects and the preventive role they can play.
In 1957, another aspect of mental health services was explored, namely services for subnormal children, particularly t h e changes required to meet the growing interest in keepingsubnormal children out of institutional care, and in enabling t h em to attend ordinary schools and to find employment in the ordinary way. It is true that we do not yet know the extent to which therapy can be effectively applied to some of these children, but it is certain that preventive action can be taken which will reduce the probability of neurotic and delinquent complications arising in those who are basically less well equipped than others to find their place in the community.
In 1958, a conference will be held to deal with the whole topic of preventive mental health work in relation to children in European communities. It is generally believed that many adult mental disorders can be prevented through suitable action taken during childhood; some of this preventive action is directed towards the education of parents so that they may be better equipped to bring up their children; other action concerns the early detection of disorders and the possibilities of therapy as a prevention of more serious consequences. It is hoped t h a t this conference will provide a sound basis for developments in mental hygiene and, at t h e same time, an assessment of the value of various theories.
The Regional Office for Europe has contributed to the growth of health education of the public within the Region through sponsorship of two inter-country conferences and through assistance to individual countries.
The first Conference, held in London in April 1953, brought together, from a wide variety of agencies and disciplines, professional leaders interested in the development of health education. Attention Avas given to the scope and future growth of health education; to the role and opportunities of health personnel in this field; to planning problems; and to methods and techniques. Believing that the Conference should spring from current practices and needs, and that full use should be made of existing leadership, the Office arranged for extensive visits to countries in advance of the gathering. Through these visits direction was given to the Conference programme and to plans for the Office's part in promoting health education.
During the first Conference, the recom- j mendation was made that the Office should i sponsor a Conference on training in health ! education. This second Conference took place • in Wiesbaden, Germany, during the early sum- ! mer of 1957. Broad policies for this second Conference were formulated by a group of European leaders in medicine, nursing, public health and education. As a further preliminary, progress and needs in health education training were explored in various countries.
The second Conference brought together leaders in medicine, nursing and public health for the purpose of investigating the programmes and facilities needed for the training of physicians, nurses and other health workers in health education. The educational components within the work of the different types of professionnal health workers were considered, and recommendations were made regarding the provision of essential training during basic preparation, through in-service education and through refresher courses. Special emphasis was given to team work in training for health education, and suggestions were made for improving the inter-professional coordination of training facilities and programmes. The need for qualified personnel to provide the training was also stressed.
A significant feature of this second Conference was that in at least seven countries medical, nursing, and public health personnel held preparatory meetings in order to plan for the Conference as well as for future national growth.
Within the countries, numerous developments have occurred to strengthen programmes and personnel. In 1952, with some assistance from W. H. 0., a conference on health education was held in the Netherlands for medical, nursing and other health personnel.
In the Province of Perugia, Italy, an Experimental and Demonstration Centre for Health Education of the Public was established in 1954, with training of health personnel and teachers as one of its main purposes. The Regional Office has contributed consultant services and financial assistance to this Centre as well as providing fellowships.
At the request of t h e Turkish Government, health education courses were given at the Ankara School of Hygiene in 1953, 1954 and 1956 for medical officers. Teaching staff was provided by t h e Regional Office.
In 1956, a WHO consultant served as a tutor at the Summer School of the Central Council for Health Education, London.
In the spring of 1957, a consultant was provided to teach a short course in health education at the University of Edinburgh, Department of Public Health and Social Medicine.
Within recent years, health education is increasingly recognized as an essential element in programmes designed to improve the health of individuals, families and communities. More and more countries are giving attention to the incorporation of principles, methods and materials of health education into such programmes as maternal and child health, school health, environmental sanitation, occupational health, accident prevention, chronic illness, nutrition and mental health. In Europe, several countries now have national committees on health education of the public, for example, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Turkey. In a few countries there are qualified staff engaged in health education services and training.
Rapid expansion of health education in the Region is creating a growing demand on the Regional Office for consultant services to national programmes, and for assistance with training programmes and educational materials.
The great variety of health problems encountered in the European Region is clearly reflected in maternal and child health. Taking infant mortality as a gauge, progress is being achieved everywhere, yet in some countries still, of 1,000 infants born alive more than 100 die before their first year. In a number of countries infant mortality is only a fifth of this figure or even less. It is one of the important facts of our age that many young lives are now preserved which would have been lost not so very long ago.
This variety is also shown in the MCH programmes which W. H. 0., generally with UNICEF, is called upon to assist. On the one hand, there are the " basic " MCH projects —long-term programmes for the introduction of MCH services on all administrative levels and as part of a general public health structure. Concurrently, central teaching and training facilities are created for staff of various, categories. On the other hand, there are projects of a much more specialized nature aiming at the solution of one specific problem within an already well-developed framework of services.
An example of the former kind of project is provided by the MCH rural health project in Turkey. Started several years ago, this project has passed through different phases before reaching its present stage; ah overall, long-term MCH and rural health plan for the country has now been established, and is being implemented under guidance of a newly-created MCH section within the Minist r y of Health; provisions for the training of the necessary staff are being made. During the year under review, special emphasis was placed on the preparation of teachers and supervisors for auxiliary nurse-midwives, as well as on the development of a rural training and experimentation area. W. H. 0. provided the services of a nurse-midwife as project staff, a short-term medical consultant and some fellowships. This aspect of the project is linked with the WHO nursing project.
Another project in the same category is the MCH project in Yugoslavia. Over the years, basic MCH services have been introduced into an extensive system of public health centres and stations. The project was recently extended to include school health.
In 1956, W. H. 0. provided fellowships and short-term lecturers for a sociopaediatric course given by a central teaching institute established as part of the project
Typical for the second category of projects are those concerned with the care of premature infants. Following a request to W. H. 0 . and UNICEF, a consultant was provided for Austria, to discuss plans for a network of premature centres and to determine the international assistance required. UNICEF is expected to contribute the specialized equipment not available in t h e country, and W. H. 0 . will be responsible for arranging foreign training for key staff.
Within the realm of inter-country activities, special attention was given to the problem of perinatal mortality. Reference was made above to the very low infant mortality figures now attained by many European countries, I t is a fact, however, t h a t t h e number of deaths during and immediately after birth has shown very little change; the same is true for stillbirths. In many countries, almost as many infants are stillborn as die during the whole first year of life. Increased attention is accordingly being given to the health problems of the perinatal period, many of which are as yet not clearly understood. A first WHO meeting on this topic was convened in Brussels in 1953; a second, aiming particularly at t h e co-ordination of research in a small number of countries, took place in Dublin in 1956. During 1957, close contact was maintained with these research projects, t h e ultimate aim of which is to establish procedures and find facts of general interest and value in order to prevent perinatal deaths.
This p a r t of t h e Report contains a list of the projects (country and inter-country) which wero either in operation or in planning stage ! during the first half of 1957. It therefore reflects the situation of t h e projects carried out \ in the European Region as at 30th June 1957.
" R" means regular budget, "TA " means tech- i nical assistance fundsj and "UNICEF" the United Nations Children's Fund. Names of other co-operating agencies, whether or not they have contributed funds, are given in brackets.
Euro. 9 R. - European seminars for sanitary engineers
Aim of the project. To bring together high-level sanitary engineers and others actively engaged in the field of environmental sanitation, to exchange scientific and technical information, to focus attention on the great potentialities of the r&le of t h e sanitary engineer in the field of public health.
Assistance prodded W. H. 0. and work done. The technical programme for these seminars has always been planned on a longt e rm basis and a certain continuity has been maintained. As in the past, the Regional Office again convened the Advisory Committee in April, and a programme of studies was drawn up to be undertaken in connection with future seminars. The subjects which appear to interest most countries in the Region are : t h e pollution of coastal waters; the collection, treatment, disposal and utilization of garbage; the utilization of liquid and solid wastes in agriculture; measures for water pollution prevention, and the control of radio-active wastes disposal.
Planning for the Sixth Seminar, for which an invitation has been received from France, is to start within the year.
Euro. 25.2 R. - Conference on health education of the public, Wiesabaden (27th June-5th July 1957)
Aim of the project. To consider the training needs in health education of physicians, nurses and other health workers during the basic curriculum in-service training and through refresher courses.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. Thirty-six participants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia attended the conference. The main topic discussed was: " How should the health worker learn to become a good health teacher ? " . Eight WHO tempor a r y advisers delivered lectures and led discussions. Two WHO consultants were charged with the organization of the meeting which was also attended by representatives from UNESCO, the League of Red Cross Societies and the International Union for Health Education of the Public. Officials from WHO Headquarters and Regional Office were present.
Euro. 27.4 R. - Postgraduate training course in thoracic clinical science and surgery, Groningen (27th May-15th June 1957)
Aim of the project. To assist in the training of medical personnel in the field of thoracic surgery
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A lecturer for four days and one fellowship from Yugoslavia.
Euro. 34.2 R. - Training course on rehabilitation of the physically handicapped
This activity is in process of planning.
Euro. 39.2 R. - Study group on the perinatal period
A first meeting of the group was held in November 1956 in Dublin. A further activity is planned for 1957.
Euro. 52 R. TA. - Seventh anesthesiology training course, Copenhagen (1st January- 31st December 1957)
Aim of the project. To stimulate the development and to improve the standards of national anaesthesiology services by training medical personnel through courses given in the English language.
Assistance provided by W. 11. 0. in 1957 and work done. Two short-term consultants, one for two weeks in September/October, and one for ten days in December. The present course is being attended by ten WHO trainees (four from EURO, two from AFRO, four from EMRO) to whom fellowships were granted in 1956
.Euro. 56 TA. - Tuberculosis training courses, Istambul (7th-26th October 1956)
Aim of the project. To provide post-graduate training in tuberculosicontrol for physicians and nurses from several regions of W. H. 0.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. As in previous years two post-graduate training courses, one for tuberculosis physicians and one for tuberculosis nurses, will be run concurrently next autum at the International Antituberculosis Training and Demonstration Centre in Istanbul. To these courses W. H. 0. will contribute the usual provision of lecturers and fellowships.
Euro. 58.2 R. - Refresher course in occupational health
Aim of the project. To provide training to industrial medical officers in the field of occupational health and related subjects, such as rehabilitation and human relations.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Fellowships will be granted to 12 to 15 industrial medical officers from European Member States for attendance at a course that will be held in 1958 at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Euro. 60 R. - Fifth Scandinavian public health training course, Goteborg (1st AugustSOth September 1957
Aim of the project. To provide training in public health for Scandinavian health officers.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. Fellowships will be granted to twenty-one participants from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Two WHO lecturers will take part in the teaching.
Euro. 61 R. - Rural public health training centre, Soisso?is (1950- )
Aim of the project. To assist in establishing in France a rural public health demonstration centre and to provide training facilities for trainees from France and elsewhere.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Financial contribution in the establishment of statistical services.
Euro. 57 R. - Post-graduate training courses for nurses (fellowships) (1954- )
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A fellowship for a period of twelve months to a Danish nurse, for study in the U. S. A. Applications from Germany and Switzerland are under consideration.
Euro. 85.2 R. - Seminar on veterinary public health, Warsaw (25th November- 4th December 1957)
Aim of the project. To develop further veterinary public health in European countries and to establish closer relationship between medical and veterinary services.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. This seminar is to be considered as a follow-up of the seminars on zoonoses and meat hygiene t h a t were held in 1952 and 1954 in Vienna and Copenhagen respectively. It will group about forty participants and discussion leaders from various countries in Europe. Subjects for discussion will include the co-ordination of medical and veterinary public health services in various fields, and all aspects of programmes aiming at the development of activities at country and inter-country levels.
Euro. 91 R. - Study on child development (1956- )
Aim of the project. To sponsor surveys of the problems of children deprived of maternal care.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. and work done. A grant for a study of the extent and effects of the problem of maternal deprivation, which was made in the Soissons public health area under the direction of a French psychiatrist and with the collaboration of the Soissons public health centre. The study was completed in June 1957, and a report is forthcoming.
The Regional Officer for Mental Health collaborated in the planning of a comparative survey of t h e development of children deprived of maternal care and normal children in West Berlin. This survey has been made under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth and Sport in the City.
Euro. 92 R. - Survey of alcolwlism problems in Europe (1955-1956-1957)
Aim of the project. To collect and systematize material on selected aspects of the problems of alcoholism in European countries.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. The services of a consultant for one month to continue the work initiated in 1955.
Euro. 93 R. - Second training course for Scandinavian municipal engineers, Gôteborg and Copenhagen (1st- 31st August 1957)
Aim of the project. To provide training in sanitary engineering for Scandinavian municipal and district engineers responsible for the design, operation and supervision of water-supply systems, and waste disposal works.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. and work done. This course will be a repetition of t h e one held last year, and will cover substantially the same subjects—elements of bacteriology and epidemiology, principles of public health administration, the chemistry of water and sewage, sewage and water treatment, and refuse disposal. WHO fellowships will be granted to 20 municipal engineers from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, and assistance to the course will also be given by visiting lecturers from North European countries.
Euro. 100.2 R. - Training course on radiation protection, Saclay, France.
Aim of the project. To provide training in radiation protection to medical and other health officials.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A course, similar to t h a t held in 1956, will be again organized in 1957 by the French École nationale de la Santé publique and the Commissariat à l'Énergie atomique, and held at the Centre d'Études nucléaires at Saclay. To this course W. H. 0 . will contribute lecturers and fellowships.
Euro. 100.3 R. - Training course on radiation protection, Zurich (16th September- 19th October 1957)
Aim of the project. To provide training for health physicists and health personnel responsible for the protection of workers in atomic energy establishments.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. O. and work done. This course is being organized with the collaboration of the Federal Government of Switzerland. It will include instruction on t h e general principles of health physics, supervision at reactors and radiochemical laboratories, in monitoring methods and dosimetry; it will also deal with safety problems in uranium and plutonium factories, environmental hazards and reactor site selection, waste disposal and safety factors in laboratory design. The course will be conducted by a faculty composed of teachers from the Health Physics Division of the Oak Ridge National Laborat o r y and from European centres. W. H. 0. will provide for the services of most of the faculty members as well as fellowships for about twenty participants in all.
Euro. 100.4 R. - Training course in radiation protection, Harwell
Aim of the project. To provide training in radiation protection for the benefit of public health personnel from the European Region.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. It is planned to hold this course at Harwell in January 1958. Fellowships for attendance will, however, be granted in 1957 to public health personnel from European Member States.
Euro. 106 R. (I.L.O.) - Seminar on the nurse in industry, London (25th April-4th May (1947)
Aim of the project. To collect information on occupational health nursing in European countries; to define the rôle of the nurse in the occupational health team and her required professional education; to exchange views and consider the needs for the development of services.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. A consultant organizer for ten days; the attendance of thirty-one participants and six lecturers.
Work done. This seminar, the third i of a series, was organized jointly with the International Labour Organisation. It was held ! in London at the Ministry of Labour, and i grouped industrial medical officers, public health officers, medical inspectors of factories, industrial nurses and social workers from Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.
Euro. 107.2 B. - Second malaria Conference for South-eastern European countries, Belgrade (26th-29th March 1957)
Aim of the project. To promote coordination in the eradication of malaria in the countries of south-east Europe, and to accelerate the eradication process in t h a t area.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. A second malaria conference for the south-east European countries was organized by this Office in collaboration with the Yugoslav Government. Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Rumania, Turkey, U. S. S. R. and Yugoslavia participated. From statements made and documents provided by participants at the conference, it emerged that the eradication of malaria is well under way in this part of Europe and t h a t in all the participating countries the objective is eradication of the disease. It was also noted that the resistance of vectors to insecticides has fortunately only been noted in Greece and that, even there, resistance has not up to the present proved an insurmountable obstacle in the way of eradication.
The conference recognized that, in the present state of our knowledge, there appeared to be no scientific or technical reason why eradication should not be achieved within 3-5 years in south-eastern Europe. It acknowledged the usefulness of the meetings organized in Belgrade under the auspices of the Regional Office and recommended, inter alia, that similar periodical meetings be organized in future to accelerate the eradication of the disease.
Euro. 108 R. (UN) - Seminar on the mental health of the subnormal child, Oslo (25th April 3th May 1957)
Aim of the project. To discuss the mental health problems of subnormal children and their families, the provision of help needed for such children to find their place in society, and the organization of appropriate measures accordingly.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. (a) The attendance of thirty-four participants from Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany (Federal Republic), Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia; (b) five temporary advisers; (c) the services of a consultant.
Work done. The temporary advisers met in Geneva on 14th and 15th February, together with the representative of the European Office of the U. N. T. A. A., to make a detailed programme for the Seminar. This consisted of lectures, visits and discussions. A report will be prepared by a consultant, which will outline the problems raised and the conclusions reached during the seminar.
Euro. 109 R. - Neo-natal problems
W. H. 0 . will provide three lecturers for the study meeting on neo-natal problems, organized by the School of Puericulture of the Faculty of Medicine, Paris, to be held in Paris from 13th to 16th October 1957.
Euro. 110 R. - European schools and training centres of public health (January 1956- )
Aim of the project. To establish closer co-operation between European training institutions through a programme of exchange of teaching personnel and study visits.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Two visiting lecturers for teaching courses in Leyden-Amsterdam; fellowships to members of the teaching staff at Athens, Hamburg, Leyden, Pai'is and Zagreb.
Euro. 111.1 R. - Symposium on the public health aspects of chronic diseases, Amsterdam (30th September-5th October 1957)
Aim of the project. To try to arrive at a preliminary evaluation of the magnitude of the problem of chronic diseases, with particular reference to the age-group 40-64 years; to discuss public health aspects of chronic diseases in general and in particular public health aspects such as epidemiology, early detection, prevention, care and rehabilitation of certain chronic diseases taken as examples of the whole group; to prepare a list of priorities for possible future action in the field of chronic diseases by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and Member States.
Assistance to be prodded by W. H. 0. A consultant for three weeks for the preparation of an introductory paper on the public health problem of chronic diseases; the attendance of twelve public health administrators from as many countries in Europe; eight lecturers.
Euro. 113 R. - Seminar on the nurse in the psychiatric team, Noordwijk (4th- 15th November 1957)
Aim of the project. To discuss the place and training of the psychiatric nurse in the total range of mental health programmes, both hospital and community.
Assistance to be prodded by W. H. 0. (a) Attendance of forty-one participants from Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the U. S. S. R and Yugoslavia; (b) the services of consultants for two months; (c) six temporary advisers.
Work. The seminar will group psychiatric nurses (representing the fields of nursing education, nursing service within a psychiatric hospital and public health nursing) psychiatrists and psychiatric social workers. A consultant psychologist has assisted in the preparation of the seminar.
Euro. 114 R. - Conference on the public health aspects of air pollution, Milan (6th-14th November 1957)
Aim of the project. To survey the nature, causes and effects of air pollution in European countries and to formulate suggestions for the prevention and control of air pollution by engineering means and by legal measures, by appropriate training for public health personnel in control work and by developing an informed public opinion on the matter.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia and Italy (the host country) have nominated participants. Following their resumption of active membership, invitations were also sent out to Albania, Bulgaria, Poland and the U. S. S. R. Poland has already expressed her interest in this activity.
Euro. 115 R. - Training institutions for sanitary engineers (1957- )
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. (a) Two lecturers took part in the teaching at a course which was given at the Institut Pasteur in Lille (France) from 13th to 29th May, on the bacteriological analysis of milk; (b) four fellowships were granted in 1956 to Italian civil engineers for attendance at a course in sanitary engineering organized by the University of Naples for the academic year 1956-1957. Additional fellowship applications are expected.
Euro. 118.2 R. - UN working group of the European consultative group on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders, Strasbourg (9th-14th September 1957)
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. Two temporary advisers will take part in the working group. The responsible Regional Health Officer will also attend.
Euro. 119 R. - Monograph on public health services in Europe (1955- )
Aim of the project. To produce a general review of health services in Europe.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. and work done. A short-term consultant assisted in preparing a review of health services in Europe and in the collection of basic information.
Euro. 126 TA. (I. L. 0.) - Regional Institute of Labour, Istanbul (1957- )
Aim of the project. To assist in staffing the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the ILo-established Institute of Labour, Istanbul.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A consultant for a minimum of five to six months.
Euro. 127.1 and 2 R. - Training courses on virus and rickettsial diseases, Paris and London (in Paris : 7th-18th October 1957; in London : 9th-20th September 1957)
Aim of the project. To train junior laboratory workers in the new methods recently developed in virus laboratory and virus diagnostic work; to demonstrate how to apply these methods in their respective laboratories.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. In order to increase the number of participants and facilitate their practical work, two courses will be held—one in the French language at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, the other in the English language at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Central Public Health Laboratories. W. H. 0. will provide for the attendance of about thirty trainees in total and contribute two lecturers to each course.
Euro. 128 R. - Advisory group on public health laboratory services, Moscow (14th-19th October 1957)
Aim of the project. To discuss the organization and work of the various types of public health laboratory services existing in a number of countries in Europe; to study the possibility of developing and using them for the benefit of public health services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. A consultant will assist in the preparation of the meeting t h a t will group twelve participants selected among persons responsible for the administration of public health laboratory services.
Euro. 131 R. - Training course for hospital laboratory chemists
This activity is under planning.
Euro. 135 R. - Study of occupational health in Europe.
This activity is under planning.
Euro. 137 R. - Seminar on " Hospital organization for the promotion of health and prevention of disease "
This activity is scheduled to take place in 1958. It is, however, planned to convene a small advisory meeting towards the end of 1957 to discuss the agenda of the seminar.
Euro. 141.1 R. (international Children' Centre) - Training course in school health problème, Paris (15th January- 10th February 1957)
W. H. 0. provided fellowships to two Yugoslav nurses to attend the course which was organized by the International Children's Centre.
Euro. 141.2 R. (International Children's Centre) - Training course in social paediatrics (8th April-1st July 1957)
WHO fellowships were granted to five physicians from Greece, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia to attend the training course organized by the International Children's Centre. The course was held in Paris and included visits to Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Euro. 141.3 R. (Interational Children's Centre) - Training course in the care of premature infants, Paris (1st-1 s t October 1957)
The Austrian Government has been invited to nominate a physician and a nurse to participate at this course, which is organized by the International Children's Centre.
Euro. 141.4 R. (International Children's Centre) - Training course in maternal and child health problems, Paris 5th November- 16th December 1957)
The Governments of Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and the U. S. S. R. have- each been invited to submit a fellowship application for a public health nurse to attend the course organized by the International Children's Centre.
Euro. 141.5 R. (International Children's Centre) - Training course for health administrators and directors of rehabilitation centres for children, Paris (14th October-3rd November 1957)
The Governments of Spain and Yugoslavia have each been invited to submit a fellowship application either for a health administrator or a director of rehabilitation centre to attend the course organized by the International Children's Centre.
Euro. 143 R. - Conference on preventive mental health work with children
This activity is scheduled to take place in 1958. A WHO consultant has been entrusted with the preparation of the meeting.
Euro. 144 R. - Training in child psychotherapy (1957)
Aim of the project. To strengthen child psychotherapeutic services in certain . European countries through the provision of fellowships and training courses.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. (a) The expenses of a temporary adviser to pay regular visits to Barcelona for training of a group in t h a t city; (b) a grant to the Nic Waal's Institute in Oslo for the training of international students; (c) a fellowship for a period of two years to an Italian child psychiatrist.
Euro. 149 R. - Training course for industrial nurses, London (1st October 1957- 31st March 1958)
Aim of the project. To promote the training of occupational health nursing in Europe.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. Two lecturers, ten fellowships.
Work. This course is being organized as a follow-up of the seminar on the nurse in industry, which took place in London from 25th April to 4th May 1957 (see EURO-106). The Royal College of Nursing in London has taken the responsibility for running the course. The programme, which will include theoretical and practical work, will be arranged especially for a group of international students. The teaching will be ensured by members of the Faculty of the Royal College of Nursing with the assistance of two WHO lecturers. The Governments of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia have each been invited to submit an application for WHO fellowships.
Euro. 150 R . (U.N.) - UN seminar on " The relation between social research, planning and policy ", The Hague (27th October- 3rd November 1957)
Aim of the project. To promote the development of social welfare research in Europe, as proposed by an expert group which met at Semmering, Austria, in 1955.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. A lecturer in the field of social medicine.
Euro. 152 R. (U.N.) - UN seminar on " The application of basic casework principles to work with refugees ", Feldafing, Bavaria (8th-21st September 1957)
W. H. 0. will contribute the services of a lecturer to this seminar.
Euro. 153 R. - Tuberculosis training course Rome (1957)
This activity is still under planning.
Euro. 154 R. - Tuberculosis survey team (1957- )
Aim of the project. To assist various countries in Europe in developing and evaluating their tuberculosis programmes; to make proposals for the further development of regional projects.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A regional tuberculosis team composed of a tuberculosis medical officer, a statistician and a nurse. The team will be fully equipped for work in any country, and the staff will probably be expanded in 1958.
Euro. 155 R. - Conference on arthropodborne virus diseases
This conference is being organized by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Regional Office for Europe will contribute a participant from the U. S. S. R.
Euro. 156 R. - Advisory group on nursing administration, Geneva (16th- 20th December 1957)
Aim of the project, (a) To advise on a manual on nursing administration which has been issued by the WHO nursing section at Headquarters, and to stimulate its use in Europe; (b) to advise on the planning and organization of a conference on nursing organization and administration scheduled to take place in 1959.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A small group of about ten nursing administrators and educators will attend this meeting which is being organized with the collaboration of the WHO nursing section at Headquarters.
Albania 1 R. - Fellowships—Various fields.
Fellowships for health officials and technicians have been offered to the Government.
Algeria 1 T. A. - Communicable eye diseases control
Communicable eye diseases control Aim of the project. To establish a pilot sector for the control of seasonal conjunctivitis and trachoma.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. during the year. The services of a short-term consultant in communicable eye diseases.
Work. It is hoped to commence operations during 1957.
Austria 4.5 R. UNICEF - Rehabilitation of handicapped children (November 1952- )
Aim of the project. To develop a national plan for rehabilitation of the handicapped with special reference to children and to strengthen and expand rehabilitation facilities within this framework.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Visit by a medical consultant.
Work in 1957. Together with national experts, a WHO consultant and an UNTAA expert made a country-wide survey, the result of which was further elaborated with participation from the I. L. 0. Specific recommendations were made in relation to the needs of the different provinces, and they will be officially submitted to the Government.
Austria 4.6 R. UNICEF - Mental health (November 1952)
Aim of the project. To strengthen mental health services for children.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Two fellowships, one of three months in the United Kingdom, one of two weeks in Switzerland.
Austria 4.10 R. UNICEF - Production of sera and vaccines (September 1954)
Aim of the project. To improve and increase production of sera and vaccines for the protection of children, especially against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus ; to incorporate vaccination against these diseases into the permanent public health services of Austria.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A fellowship of two months to study the production of BCG and smallpox dried vaccine and the visit of a consultant for one month.
Austria 11 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Public health laboratory services. Four fellowships of two to four months for study, two in Germany, one in Switzerland and one in Denmark and Germany.
Rehabilitation. A fellowship for a period of three months in the United States.
Additional applications for group study in the field of hospital administration are expected.
Austria 12 R. UNICEF - Care of premature infants (1957) - Care of premature infants
Aim of the project. To strengthen and extend existing facilities for the care of premature infants.
Assistarice to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Following a request to W. II. O. and UNICEF for assistance in this field, it is intended to send a short-term consultant to Austria to study and discuss the details of the governmental plans including equipment requirements. A fellowship application is expected.
Belgium 9 R. - Fellowships—Various -fields
Endocrinology. Two fellowships of three months in the United States.
Maternal and child health. A fellowship of three months in the U. S. A.
Mental health. A fellowship of three months in Switzerland.
Nursing. A fellowship of three months in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom.
Functioning of artificial heart. A fellowship of two months in t h e U. S. A.
Additional applications have been received and are being studied.
Bulgaria 7 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Fellowships for health officials and technicians have been offered to the Government.
Denmark 11 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Gynaecology. A fellowship of three months in the U. S. A.
Public Health Administration. A twomonth fellowship in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands.
Toxicology. A two-months fellowship in the U. S. A.
Thoracic surgery. A fellowship of three months in the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands.
Venereal diseases. A fellowship of two months in Yugoslavia.
An additional application in the field of nursing is under consideration.
Finland 12 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Child psychology. A fellowship of six months in the United Kingdom.
Clinical and nuclear chemistry. Three fellowships, one of three months, two of six months for study respectively in Germany, the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
Hospital administration. A one-month fellowship in the United Kingdom.
Poliomyelitis. A fellowship of two months in the U. S. A.
France 28 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Alcoholism. Two fellowships of three weeks in Denmark and Sweden.
Blood transfusion. A fellowship of four weeks in Sweden and Denmark.
Child psychiatry. A fellowship of three weeks in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Drug control. Two fellowships of three weeks in Denmark, Sweden and Norway.
Endemo-epidemic diseases. Two fellowships, one of two weeks in Switzerland, one of three months in Denmark and Sweden.
Hospital organization and construction. Four fellowships of two to four weeks for study respectively in Finland and Germany; Germany; Norway, Sweden and Denmark; Belgium and the Netherlands.
Housing. A fellowship of three weeks in Italy.
Malaria. A fellowship of one month in Italy.
Maternal and child health. A fellowship of two weeks in the United Kingdom.
Nutrition. Two fellowships of two weeks (one from Algeria) for study in France and Switzerland respectively.
Poliomyelitis. Two fellowships, one of three weeks, one of two months, for study in Italy and the U. S. A. respectively.
Tuberculosis. Two fellowships of about one month, one in Italy and one in Denmark.
Additional applications are expected.
Germany 16 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Communicable diseases. A fellowship of six months in the U. S. A.
Health statistics. A fellowships of two months in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Neuropsychiatry. A fellowship of two months in France.
Pharmacy. A fellowship of six weeks in the United Kingdom.
Poliomyelitis. A fellowship of two months in the U. S. A.
Tuberculosis. Two fellowships of four weeks in France and Belgium.
Public health administration.
A fellowship of nine months in the United Kingdom.
An additional application is under consideration.
Germany 17 R. (I.L.O.) - National study group on occupational health (1957)
Aim of the project. To discuss the organization of occupational health services in the Federal Republic of Germany and the training of industrial medical officers.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Three experts in occupational health and fellowships.
Greece 3 R. UNICEF - Rehabilitation of handicapped children (September 1952- )
Aim of the project. To establish a national rehabilitation plan with special reference to children and to expand and develop facilities for treatment and diagnosis within this framework.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A medical rehabilitation consultant will visit the country during a few weeks.
Work in 1957. In order to cover the need of specialized personnel to staff new rehabilitation services, partially already created, i t is expected that a school for physiotherapists and occupational therapists will be started in late 1957. A WHO consultant will assist in planning and inaugurating this activity.
Greece 6.1 T.A. - Tuberculosis control (June 1952- )
Aim of the project. To develop a tuberculosis control programme as part of the national public health service; to establish control areas; to develop the Athens Chest Institute as a national training centre for Greek tuberculosis workers.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A fellowship application for the study of post-surgical physiotherapy of tuberculosis cases is expected.
Greece 13 UNICEF - Rural sanitation in maternal a n ^ child health project (1955- )
Aim of the project. To establish, in selected villages, centres for the improvement of environmental conditions which directly affect the survival and health of infants and children; to provide safe water and satisfactory means for the hygienic disposal of human excreta; to start a programme of health education; to train personnel in up-to-date rural health practices.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Consultant visits in public health and environmental sanitation; a fellowship of twelve months.
Work done. Steady and satisfactory progress has been made in the construction of water supply systems and latrines, and it is envisaged t h a t all work will have been completed, in accordance with the plan of operations, within this year. Data for the evaluation of the results of the project are being collected by the governmental authorities supervising the project; the Office will assist by sending a consultant for two months to consolidate these data.
A fellowship has been requested by the Government for the academic training of a sanitary engineer attached to the project.
Greece 17 T. A. - Nursing education (1956- )
Aim of the project. To train personnel for the post-basic nursing school to be established in Greece.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Two fellowships, awarded in 1956 have been extended by six and ten months respectively to enable their beneficiaries to obtain bachelor degrees in nursing, qualifications which are considered necessary for the responsibilities they will have to assume on their return, in connection with the future post-basic school of nursing.
Greece 18 T.A. - Hospital administration and organization (1957- )
Aim of the project. To strengthen the development of sound hospital administration and management; to assist in establishing training facilities.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. The visit of a consultant for two months and a fellowship for six months.
Greece 20 R. - Mental health services (15th May-15th June 1957)
Aim of the project. To strengthen national psychiatric services, particularly mental hospital practice and out-patient services for children.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. A consultant for one month.
Work done. Further to a visit made in 1956, a WHO consultant visited additional mental hospitals and psychiatric services in Greece in 1957 and held discussions with the representatives of the Government concerning their proposed new legislation in this field. He also gave several lectures. It is proposed to have a repeat visit of the consultant in 1958.
Greece 21 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Pharmacology. A fellowship of twelve months in the U. S. A.
Greece 22 T.A. - Endemo-epidemic diseases (training in rat control) (1957)
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. An application for a fellowship of three months' duration is expected.
Iceland 7 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Poliomyelitis. A fellowship of two months in the U. S. A.
Ireland 13 R. - Fellowship—Various fields
Medical education. A fellowship of one month in the U. S. A.
Mental health. Two fellowships of one month in the United Kingdom.
Public health services. Three fellowships of one month in the United Kingdom.
Surgery. Two fellowships of four and six weeks respectively for study in the U. S. A.
Additional applications for the study of tuberculosis, orthopaedic surgery, thoracic surgery and other fields are expected.
ItaIy 5 R. UNICEF - Rehabilitation of handicapped children (September 1952- )
Aim of the project. To set up physiotherapy departments in Rome and Parma; to develop a general rehabilitation scheme.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. A medical consultant in physiotherapy for one month.
Work done. In order to meet the increasing needs of specialized personnel in this field, a training course was arranged with the assistance of a WHO medical consultant who participated in its planning and conduct.
Italy 21 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Bacteriology. Two fellowships, one of six weeks, one of three months, for study respectively in France and t h e United Kingdom.
Health education. A fellowship of one month in France.
Malacology. A fellowship of three months in France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.
Public health administration. A fellowship of ten months in t h e United Kingdom.
Rehabilitation. Two fellowships, one of three months, one of one month for study in the United Kingdom and France respectively.
Tuberculosis. A fellowship of three months in France. Additional applications are expected.
Italy 22 R. - Tuberculosis control (1957- )
Three fellowships, one of twelve months, two of six months, have been reserved for a statistician, a public health officer and a public health nurse.
Morocco 1 - T.A. UNICEF - Communicable eye diseases control (March 1953- )
Aim of the project. To develop a nation-wide campaign for the control of trachoma and seasonal conjunctivitis; by mass antibiotic treatment and prophylaxis of the population in hyperendemic areas; by systematic case-finding, treatment and foliow-up of trachomatous children in schools throughout the country; by health education; by a programme of epidemiological, therapeutic and laboratory studies designed to develop more effective, simpler, or more economical methods of control.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. during the year. Visits of a short term consultant in communicable eye diseases, an ophthalmologist and a statistician, each for six months.
Work during the year. In 1957, the school treatment programme was extended to cover 170,000 children. The different operations comprising the summer mass campaign against seasonal epidemic conjunctivitis and trachoma covered more than one million of the population.
Morroco 2 T.A. UNICEF - Venereal disease control (August 1954- )
Aim of the project. To reduce the high incidence of syphilis, especially among mothers and children.
Assistance to be provided W. H. 0. in 1957. A statistician for six months; a consultant for three weeks; two fellowships of three months.
Work done. The campaign, which in previous years covered particularly the southern parts of the country, has been extended during 1957 to the areas situated south east of the Atlas, where the serological testing of the population has been carried out. A WHO consultant will visit the project in November 1957 to draw up a plan of operations for further control and mass campaign during the next two years.
Morocco 9 T. A. UNICEF - Training of public health personnel (1957- )
Aim of the project. To provide a trained staff for existing and expanding public health services with special reference to maternal and child health.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. Following joint surveys by Government officials and WHO and UNICEF staff members, a plan was drawn up involving creation of a number of new schools and teaching centres for professional and auxiliary nursing personnel. Special courses for directors and teachers of such schools and centres will be given, with the assistance of a WHO consultant.
Morocco 15 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Public health administration. A fellowship of two months in Sweden, Denmark and Yugoslavia.
Rural health. Fellowships of two months' duration will be granted to four nurses for study at the Rural Public Health Training Centre in Soissons (France).
Morocco 17 R. - Health education of the public (1957- )
This activity is still under planning. The visit of a consultant for two months in 1957 is envisaged.
Netherlands 15 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Audiology. A fellowship of one month in the U. S. A.
Biology and biochemistry. Two fellowships, one of six months in the United Kingdom and one of two months in Switzerland.
Food control. Two fellowships, one of four months, one of one month, for study respectively in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
Radio-isotopes. Two fellowships of six weeks in the United Kingdom.
School psychology. A fellowship of two months in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland.
Water purification. Two fellowships, one of six weeks in the United Kingdom, one of three months in Germany, Switzerland and France.
Zoonoses control. A fellowship of six weeks in Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Israel.
Norway 10 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Alcoholism. A fellowship of ten weeks in the United Kingdom, t h e Netherlands and Switzerland.
Public health administration. A fellowship of twelve months in the U. S. A.
Additional applications are under consideration.
Norway 11 R. - Mental health
Aim of the project. To strengthen child psychiatric services in Norway through the provision of international lecturers.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. Two short-term lecturers will participate in an annual seminar which will be held in Oslo in August, under the sponsorship of the Nic Waal's Instit u t e and which will be attended by representatives from other Scandinavian countries.
Poland 9 R. UNICEF - Gamma-globulin production (1947-)
Aim of the project. To strengthen and expand production and distribution facilities for gamma-globulin in order to prevent certain infectious diseases of childhood, especially measles in day nurseries and similar children institutions.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. A short-term consultant in gamma-globulin production.
Work in 1957. Following a request from the Government for assistance by W. H. 0. and UNICEF, a WHO staff member and a short-term consultant studied the national plans in order to determine the details of international assistance.
Poland 12 R. - Maternal and child health R- [18th-31st March 1957)
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. A WHO consultant visited Warsaw to advise the university on the establishment of paediatric courses.
Poland 13 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Applications for. studies in the fields of haematology, epidemiology, immunology, nutrition, obstetrics, endocrinobrulogy, tuberculosis, microbiology and other fields have been received and are being studied.
Portugal 12 R. - National training courses in Sanitary Engineering (1957)
Aim of the project. To provide training in sanitary engineering for municipal and district engineers responsible for the design, operation and supervision of watersupply systems and sewage disposal works.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. A course similar to those held in 1954,1955 and 1956 is planned for autumn 1957. W. H. 0. will provide assistance in the form of lecturers.
Portugal 17 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Leper control. Two fellowships, one of one month, one of three months, for study in France.
Maternal and child health. Two fellowships of one month, one to study in Belgium and the Netherlands, the other in Switzerland and Italy.
Radiation protection. A fellowship of two months in the United Kingdom and France.
Trachoma. A fellowship of one month in Italy.
Additional applications in the fields of rural health and virology are expected.
Portugal 21 R. - Sera and vaccine production (1957- )
Aim of the project. To develop the production and control of sera and vaccines.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. The services of a consultant for one month.
Rumania 1 R. - Fellowships—Various fields.
Fellowships for a total number of thirty-five months have been offered to the Government and applications are expected.
Spain 1.2 T. A. - Brucellosis control
Aim of the project. To strengthen selected aspects of services for the control of human and animal brucellosis; to control caprine brucellosis in a selected area of Spain; to improve the production of vaccine.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. The services of a consultant and fellowships.
Work in 1957. A WHO consultant is to visit the country for three months in the autumn, the period to be extended up to one year in 1958, to assist in the production of a new vaccine against brucellosis. A certain number of goats will be vaccinated and closely controlled so as to evaluate the effect of the vaccine. A fellowship awarded in 1956 has been extended by three months for further study in Tunisia.
Spain 3 R. (U. N.) - Rehabilitation of handicapped children (1956- )
Aim of the project. To develop a national programme for the rehabilitation of handicapped children.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. during the year. Two consultants : one medical consultant for ten days, one physiotherapy consultant for three months.
Work in 1957. Following the adoption by the Government of a national rehabilitation plan previously developed with WHO assistance, a number of teaching and demonstration centres are created in Madrid. Also courses for doctors and physiotherapists/occupational therapists are being organized.
Spaing 8 T.A. UNICEF - Congenital syphilis (1955-)
Aim of the project. To organize systematic examination and treatment of infants, children and pregnant women as part of the maternal and child health services, with active case-finding and diagnosis of syphilis in various population groups, to improve laborat o r y facilities for the sero-diagnosis of syphilis.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A consultant for one month and two fellowships.
Work in 1957. The initial part of the control programme has been completed. Three laboratories are now able to perform the Nelson test and ensure the exact diagnosis of syphilis. A first serological testing was made in the pilot sectors which were established in the areas of Madrid and Seville; more serological testing of the population will he carried out in order to determine the exact prevalence of syphilis in the country.
Spain 10 T.A. UNICEF - Maternal and child health (1955- )
Aim of the project. To expand existing maternal and child health services; to establish a number of pilot centres to serve as models for a country-wide system of infant care centres; to train staff for those centres.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. A medical consultant during one month.
Work in 1957. Following the creation of a number of pilot centres foreseen under the plan of operations, these centres will be visited by a WHO consultant who will advise on their further development as well as on the extension of the project. He will also advise on the development of paediatrie care in general.
Spain 11 T.A. UNICEF - Communicable eye diseases control
Aim of the project. To learn more of the epidemiology of trachoma and associated infections in Spain; to develop and extend throughout the endemic area effective methods of case-finding and treatment, family supervision and health education; to train personnel for these activities.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. during the year. Consultants in trachomatology, health education and statistics, two fellowships of three months' duration.
Work during the year. The campaign, which began with pilot sectors in the province of Granada, was extended to the provinces of Almeria and Malaga. A second seminar for dispensary ophthalmologists and general physicians, and a third training course for auxiliary workers were held. Epidemiological surveys were continued, Follow-up examinations of the first pilot sectors, where collective treatment was carried out, confirmed the very favourable results obtained. A detailed plan of operations for 1958 and 1959 was established.
Spain 17 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Infectious diseases. A fellowship of three months in France.
Parasitology. A fellowship of three months in Germany.
Poliomyelitis. A fellowship of two months in the U. S. A.
Public health organization. A fellowship of two months in Italy and Switzerland.
Rehabilitation. A fellowship of six months in France, Belgium and Italy.
Rehabilitation of tuberculous cases. A fellowship for a period of two months for research in the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands and in France.
Production of vaccines. Two months' research fellowships in t h e United Kingdom.
Additional requests are expected.
Spain 19 B. - Instruction in basic nursing.
Two requests for fellowships are expected, for a course of university study probably in the United States.
Sweden 12 B. - Research fellowships. B' Various fields.
Child guidance. Three months' research fellowship in the United States.
Hospital equipment. A six months' research fellowship in Germany, in Switzerland, in Italy, in France and in the United Kingdom.
Public health administration. A seven months' research fellowship in the United Kingdom.
Rehabilitation. Two fellowships : one for three months' study in the United States, another for two months in Germany, in Italy and in Austria.
Tropical hygiene. A two-and-a-half months research fellowship in Germany.
Switzerland 15 R. - Fellowships—Various fields Child psychotherapy.
A study grant to the Chief Medical Officer of the " Office médico-pédagogique vaudois " for visits to France.
Meat hygiene. Three fellowships of two months in Germany and Denmark.
Nursing education. A fellowship of three months in Norway, Sweden and Finland.
Rehabilitation. A fellowship of three months in the United Kingdom.
Turkey 6 T. A. UNICEF - Maternal and child health {September 1952- )
Aim of the project. To develop maternal and child health services as part of the general public health service in Turkey; to establish a maternal and child health section within the Ministry of Health and a demonstration and teaching centre in Ankara.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. A public health nurse midwife for twelve months; a consultant in social paediatrics for three months; two fellowships.
Work in 1957. Within the overall rural health/MCH plan developed under this project, demonstration and teaching activities in Ankara were pursued as before. Special emphasis was put on the development of a rural training and demonstration area, in the Ankara district. Teaching in social paediatrics was arranged both at t h e School of Hygiene and at the special course for rural medical officers.
Turkey 11 T. A. - Leprosy control (1956- )
Aim of the project. To control leprosy and establish a long-term eradication programme.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. To follow up a visit made in 1956 by a WHO consultant, it is planned to award this year a fellowship of five months.
Turkey 15 T. A. - Health education (1957- )
Aim of the project. To assist in the establishment of a Health Education Institute in Ankara.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. The services of a consultant for three months.
Turkey 16 T.A. - School of Public Health—Ankara [July 1953- )
Aim of the project. To give post-graduate training at the School of Public Health.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. and work in 1957. As in previous years, training courses in public health will be organized during the summer. W. H. 0. will contribute three lecturers in public health administration, environmental sanitation and epidemiology. Application for a fellowship of twelve months is expected.
Turkey 23 UNICEF - Malaria eradication programme (1956- )
Aim of the project. To eradicate malaria throughout the country by the use of DDT and other residual insecticides, and to establish a surveillance service in the spring of 1957 to detect and follow up all cases (or suspected cases) of the disease and prevent its re-introduction once eradication has been achieved. Various forms of training are also to be instituted in Turkey for the different categories of personnel assigned to the programme.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work done. Several visits to Turkey were made by a WHO consultant to assist in establishing a parasite index of the populations living in malarious areas, as a preliminary to the establishment of a plan of operations, now finalized, for a five-year campaign.
The actual campaign started this spring with use of the supplies (DDT, sprayers, laboratory materials and transport vehicles) provided by UNICEF under the terms of the plan of operations. More than 8,500,000 persons will be directly protected during 1957. Another visit by the WHO consultant is envisaged in the second half of this year to assist the Government in a post-transmission season epidemiological survey. The plan of operations anticipates the division of the country into three groups of regions, acording to the degree of endemicity. In one of these groups, it is planned to suspend DDT-spraying after 1957. A surveillance service covering the whole count r y has been set up for the immediate detection of all cases, the administration of suppressive treatment to all suspected cases, and for the prevention of re-infection.
Training of personnel will be continued until eradication has been achieved.
A series of tests to determine the sensitivity of anopheles to DDT is envisaged in areas where DDT has been used for some years, in order to check on any possible development of resistance.
Turkey 24 R. - Vital and health statistics R- (August 1953-September 1954, 1955- 1956-1957)
Aim of the project. To improve vital and health statistical services.
Assistance to be prodded by W. II. 0. in 1957. A repeat visit of the WHO consultant who assisted the project during the previous years is planned for late 1957.
Turkey 29 T.A. - Nursing advisory programme (October 1955- )
Aim of the project. To advise the Government on t h e organization of the nursing division in the Ministry of Health, the planning of general nursing services for the country and the reorganization of nursing education programmes at basic and post-basic levels.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Two nursing advisers, two fellowships.
Work done. The functions and activities of the nursing division have been defined and the different activities to be carried out by the division are being organized. An advisory nursing council has been constituted, with special committees which have prepared a new basic nursing programme t h a t will be tried out in two schools. An experimental and pilot school of nursing has been established in Ankara, which will operate two programmes : the new basic programme and a reorganized post-basic programme to prepare nurses for teaching, administrative and supervisory positions.
Turkey 31 UNICEF - Communicable eye diseases cont>'ol (1955- )
Aim of the project. To learn more of the epidemiology of trachoma and associated infections in Turkey, to develop and extend throughout the endemic area effective methods of case-finding and treatment, family supervision and health education; to train personnel for these activities.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. during the year. Visits of a consultant in communicable eye diseases.
Work during the year. An operational headquarters and project laboratory were established at Gaziantep. Preliminary epidemiological studies were carried out. Therapeutic trials with newer and more economical methods of treatment were commenced. A plan of operations was prepared for continuation and extension of the project in 1958 and 1959.
Turkey 33 T.A. - Sera and vaccine production (1956- )
Aim of the project. To strengthen the production of sera and vaccine.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. As a follow-up of a visit made in 1956 by a WHO consultant, two fellowships of two months have been awarded this year for study, one in Denmark, the other in Switzerland and Germany.
Turkey 36 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Anaesthesiology. A fellowship of twelve months in France.
Public health administration. Eight fellowships of six weeks to attend a study group in France, Switzerland and Italy.
Turkey 38 T.A. - Endemo-epidemic diseases—Epidemiology (1957)
A fellowship application is expected.
United Kingdom 13 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Biochemistry. A fellowship of one month in Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and France.
Blood transfusion. A fellowship of six weeks in the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
Nursing administration and education. Three fellowships of two months for study respectively in (1) Finland, Sweden and Denmark; (2) Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark; and (3) Switzerland, Finland and the Netherlands
Rheumatism. A fellowship of one month in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and France.
Paediatrics. A fellowship of six weeks in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy, France, the Netherlands.
Public health administration. A fellowship of two months in the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark.
School dental health. A fellowship of two months in Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Cardiac diseases. A fellowship of ten weeks in Sweden, Finland, Norway and France.
Chest diseases. A fellowship of six weeks in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
U. S. S. R. 1 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Fellowships for health officials and technicians have been offered to the Government.
Yugoslavia 7 R. UNICEF (U.N.). - Rehabilitation of handicapped children (November 1955- )
Aim of the project. To improve and extend rehabilitation facilities for the handicapped, particularly children, and to train staff.
Assistance provided by W. II. 0. and work in 1957. A short-term consultant during one week. Following the planning work initiated in 1955/1956 and subsequent to consultations with the I. L. O., UNICEF and UNTAA, a plan of operations for this project was developed providing for a federal rehabilitation committee, a federal rehabilitation institute and in the first phase for selected demonstration and training centres to be developed with the continuing assistance of the specialized agencies.
Yugoslavia 12 R. - Mental health (1957- )
Aim of the project. To strengthen mental health services. Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Four fellowships.
Yugoslavia 16.1 - T.A. - Endemo-epidemic diseases control (1953- :...)
Aim of the project. To reduce the prevalence of certain endemo-epidemic diseases which are still a serious problem in Yugoslavia.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Four fellowships of four and six months for the study of epidemiology, parasitology and bacteriology.
Yugoslavia 16.4 T.A. - Tuberculosis control 1953- )
Aim of the project. To develop national antituberculosis services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A fellowship of six months in the field of BCG production.
Yugoslavia 16.5 T.A. UNICEF - Trachoma control (1954- )
Aim of the project. To learn more of the epidemiology of trachoma and associated infections in Yugoslavia, to develop and extend throughout the endemic areas effective methods of case-finding and treatment, family supervision and health education; to train personnel for these activities.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. during the year. Visit of a consultant in communicable eye diseases; one fellowship of four months.
Work during the year. The plan of action was revised in t h e light of a new appraisal of the problem, greater emphasis being placed on epidemiological, social and health educational aspects and on integrating the programme in the general public health services of the country. Continuation and development of the project was restricted to some extent by lack of adequate transport.
Yugoslavia 16.9 T.A. UNICEF - Maternal and child health services (1943- )
Aim of the project. To expand the maternal and child health services as part of the general public health services, principally by starting maternal and child health work in the general health centres and stations, to establish in each Republic a demonstration centre to staff and supervise the sub-centres.
Assistance provided by W. H. 0. and work in 1957. A WHO consultant delivered lectures at a seminar on poliomyelitis which was held in Ljubljana from 15th to 29th May. Two additional consultants are expected to lecture at a course on social paediatrics and obstetrics, which will be organized in Belgrade this year. A study tour of one month's duration is being organized for fourteen Chiefs of Clinics who will receive WHO fellowships. Seven additional applications are under consideration for fellowships of three to six months in the fields of school health and rehabilitation of handicapped children.
Yugoslavia 16.11 T.A. - Health Statistics (1954-)
Aim of the project. To improve vital and health statistical services.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. A fellowship of ten months in the U. S. A. and United Kingdom.
Yugoslavia 16.12 T.A. - Social and occupational health (1954- )
Aim of the project. To strengthen occupational health services to meet needs arising from the rapid industrialisation of the country.
Assistance to be provided by W. H. 0. in 1957. Two fellowships of six months in Europe.
Yugoslavia 20 T.A. - Organization of public health services (1956- )
Aim of the project. To promote the organization of public health services.
Assistance to be provided by W. II. 0. in 1957. Applications for three fellowships of two to three months are expected.
Yugoslavia 23 R. - Fellowships—Various fields
Endocrinology. A fellowship of six months in France.
Pharmacology. A fellowship of one year in the United Kingdom.
Forensic medicine. A fellowship of six months, probably in Europe.
Two additional applications are expected.
| Pays d'origine | Source des fonds | Genre de bourses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pays d'origine | 0. M. S | A. T. | Total | Inter-régionales | Régionales | Formation individuelle | Formation collective |
| Austria | 8 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 4 |
| Belgium | 10 | — | 10 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
| Denmark | 14 | — | 14 | 2 | 12 | 4 | 10 |
| Finland | 14 | — | 14 | 1 | 13 | 4 | 10 |
| France | 22 | — | 22 | 1 | 21 | — | |
| Germany | 12 | — | 12 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 2 |
| Greece | 6 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 8 | 6 |
| Iceland | 3 | — | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Irland | 15 | — | 15 | 2 | 13 | 13 | 2 |
| Italy | 19 | — | 19 | — | 19 | 13 | 6 |
| Luxembourg | 1 | — | 1 | — | 1 | — | 1 |
| Morocco | 4 | 7 | 11 | — | 11 | 10 | 1 |
| Netherlands | 12 | — | 12 | 1 | 11 | 10 | 2 |
| Norway | 17 | — | 17 | 2 | 15 | 5 | 12 |
| Portugal | 11 | — | 11 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 3 |
| Spain | 9 | 14 | 23 | — | 23 | 16 | 7 |
| Sweden | 11 | — | 11 | — | 11 | 1 | 10 |
| Switzerland | 8 | — | 8 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 2 |
| Tunisia | 5 | 4 | 9 | — | 9 | 6 | 3 |
| Turkey | 25 | 9 | 34 | — | 34 | 15 | 19 |
| United Kingdom | 9 | — | 9 | — | 9 | 8 | 1 |
| Yugoslavia | 10 | 32 | 42 | — | 42 | 34 | 8 |
| TOTAL | 245 | 75 | 320 | 21 | 299 | 206 | 114 |
| Pays d'origino | Source des fonds | Genre de bourses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pays d'origino | O.M.S. | A. T. | Totam | Inter-regionales | Régionales | Formations individuelle | Formation collective | |
| Albania | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Austria | 8 | — | 8 | 1 | 7 | 8 | — | |
| Belgium | 7 | — | 7 | 5 | 2 | 7 | — | |
| Bulgaria | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Denmark | 16 | — | 16 | 3 | 13 | 6 | 10 | |
| Finland | 16 | — | 16 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 10 | |
| France | 24 | — | 24 | 3 | 21 | 24 | — | |
| Germany | 10 | — | 10 | 4 | 6 | 10 | — | |
| Greece | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
| Iceland | 2 | — | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ireland | 10 | — | 10 | 4 | 6 | 10 | — | |
| Italy | 9 | — | 9 | — | 9 | 9 | — | |
| Luxembourg | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Monaco | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Morocco | 5 | — | 5 | — | 5 | 5 | — | |
| Netherlands | 12 | — | 12 | 1 | 11 | 12 | — | |
| Norway | 13 | — | 13 | 1 | 12 | 3 | 10 | |
| Poland | 13 | — | 13 | 7 | 6 | 13 | — | |
| Portugal | 7 | — | 7 | — | 7 | 6 | 1 | |
| Rumania | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Spain | 9 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 1 | |
| Sweden | 16 | — | 16 | 2 | 14 | 6 | 10 | |
| Switzerland | 7 | — | 7 | 1 | 6 | 7 | — | |
| Turkey | 12 | 8 | 20 | 1 | 19 | 18 | 2 | |
| United Kingdom | 11 | — | 11 | — | 11 | 11 | — | |
| U . S . S .R | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yugoslavia | 10 | 12 | 22 | 2 | 20 | 18 | 4 | |
| TOTAL | 219 | 23 | 242 | 2 | 200 | 192 | 50 |