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Russian democratic forces

Doc. 16247: compendium of written amendments | Doc. 16247 | 01/10/2025 | Final version

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ADraft Resolution

1On 16 March 2022, the Russian Federation was expelled from membership of the Council of Europe, as a result of its war of aggression against Ukraine, which began in 2014 and escalated into a large-scale invasion. In its Opinion 300 (2022) adopted on the previous day, while calling on the Committee of Ministers to request the Russian Federation to immediately withdraw from the Council of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly added that “the Council of Europe should envisage initiatives to be able to continue to support and engage with human rights defenders, democratic forces, free media and independent civil society in the Russian Federation”. Subsequently, in its Resolution 2433 (2022) “Consequences of the Russian Federation's continued aggression against Ukraine: role and response of the Council of Europe”, the Assembly resolved “to intensify its engagement with Belarusian and Russian civil society, human rights defenders, independent journalists, academia and democratic forces respecting the values and principles of the Organisation, including the territorial integrity of sovereign member States”. Similarly, meeting in Reykjavik in May 2023, Council of Europe Heads of State and Government agreed to “find ways to strengthen co-operation with Russian and Belarusian human rights defenders, democratic forces, free media and independent civil society”.

In the draft resolution, at the end of paragraph 1, insert the following sentences:

"In its Resolutions 2540 (2024) "Alexei Navalny’s death and the need to counter Vladimir Putin’s totalitarian regime and its war on democracy" and 2588 (2025) "European commitment to a just and lasting peace in Ukraine", the Assembly noted the ongoing forced russification, repression and discrimination of indigenous peoples and minorities in the Russian Federation, in breach of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It concluded that genuine democracy in Russia is impossible without decolonisation, underlined that lasting peace requires the Russian Federation to abandon its imperial ambitions and called for the implementation of UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) (1960)."

Explanatory note

Reference to the previous PACE Resolutions mentioning indigenous peoples and minorities in the Russian Federation

2On the strength of these texts, and as the outcome of a long-standing process of dialogue and engagement, the Assembly decided to set up a representative delegation of Belarusian democratic forces. As far as Russian democratic forces are concerned, some of them were invited to participate in hearings organised by Assembly committees. Furthermore, an informal platform for dialogue bringing together members of the Assembly holding specific functions and members of Russian democratic forces was set up, to discuss topics of common concern. Amongst them were the role of Russian democratic forces in bringing the Russian Federation’s aggression to an end, ways to strengthen sanctions against the Russian regime, ensure that Russians can have access to free and independent media, and ways to counter Russian disinformation, and the situation of Russian democratic forces in exile. The situation of Russian political prisoners was also addressed. Over this period, the Assembly condemned the murder of Alexei Navalny and repeatedly demanded the release of Vladimir Kara-Murza, winner of the 2022 Václav Havel Human Rights Prize, and called for sanctions against the Russian officials involved in his illegal detention.
3The Assembly reiterates its strong condemnation of the systematic repression of Russians opposing the regime and attempts to silence them, inside and outside the Russian Federation. It honours the commitment of those Russian human rights defenders, democratic forces, free media, and independent civil society who oppose the Russian regime and support Ukraine, like the Anti-War Committee and the Free Russia Foundation, sometimes at the cost of their lives and freedom. The Assembly notes that unlike Belarusian democratic forces, Russian democratic forces do not have a single, unified political structure. The Assembly encourages Russian groups and initiatives in exile to join forces with the aim of countering disinformation by the Russian regime, advocating for a democratic change in the Russian Federation, exposing all international crimes committed by Russian actors in the Republic of Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine, and supporting Ukrainians in their struggle against the aggressor State, in a variety of ways.

In the draft resolution, replace paragraph 3 with the following paragraph:

"The Assembly reiterates its strong condemnation of the systematic repression of Russians opposing the regime and attempts to silence them, inside and outside the Russian Federation. It honours the commitment of those Russian human rights defenders, democratic forces, free media and independent civil society who oppose the totalitarian and neo-imperialistic Russian regime, fight for democracy, human rights and the rule of law and support Ukraine, sometimes at the risk of their lives and freedom, and emphasises that this fight must continue. The Assembly notes that unlike Belarusian democratic forces, Russian democratic forces do not have a single, unified political structure. The Assembly encourages Russian groups and initiatives in exile to join forces with the aim of countering disinformation by the totalitarian and neo-imperialistic Russian regime, advocating for a democratic change in the Russian Federation, exposing all international crimes committed by Russian actors in the Republic of Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine, and supporting Ukrainians in their struggle against the aggressor State, in a variety of ways."

Explanatory note

This amendment re-stresses the imperialistic nature of the Russian regime, and that since there are several Russian groups fighting for democracy it would be unfair to name just two of them making the text less clear. This amendment also states that the fight must continue.

4The Assembly recalls that, in 2024, a General Rapporteur on Russian democratic forces was appointed, with the mandate to promote the coherence of the Assembly’s action aimed at building dialogue with Russian democratic forces who respect the values and principles of the Council of Europe, including the territorial integrity of sovereign member States. Also as a result of the work of the General Rapporteur, the Assembly believes that time has come for ad hoc and informal initiatives to give way to a more structured engagement with Russian democratic forces. This would help strengthen the capacity of Russian democratic forces to bring about a sustainable democratic change in Russia and help achieve a lasting and just peace in Ukraine, alongside ensuring the responsibility of Russian actors for the international crimes committed, while providing to the Assembly an insight into developments in the Russian Federation and amongst Russian democratic forces.

In the draft resolution, at the end of paragraph 4, insert the following sentence:

"If an organisation or movement among the Russian democratic forces undermines these efforts, the Assembly will discontinue such engagement with this organisation."

5In light of these considerations, the Assembly decides to establish a Platform for Dialogue with Russian Democratic Forces (“the Platform”), as a forum for a two-way engagement between the Assembly and Russian democratic forces to address issues of common concern through exchanges in the context of the Platform, to be chaired by the President of the Assembly or a member of the Assembly delegated by the President. Participation in the Platform would also enable Russian democratic forces to attend meetings of the Assembly’s committees, sub-committees and networks during part-sessions, and to take the floor when authorised by the respective Chairpersons.
6The list of the “Participants of the Russian Democratic Forces” in the Platform shall be approved by the Bureau of the Assembly upon the proposal made by the President of the Assembly and shall be valid for the ordinary session. The specific modalities for the implementation of this resolution, in particular the composition and functioning of the Platform and the participation of Russian democratic forces therein, shall be approved by the Bureau on the basis of a memorandum to be prepared by the Secretary General of the Parliamentary Assembly together with the General Rapporteur on the Russian democratic forces. One year after the establishment of the Platform, the Bureau shall review the implementation of this resolution and consider possible amendments or other measures to be taken. The Bureau’s decisions require ratification by the Assembly through its progress report.

In the draft resolution, paragraph 6, first sentence, after the words "President of the Assembly and", insert the following words:

"after consulting with the General Rapporteur on Russian democratic forces and the Head of the Ukrainian delegation to the Assembly,"

Explanatory note

Self-explanatory

In the draft resolution, paragraph 6, after the first sentence, insert the following sentence:

"The list of potential candidates should be submitted to the President of the Assembly by a common decision of Russian democratic forces organisations, members of which meet the criteria set out in paragraph 7."

In the draft resolution, paragraph 6, at the end of the second sentence, insert the following words:

"and the Head of the Ukrainian delegation to the Assembly."

Explanatory note

self-explanatory

In the draft resolution, paragraph 6, at the fourth sentence, delete the following words:

"through its progress report".

Explanatory note

Ensures the Assembly has the fullest oversight of the process.

In the draft resolution, at the end of paragraph 6, insert the following sentence:

"The composition of the Platform shall guarantee representation of indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation, with at least one third seats reserved to representatives of their organisations, reflecting their share in the population of the Russian Federation."

Explanatory note

Ensures indigenous representation given the diversity of the Russian Federation

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 6, insert the following paragraph:

"In case of a substantiated complaint about the non-compliance of a participant with the criteria set out in paragraph 7, the President of the Assembly shall immediately suspend the participation of the person concerned until the Bureau takes a decision, which shall be published together with the reasoning, no later than ten days after the Bureau takes the decision on suspension."

Explanatory note

If there is prima facie evidence of our values being challenged then actions needs to be taken quickly and a resolution found swiftly.

7The “Participants of the Russian Democratic Forces” should be persons of the highest moral standing who are currently in exile and who meet the following requirements, to be verified by the Bureau of the Assembly at the time of the approval of the list, or at any other time following a decision to that effect by the Bureau:

In the draft resolution, paragraph 7, delete the following words:

"who are currently in exile"

In the draft resolution, at the end of paragraph 7, insert the following words:

"(criteria set in Paragraph 7.8 shall not apply to representatives of indigenous peoples and national minorities, or to those on active duty fighting in the Ukrainian military)"

7.1be Russian political leaders, civil society representatives, human rights defenders, independent journalists, scholars and/or other members of the Russian resistance to Vladimir Putin’s regime;

In the draft resolution, paragraph 7.1, replace the words "to Vladimir Putin’s regime" with the following words:

"against the totalitarian and neo-imperialistic regime in the Russian Federation"

7.2share the values of the Council of Europe and be willing to promote them;
7.3unconditionally recognise and respect the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders, including the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol City, Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions;
7.4have a record of publicly opposing the Putin’s regime and work towards a regime change with the goal of establishing of a democratic political system in the Russian Federation that adheres to international law, and principles of peaceful and good-neighbourly relations;

In the draft resolution, paragraph 7.4, replace the words "Putin’s regime" with the following words:

"totalitarian and neo-imperialistic regime in the Russian Federation"

7.5respect the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, Georgia and other States;
7.6have not advocated non-democratic policies in the Russian Federation or neo-imperialistic policies towards the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, or other sovereign States; or have denounced previous statements in a credible and convincing manner; have not justified international crimes committed by Russian actors either abroad or within the Russian Federation, nor encouraged others to commit violations of international law;
7.7clearly denounce all international crimes committed by Russian actors and support international mechanisms for accountability and justice;
7.8have signed the Berlin Declaration of the Russian Democratic Forces and continue to uphold the principles it sets forth.

In the draft resolution, paragraph 7.8, after the words "Russian Democratic Forces" insert the following words:

"before they agree to participate in the Platform"

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraph:

"submit a declaration of the absence of conflicts of interest and accept verification by the Assembly Secretariat."

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraphs:

"have not held, after 2014, any position in the State bodies of the Russian Federation or, if they have, have publicly and convincingly renounced these bodies' activities and contributed to their accountability; have not held, after 2014, any position in Russian occupation administrations in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine."

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraph:

"have never disseminated or publicly rejected narratives that deny the Russian Federation's crime of aggression against Ukraine or other international crimes committed there."

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraph:

"recognise and respect unconditionally the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Belarus, as well as the Belarusian nation's aspiration for a democratic future and European choice."

Explanatory note

The requirement to recognise Belarus's sovereignty and territorial integrity is consistent with the principles of the Council of Europe and mirrors the conditions already applied in relation to Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia. It prevents any ambiguity in co-operation with the Russian democratic opposition and safeguards against narratives or initiatives that could undermine Belarus's independence, as well as the right of the Belarusian people to an independent and democratic future and geopolitical choice.

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraph:

"have not received, since 2014, funding or material support from State or State-controlled entities of the Russian Federation or Belarus, or related persons or foundations, and shall submit annual declarations of sources of funding."

In the draft resolution, after paragraph 7.8, insert the following paragraph:

"publicly support the establishment of a Special tribunal for the crime of aggression against Ukraine, as well as an international compensation mechanism, including the Register of Damage for Ukraine and an international claims commission for Ukraine."

Explanatory note

Self-explanatory

8The question of the rights of the peoples of Russia and the preparedness to engage into a meaningful dialogue with the representatives of Russia’s national and ethnic groups will play a critical role in shaping a democratic political system that adheres to international law and the principles of peaceful and good-neighbourly relations. The issue of overcoming the colonial legacy of the Russian Federation would have to be addressed, including the concerns and interests of indigenous and colonised peoples residing in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Assembly is committed to facilitating a relevant format of dialogue between its members, the participants of the Platform and the representatives of Russian national groups.

In the draft resolution, before paragraph 8, insert the following paragraph:

"The "Participants of the Russian Democratic Forces" shall not use, display or reproduce State symbols of the Russian Federation, including its flag, coat of arms, anthem, or other official insignia at the Assembly premises or events. The white-blue-white colours are recognised by the Russian Democratic Forces as a symbol of resistance."

In the draft resolution, paragraph 8, first sentence, replace the words "peoples of Russia and the preparedness to engage into a meaningful dialogue with the representatives of Russia's national and ethnic groups" with the following words:

"indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation and the preparedness to engage into a meaningful dialogue with their representatives"

Explanatory note

Changed the wording to "indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation" for clarity and precision

In the draft resolution, paragraph 8, last sentence, replace the words "facilitating a relevant format of dialogue between its members, the participants of the Platform and the representatives of Russian national groups" with the following words:

"establishing a Dialogue Platform with the representatives of indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation."

In the draft resolution, at the end of paragraph 8, insert the following sentences:

"Until a Dialogue Platform with the representatives of indigenous peoples and national minorities is established, one third of the seats for the Platform shall be reserved for the representatives of indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation, reflecting their share of the population of the Russian Federation. When a Dialogue Platform for the indigenous peoples and national minorities of the Russian Federation is established, this quota will be terminated."

9The Assembly refers particularly to its Resolution 2605 (2025) and reiterates that, in violation of international humanitarian law, the Russian Federation continues the colonisation of the occupied territories by encouraging hundreds of thousands of its own citizens to settle there, including through federal programmes. These initiatives form part of the aggressor State’s policy aimed at the forcible alteration of the demographic composition of the population, thereby significantly complicating the processes of de-occupation and the restoration of peace. Such actions constitute a violation of the Russian Federation’s international obligations and amount to crimes under international law, and should entail appropriate legal consequences.

In the draft resolution, paragraph 9, first sentence, replace the words "the occupied territories" with the following words:

"the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine"

10The Assembly welcomes other parliamentary initiatives supporting Russian democratic forces and encourages synergies between its Platform and other initiatives, in particular those undertaken by the European Parliament.
11The Assembly calls on the Council of Europe member States to:
11.1provide administrative, legal and logistical support to facilitate the functioning of the Platform, including assistance with travel, visas, residence issues and digital engagement;

In the draft resolution, paragraph 11.1, before the word "residence" insert the following word:

"temporary"

11.2support the functioning of the Platform, notably through voluntary contributions, by developing training programmes and workshops aimed at enhancing the organisational and political capacity of the Russian democratic forces;

In the draft resolution, paragraph 11.2, delete the following words:

"aimed at enhancing the organisational and political capacity of the Russian democratic forces"

11.3strengthen the visibility and impact of the Platform and encourage partnerships with other international organisations and democratic institutions.