jeudi 25 juin 2026 après-midi
2026 - Troisième partie de session Imprimer la séanceVidéo(s) de la séance 1 / 1
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:34:32
Good afternoon, dear colleagues, and welcome back to the afternoon session.
The sitting is open.
I would also like to welcome our guests up there, including some special guests. You know who you are.
I remind members that in order to be registered for the sitting, you should insert your badge when you take your seat and keep it inserted for at least 30 seconds. You should also insert your badge in order to speak or vote. To request the floor, please press the "request" button just once.
I also remind members that the Assembly agreed on Monday that the speaking time in all debates today will be 3 minutes for spokespersons of political groups and 2 minutes for all other speakers.
The first item of business this afternoon is a debate under urgent procedure on women's access to justice (Document 16446) presented by Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination.
In order to finish by 4:25 p.m., I will interrupt the list of speakers if I have to at about 4:15 p.m. to allow time for the reply and the vote.
I call Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU, rapporteur. You have 7 minutes now and 3 minutes at the end to reply to the debate.
Mr President,
Dear colleagues,
Let me start by clarifying what justice means, because the word is too often hollowed out. Justice for all women and girls is not just a "service" to be delivered. It is a political, economic and structural struggle. Real justice requires the dismantling of patriarchal systems, the redistribution of power, and the protection of civic space. A remedy that arrives after the harm has hardened into silence is simply not justice. It is its absence, dressed in procedure and rhetoric.
So, let us be precise about what an accessible justice system actually requires. It must ensure that the justice systems respond to the needs, the interests and the rights of all women and girls in all their diversity. It must rest on institutions that are accessible, timely, affordable and solution-oriented, grounded in international human rights law and the rule of law.
A justice delayed until a woman can no longer afford to pursue it, a remedy priced beyond her reach, a procedure indifferent to who she is and where she stands. These are not technical shortcomings, dear colleagues, they are the places where rights go to die.
And justice cannot be written behind closed doors. Legislative processes themselves must allow for meaningful, safe and inclusive participation of civil society organisations and the communities most affected. Laws made about women, without women, will fail women, every time.
Above all, a safe and violence-free environment is not a privilege to be granted. It is a right to be guaranteed. That requires us to adopt, to fund and to implement laws and policies to prevent and eliminate every form of violence against women and girls. It means confronting domestic violence and rape; the gender-related killing of women: femicide, human trafficking, sexual exploitation and the deliberate cruelty of economic violence against women and girls. Dear colleagues, naming these harms is not enough. We are called to end them.
If women do not trust the system that is supposed to protect them, if they do not report violations to their rights, if they feel re-victimised by law professionals and by the justice system itself, if they feel stigmatised and that they are not believed, then the whole legal architecture of women's human rights will mean little. And impunity will continue to exist, sending the message that women and their rights are not expandable.
Dear colleagues, we gather at a moment that demands both clarity and courage. The 70th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in March in New York, closed not with the quiet consensus of seven decades, but, for the first time in its history, with the need to hold a vote. We should name that for what it is. It is a warning, but it is also a victory. A warning, because the very tradition of agreeing on women's rights could no longer be taken for granted. A victory, because an overwhelming, cross-regional majority of states refused to let a single voice of opposition erase what generations of women have won, with their persistent efforts.
So, what does this moment require from us? It requires strong cross-regional alliances. And it requires reliable, flexible financing, particularly for women's rights and human rights organisations. Rights can be rolled back far faster than they were won. Defending what we have achieved is not nostalgia, it is the precondition for advancing and improving women's rights in real life.
So, dear colleagues, we must also be honest, we cannot repair what we refuse to see. That is why we must establish partnerships with relevant stakeholders to identify the gaps and challenges, and to support research for justice systems that are not only gender-sensitive and responsive, but also age-sensitive. We must develop evidence-based, data-driven policy, invest in the data systems that make women's realities visible, confront disinformation, hate speech, and measure our progress toward justice. As parliamentarians, we need information to be able to act and move in the right direction.
Dear colleagues, let me be clear: rights are non-negotiable. Access to justice for all, women and girls is not a bargaining chip. They are not a concession to be traded in negotiations, nor a favour to be granted and withdrawn as political winds shift. Rights are established in international law, they are indivisible and owed. Rights are not to be bargained for, they are guaranteed, defended, and fulfilled.
I will end also with a clear message: we will not be pushed away from the place which we had already won. We will hold the line where it must be held. We will press it forward, where it can be moved, with resolve, not with resignation, with persistence across every parliament, every courtroom and every community.
The measure of our commitment is not the volume of our declarations, but the constancy of our work. Let us return to that work with determination and let us not rest until justice for all women and girls is no longer a promise, but a practice, an everyday reality, a fulfilled right.
Thank you for your attention.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:42:13
Thank you, Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU.
I remind the Assembly that speaking time is limited to 3 minutes for spokespersons for the political groups and 2 minutes for other members.
In the debate, I call first Ms Victoria TIBLOM.
Suède, CEPA, Porte-parole du groupe
15:42:27
Thank you, Mr President.
Let me say plainly what we all know but too rarely say with the urgency it deserves: across our continent, our girls and women do not have the access to justice they are entitled to.
They are subjected to violence, overwhelmingly gender-based violence, in their homes, online and on our streets. And when they find the courage to come forward, what happens? Too few cases are even prosecuted. Fewer still end up in conviction. The system that is supposed to protect them is, far too often, failing them at every stage.
Let's be honest about the scale of this. Roughly one in five women in Europe will experience intimate partner violence in their lifetime. Thousands of women are killed in femicides across our continent every single year and that is the minimum estimate, because underreporting remains massive. Behind every one of those numbers is a woman who was let down, by her police station, by her courtroom, by her own state.
Let's look honestly at why. A woman who reports an assault today still faces a system built for somebody else's convenience. She is interviewed by officers with no training in trauma. She waits months, sometimes years, for a case to reach a courtroom, if it ever does. She is asked to relive the worst moment of her life in front of the person who caused it. And too often, the case is closed not because nothing happened, but because the system decided it was not worth pursuing. That is not justice. That is institutional indifference and it has a gender.
This cannot continue to be treated as a secondary concern, addressed with a paragraph in a broader report and then forgotten. We need specialised units within police forces and prosecution services, trained specifically to handle gender-based violence with competence and care. We need fast-track procedures, so survivors are not left waiting years for a verdict while their abuser walks free. We need judges and prosecutors to be held accountable when cases are dropped without proper investigation. And we need every state in this Assembly to collect and publish real data on reporting, prosecution and conviction rates because what is not measured is too easily ignored.
This is not a women's issue to be filed away in a single committee. It is a test of what kind of Europe we are building. A Europe of human rights is not achieved by resolutions and reports alone, it is achieved when a woman who reports a crime can actually trust that something will happen because of it.
We owe our girls and women more than sympathy. We owe them justice.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:45:29
Ms Nerea AHEDO.
Espagne, ADLE, Porte-parole du groupe
15:45:52
It's okay? Yes, I'm sorry. Well, I will speak in Spanish.
The fact is no country has yet managed to guarantee equal access for men and women to justice. It is essential and it's a challenge for all our countries. To achieve this, it's necessary that we work on socio-economic situations, existing prejudice within the system, the role played by different vulnerable groups: migrants, women, disabled people, minorities, LGBTQIA+, invisible minorities or groups who are afraid to admit to their status.
So we have to bear in mind the gender perspective in the judicial sector and that's often lacking in training. Moreover, access to justice must also be free of charge. Otherwise, women who are economically disadvantaged will find it difficult.
And the report very accurately describes this, since this also goes hand in hand with victimisation. If we talk about gender violence, we believe it is essential to create special magistrates, special courts. In Spain we have this, that's been created by recent law. But if you do set up such a system, you have to ensure that close attention be paid to the needs of victims, with specific training being necessary for everybody involved.
Particular care must also be taken when it comes to preventing underreporting. It must not be forgotten. It is often caused by fear, embarrassment or social pressure. So there are three aspects which were important here: law, legislation is, of course, essential, but laws only work if they are properly implemented and if they are enforced and if funding is available. Otherwise, they're just useless paper.
Secondly, there has been a massive increase in far-right negation of the problems facing women. They seem to believe either the problem doesn't exist or tradition should prevail. The fact is, as soon as women start getting power, there's an effort to try to cut services and benefits off for them. Women are often subjected to violence. We need to have access to justice because of this, but I think it's equally important for us to do what we can to improve women's access to mediation services. So rather than just judicial services, they need parajudicial services.
Efforts made by the judiciary in terms of achieving greater equality are essential if half the population are to fully exercise all of their rights. This enables us to enforce not just equality but, above all, democracy.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:48:55
Ms Sevilay ÇELENK.
Türkiye, GUE, Porte-parole du groupe
15:49:01
Thank you, President.
Dear colleagues, on behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left, I am taking the floor on this report on women's access to justice, which we support and see as opening an important space for reflection on a number of key issues.
I would like to use this opportunity to focus on how social media and new media shape women's access to justice and how justice itself is perceived and experienced. Within the scope of this report, it is of significant importance to eliminate judicial prejudices in courtrooms and to prevent the creation of secondary victimisation. Today, in many cases, the judicial prejudices that come to dominate the courtrooms are profoundly reflected throughout the media and predominantly on social media. This is an important aspect indeed, and I will therefore work on it in detail in a separate report, and I am glad to just be pointing this out here.
Today, access to justice is not only about courts or legal procedures. It is also about the digital space where public opinion is formed. Social media affects which cases are visible, whose voices are heard and how quickly institutions respond. It has become part of the justice environment itself. On the positive side, these platforms have helped women and children speak out about violence and discrimination. Where formal systems have failed, they have made hidden cases visible and supported solidarity among women across different places. This visibility can push institutions to act and can strengthen public awareness.
At the same time, there are serious risks. Women are often targeted by online harassment, hate speech, and co-ordinated attacks. In sensitive cases, social media can turn into a place of public judgment without due diligence processes. This can lead to misinformation and pressure that affects real legal processes. It can also discourage victims and families from seeking justice because of fear of exposure or public shaming.
In conclusion, digital spaces are not separate from justice. Therefore, we need rules that protect women and children from online harm, ensure platform responsibility, and still protect freedom of expression. Justice must remain fair both offline and online.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:52:10
Ms Bisera KOSTADINOVSKA-STOJCHEVSKA.
Macédoine du Nord, SOC, Porte-parole du groupe
15:52:13
Thank you.
When preparing to speak speak on the topic of this debate, my first thought was to come up with the statistics to mention some of the old resolutions that we have worked on here to mention, still, after all this time and all these years, how few cases of domestic violence are solved in time. The only statistics that I'm going to share today with you is that only 2% of all domestic violence cases are being reported.
For the sake of not breaking the rules, I will just show you this picture of Ivana and her daughter. Ivana and her daughter died this year on 4 March 2026 by suicide. Ivana took her daughter in her arms and jumped over the fourth floor of her building because she could no longer put up with the domestic violence she was subjected to for many years. 36 people were accountable for those nine years that Ivana did not receive the help that she asked for even in the worst of times. Her daughter's school also knew and reported it to social services, but they did nothing. Police officers did nothing. Social services did nothing. So the state failed, not just Ivana but her 6-year-old daughter whose drawings, after being presented in the court, only showed pictures of her mother is lying down and her father beating her up.
I will just read for my remaining time several of the statements being published from some of the witnesses, and the main witness actually. On the day of the tragedy, at five minutes after noon, the police was already there in their home, because there was a call for help by Ivana. But when they came to her home, the policeman told her, told them, you have to settle this at home. There was a videotape before the Criminal Court justice where her husband is beating her up. But when the two policemen approach, because he's holding her hand, they both say that it's nothing. And the police say, could you please move away from the camera and settle this at home. Her husband starts laughing at her and it's all visible in this video and says, "I told you that you cannot do anything". A person who had reports about narcotics use, family violence and any kind of violence, and no one did anything.
Before ending, I will say that before she killed herself, she made a video call to her husband. And because he was with a witness at that time in front of the building, his only comment was that "This b... will never die. She won't do anything". In the next minutes, he heard the clap when his daughter and his wife fell down. And he didn't even have the courage to go and identify them.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:55:36
Mr Georgios STAMATIS.
Grèce, PPE/DC, Porte-parole du groupe
15:55:41
Thank you, Mister President.
Dear colleagues,
As I can see on the list of the speakers, I can see only two men. So I think that we, as men, we have to be on the front line in this issue and we have to fight more to have equal justice for women.
First of all, I would like to congratulate Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU, as rapporteur, and the whole staff of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination, for this report on this very sensitive issue.
Dear friends, two years ago, one woman, one girl from the Roma community got married early somewhere in Greece. They married at 14 years old, as a girl, not as a woman. And she tried after two years to escape, not only this fake unacceptable marriage, but to find her right to live free. Not only from the violence, but from all the stereotypes about this marriage. And she found a home, a safe home. And she needs a job. After two years she finds a job. But finally the door was closed to the justice, to find all equal rights as a democratic citizen.
This story happens in many countries in our member states. Not only among the Roma, among the elderly women, the women with disabilities, transgender women. All these vulnerable groups are vulnerable because in some countries they don't recognise that they have rights.
The most crucial right that you have as a citizen is to have access to justice. And this report shows all this to us, to our member states, especially to our governments, and especially in all these women that are waiting for us to have a voice not only for her, but for the other women in the other places of the planet. Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
15:58:21
Thank you to the speakers on behalf of political groups and I may move on to the other speakers.
I call next Baroness Lyn BROWN.
Thank you.
The Taliban have suspended the rule of law in favour of an interwoven patchwork of written and verbal decrees designed to enforce the mass oppression of women, denying access to justice. Now, there is no notion of consent. Male relatives control marital arrangements, child marriage and slavery have been legalised and domestic violence protections are non-existent.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for the Supreme Leader and the Chief Justice of the Taliban for the crime against humanity of gender persecution. And yet we still play international cricket with them. Why?
Globally over 324 000 people have been deported to Afghanistan this year. 60% of them were women and girls. The EU have invited Taliban representatives to Brussels to discuss forced returns, despite their Court of Justice determining that every Afghan woman is at risk of persecution.
This claim, the claim that this doesn’t legitimise the Taliban is absolutely bogus. With far-right parties across Europe calling for remigration, this feels like populous appeasement.
What could we do instead that is positive? Well, we could recognise deportations to Afghanistan are unconscionable. We could also work towards the concept of gender apartheid in international law.
Our own Resolution 2614 calls for member states party to their own statute to consider adding the crime of gender apartheid .
Surely we can do more work on this
Lets reaffirm our commitment to human rights, not just for own people but for those fleeing enslavement and persecution
Lets recognise gender apartheid as the force of evil we all know it to be.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:00:39
Next is Ms Yelyzaveta YASKO and I don't... She's there.
Yes.
In 2013, I was a Master's student travelling from Ukraine to the United States to one of the big leadership conferences for young people from all around the globe.
And what did I have on my agenda? Of course, I wanted to speak about Ukraine, about our revolution of dignity. I wanted to promote my country. And I was searching for some media at that conference whom I could speak to. And then I found some media that were excited to speak to me. But then they asked me a question, "Do you belong to the first generation of women who were the first educated?" I said, "No". They said, "Then we are not interested in interviewing you". I was so shocked because that was the moment that I learned that around the world, many women – actually, not only women, also men – sometimes are not allowed to receive education. I come from a family where we all had education. We were all working, women, men. There were no differences.
That was the moment when I realised how different justice can be. And I decided to speak about the right to education just because it is so connected. I used to be advocating for the rights of the women of Iran and was, for some reason, sure that the situation in Iran is so bad that it cannot be worse. And then someone from Afghanistan approached me and said, "But do you know that the girls in Afghanistan are not actually allowed to study?"
When we talk about justice, we should talk about the roots, which should not be limited to the justice system, but be more about the universal justice and the rights to have education, health and all kinds of freedom.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:03:07
Thank you. Mr Malte LARSEN. Not present.
And we move on to Ms Rian VOGELS.
Thank you, Chair.
Dear colleagues,
Access to justice is the cornerstone of the rule of law.
Yet, let us be frank: there can be no justice while injustice remains unrecognised in law, policy and support systems. This was the clear warning of civil society, including Femmes for Freedom, at the United Nations in March 2026.
Across Europe, women continue to face structural barriers to justice. This is particularly acute for victims of harmful practices such as forced marriage, marital captivity, polygamy, child marriage, and so-called "virginity tests" and surgeries. Women in informal or unregistered marriages are often rendered legally invisible. And invisibility often means impunity.
In 2023, in our Resolution 2481, we rightly conclude that marital captivity is a serious human rights violation, and we called on states to act through legislation, prevention and victim protection. But much more needs to be done. By all of us, as our colleague Mr Georgios STAMATIS reiterated.
We must therefore ensure that justice systems are accessible, responsive and free from bias, and that all women can seek protection safely and effectively.
And I urge all Council of Europe member states to ratify and fully implement the Istanbul Convention without delay.
Progress is possible. Targeted measures in some member states, including the Netherlands, suggest that practical improvements can be achieved. But also, in my country is still room for improvement.
Now is the time to match our principles with action.
Thank you, Chair.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:05:33
Ms Kolbrún Áslaugar BALDURSDÓTTIR.
Mister President,
I would like to thank the rapporteur for bringing this important issue of women’s access to justice before the Assembly.
In theory, justice is blind. In practice, however, it often turns its back on women. As this resolution reminds us, while one in three women has experienced violence, only one in eight ever reports it to the police. This gap is not an accident; it reflects discriminatory laws, lack of legal awareness, high costs and fear of retaliation.
One of the biggest problems is that many women face barriers when seeking justice. Even when women do come forward, they are often confronted with the stereotype of the "ideal victim", facing disbelief or diminished protection if their case does not fit that stereotype. As a result, their cases may not be taken as seriously by the police or the courts.
We must also remember that access to justice is not only about laws on paper. It is about fair treatment, equal representation, and the ability to be heard without fear.
Therefore, I call on governments, legal institutions and civil society to take concrete action, expand legal aid for women, train justice officials on gender sensitivity and remove discriminatory laws that still exist in many countries.
Justice should not be a privilege. It should be a right that every woman can exercise equally. Only then can we truly say that justice is for all.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:07:24
Ms Albana VOKSHI.
Thank you.
Dear Chairman,
Dear colleagues,
Through this report, the Assembly rightly recognises that women continue to face structural barriers, gender biases and increasingly, the misuse of legal proceedings aimed at silencing and discouraging them.
The Assembly has already recognised these challenges by adopting several resolutions, as was mentioned previously by my colleagues. But we see in our countries that the situation has worsened. Many women do not get justice or access to justice. Maybe because, in my country, for example, the state institutions are not on their side, but on the side of perpetrators. So I do congratulate the rapporteurs for these important initiatives that should be a call in our countries to react towards the recommendations of this report.
But I would like to treat the violence towards women, not only from a domestic point of view, but violence in general towards women like us: the attempt to misuse justice towards women in politics. And I would like to mention the case of Ms Yulia TYMOSHENKO, whom I had the pleasure of meeting a few days ago here. She is Ukraine's first woman prime minister and, for more than two decades, a strong advocate of Ukraine-European futures.
Why am I mentioning that? Based on information available in the public domain and concerns expressed by international observers, the criminal proceedings against her gave a growing perception, in Ukraine and internationally, that the case may be politically motivated. Whether it is or not, and I don't want to give my opinion on that, such a perception is concerning because people's confidence in justice depends not only on the courts being independent, but also on their being seen as independent.
The debate is not about interfering in justice proceedings. It's about defending fundamental democratic principles. The presumption of innocence, judicial independence, the right of the people, a position to compete freely, without fear that justice may be used as a weapon of political rivalry.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:10:05
Baroness Thérèse COFFEY.
I thank Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU for her report and I will say at the start that access to justice for women should be a lot more straightforward than it is.
And while I sympathise with a lot of what she says, I cannot support the resolution as it stands, not least because of Paragraph 16 which seeks the legal recognition of the concept of gender apartheid. Now, Ms Rian VOGELS mentioned the Istanbul Convention. I am pleased that the UK finally ratified this in 2022.
But today, I am focusing on the grooming gang scandal in the UK. I will not read out some of the horrific descriptions of what was inflicted on young women. I was pleased when the current government asked Baroness Louise CASEY to undertake an audit of the previous inquiry.
Now, let’s be clear: white men have abused and do abuse white girls. But Baroness CASEY recognised that a particular issue omitted was consideration of how ethnicity seemed to be a factor in the selection of people groomed in certain communities.
As her report said, "Despite reviews, reports and inquiries raising questions about men from Asian or Pakistani backgrounds grooming and sexually exploiting young white girls, the system has consistently failed to fully acknowledge this or collect accurate data so it can be examined effectively."
I also agreed with her recommendation to quash any convictions of victims who were criminalised, when they should have been protected. And while the government has since introduced legislation to pardon "child prostitution" offences, Baroness Louise CASEY was right to call them out for not going further and pardoning them for other offences undertaken while they were being groomed in such a horrific way.
Still having a criminal record has stopped many of these now women from getting good jobs, travelling abroad or even helping at their children’s school.
We need to right this wrong.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:12:04
Ms Sandra REGOL. Not present.
Then Ms Zeynep YILDIZ.
Thank you, dear Chair,
Dear colleagues,
Access to justice is a fundamental right, starting with the right to life. The ongoing genocide in Gaza directly targets the right to life, the ultimate priority that enables the exercise of all other rights.
Under the Geneva Convention IV, women are entitled to special protection. Yet international mechanisms have failed, leaving the global community completely paralysed to protect the women of Gaza. As United Nations Women (UNW) Executive Director, Sima Sami BAHOUS exposed this harrowing reality, women in Gaza pray for peace, if not, a quick death in their sleep, with their children in their arms. This utter dysfunction of international law proves that justice in Gaza is fundamentally inaccessible, as there is no protection of the right to life itself.
When it comes to women's access to justice systems in general, we must address institutional discrimination against Muslim women in Europe, with clear examples, even in some member states. Any state intervention into women's decisions over their own bodies in religious choices, under whatever pretext, is entirely unacceptable and fundamentally inhuman. Unlawful bans on the headscarf in public sectors and on the abaya in schools directly violate bodily and personal autonomy.
The European Court of Justice decisions Samira ACHBITA and WABE, alongside the European Court of Human Rights' misuse of the margin of appreciation concept, systematically penalise Muslim women, forcing them to choose between their faith and livelihoods.
These decisions directly obstruct women's access to justice and completely nullify their avenues for seeking legal redress. Whether in conflict zones or self-proclaimed democratic societies, every woman deserves equal access to justice with equality and dignity.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:14:20
Ms Gökçe GÖKÇEN.
Thank you.
I would like to thank the rapporteur, Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU, for preparing such an important report in such a short period of time.
Access to justice for women and girls remains one of the most urgent challenges facing all member states. Because access to justice determines whether rights are real or merely theoretical. Because, if women encounter gender bias, institutional failures, poor co-ordination, or ineffective investigations when seeking protection, then their rights, including the most serious cases – their right to life, right to be protected from torture and degrading treatment or even right to be protected from slavery – are not effectively guaranteed.
The rich case-law of the European Court of Human Rights clearly demonstrates this.
Whether in Belgium, the Republic of Moldova, Ireland, Türkiye, Italy, Croatia, Greece, France, Romania, Bulgaria, or many other member states, the Court has repeatedly found violations of the Convention where women and girls were not adequately protected from violence, trafficking, sexual abuse, forced prostitution, or other forms of gender-based violence.
These judgments show that this is not the problem of only one country or another. While the scale and severity of the problem differ across member states, it remains a shared European challenge.
At the heart of these violations lie structural gender inequality and systemic discrimination against women. Putting the preservation of family ahead of the lives of women and girls makes this problem even more severe.
That is why the Istanbul Convention remains essential.
Combating violence against women requires effective prevention and protection, strong co-ordination between institutions, effective investigations, timely justice and, above all, an end to victim-blaming attitudes by public authorities.
I would like to thank the rapporteur once again for this excellent report. I wholeheartedly support it.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:16:30
Ms Aurora FLORIDIA.
Thank you, President, colleagues; I shall now speak in Italian.
First of all, I would like to thank the rapporteur, Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU, for her valuable and vital report on women’s access to justice. Yes, I say vital, because we are talking here about women’s lives, about our right to live in safety and to have full access to justice. But we know that this is not the reality. We know that the violence women experience in a wide variety of settings – at home, in the workplace and in public spaces – has intensified, spread and even reached social media, now increasingly affecting girls and young women as well. And, all too often, when they report it, they are met with prejudice, delays and silence.
Today we are not dealing with a marginal issue, but a democratic one. And, as youth rapporteur for the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development, I want to be very clear: on this issue there can be no hesitation, no ambiguity, no grey area, when it comes to protecting half of our population. And there must be no backtracking, neither political nor cultural, because it is always they who pay the highest price for short-sighted and regressive policies: girls and women. This is why we need action, not just words. This is why we are calling for clear and urgent measures, such as those set out in our colleague’s report.
And, allow me to make one final point: I think you too, colleagues, will have noticed that we are the only ones speaking on this issue today, apart from two colleagues. And that is why I am addressing our male colleagues: we need to hear your voices as well. Because this is not just a women’s issue; it is an issue that concerns us all. And only in this way can we safeguard and ensure for our mothers, our sisters, our daughters and our granddaughters that what is truly vital is to live freely, to live safely and to live as we ourselves wish to be.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:19:10
Ms Patricia STEPHENSON.
Thank you, colleagues.
Violence against women is endemic, and it's pervasive. But rather than making progress in this area, it feels very much like we're going backwards. One in three women in the European Union still experiences some form of physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. And to tackle this, we need to make serious reforms in access to justice.
A significant barrier, particularly in Ireland, is the use of survivors' counselling notes as evidence. So, in Ireland, there's a practice where these deeply personal, confidential records are routinely used as evidence against a survivor. They're weaponised against a survivor to discredit their account of the violence they experienced, and they're scrutinised and used in the courts by the perpetrators' defence team.
It's a really appalling practice which prevents many women from seeking justice. If survivors fear that seeking counselling notes could jeopardise a future prosecution, some will simply not seek help. They will not go to the counselling. And no survivor should be asked to sacrifice their mental health and their wellbeing to pursue justice.
Legal aid is another major barrier. In Ireland, the financial means test for receiving free legal aid precludes many survivors of domestic violence. Financial abuse, as we all know, is often used as a factor in domestic violence cases, further restricting women's ability to access that legal aid. Some women are deemed ineligible for legal aid because joint assets, over which, in practice, they have absolutely no control, are counted in those thresholds.
Access to free legal aid is vital in cases of domestic violence involving financial abuse, as victim-survivors simply do not have access to their own finances to pay for legal services. The group of experts on this from the Council of Europe came to Ireland and they noted the low prosecution and conviction rates and the lenient sentences for survivors of domestic, sex-based and gender-based violence, creating a sort of perception amongst survivors of a permissive culture: that if sufficient sentencing isn't brought, and if sentencing is too lenient, then survivors feel like there is no meaningful justice being pursued.
Women continue to experience endless barriers in their quest for justice, whether it's financial, whether it's physical or indeed going through that re-traumatising process through the justice system. And that has to change.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:21:33
Thank you.
That concludes the list of speakers.
I call Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU, rapporteur to reply. You have 3 minutes.
Dear colleagues,
Thank you very much for your all interventions and all comments and your interest on this very important matter.
I would like to recall some of the hard facts: worldwide, a woman is killed every 10 minutes dear colleagues. In Europe, one woman in three, faces partner violence. One in six, experiences sexual violence. And these are just the reported cases.
Women and girls continue being abused and killed. That's the reality. Women’s rights defenders are under attack. We also, see numerous examples of hate speech online and offline against women politicians, often including rape and death threats. I do face such examples. We see fabricated videos and intimate images of women and girls, created with artificial intelligence and without the consent of the person concerned.
So, in all these cases, dear colleagues, women experience the limitations of justice systems to protect and enforce their rights and interests. As a parliamentarian, I also face such limitations in justice system.
Let’s be clear: our justice systems were created far before women had the rights that we have today. The laws have of course changed in the last decades, in most of our member states, but the culture and the long-held practices of judicial procedures and law enforcement, take much longer to be changed.
To combat inequality between women and men, we need to combat gender stereotypes, we need to fight against “normalising” a culture of sexism and gender-violence. We need to stop expecting women to behave in a certain way to be treated as “credible”. So, we need justice systems which are not biased against women.
This Assembly has been very vocal and active in promoting women’s rights over the years. Today’s debate illustrates our strong commitment to protect the rights of half of the population, and this includes of course their right to justice.
That's why I call on all of you to support this resolution and to vote for women’s rights, for gender equality, for the right to life free from violence, and for a justice system that takes account of the needs and circumstances of women and girls in all their diversity.
Let’s all work to make equal and effective access to justice a reality for everyone, everywhere and at all times, dear colleagues.
And I would like to also say thank you to all women human rights defenders, women civil society organisations who are fighting for their rights and the members of this Assembly who defend and fight for human rights and gender equality.
Thank you very much.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:25:04
Does the Chairperson of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination wish to speak?
Monaco, ADLE, Présidente de la Commission sur l'égalité et la non-discrimination
16:25:09
Thank you, Mr President,
I am delighted to represent the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination in this debate. I commend the initiative and the work of our colleague Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU on this issue.
The idea of holding an urgent debate on this subject arose following the meeting of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) in New York last March. The priority theme was the need to “Ensure and strengthen access to justice for all women and girls.” We held discussions to assess the progress made, identify persistent challenges and guide public action at the international level.
The discussions highlighted the need for inclusive and equitable legal systems, the elimination of discriminatory laws and practices, and the removal of structural barriers that hinder the effective exercise of rights.
I would like to draw your attention to two specific points in the draft resolution:
Firstly: the urgent need to analyse and address the causes of low prosecution and conviction rates in cases of violence against women, including the reasons for the low reporting rates of such violence and the barriers faced by women who are victims of violence. It is vital to analyse and understand the reasons behind the low rates of reporting and prosecution. Women need to feel confident when dealing with the justice systems. They must know their rights and receive protection and support to assert them.
Another very important issue, linked to the previous one, is the need to take action on the training of legal and justice professionals. This training must be of a high standard and become compulsory and ongoing. Justice systems will not meet women’s needs until the professionals working within them are properly trained and aware of the barriers women face in accessing justice, and until they have the means and the will to overcome them.
This draft resolution includes concrete calls for action to improve women’s access to justice. I urge you to heed them and take action by supporting this text and implementing it in your respective countries.
Women’s rights, in our member states and throughout the world, cannot wait any longer.
Thank you.
Hongrie, PPE/DC, Président de l'Assemblée
16:27:37
Thank you.
The debate is closed. No amendments have been tabled.
We will therefore now proceed to vote on the draft resolution contained in Document 16446. A simple majority is required.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the results to be displayed.
And the draft resolution in Document 16446 is adopted.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:31:55
Ladies and gentlemen, we can continue.
The next item of business this afternoon is the debate on the report titled "Fighting Back against Transnational Repression", Document 16421, presented by Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU on behalf of the Committee on Legal affairs and Human Rights.
In order to finish by 5:40 p.m. I will interrupt the list of speakers at about 5:05 p.m. to allow time for the reply and the vote.
I call Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, rapporteur.
You have 7 minutes now and 3 minutes at the end to reply to the debate.
Madam President,
Dear colleagues,
We often operate under the wrong assumption that once a forcibly or self-exiled political dissident, journalist or human rights defender escapes the borders of an oppressive regime, their plight ends.
Unfortunately, as instances of foreign interference increase in frequency and severity, authoritarian regimes are finding new sophisticated ways to subjugate, silence, intimidate and punish their opponents far beyond their home borders.
This is not a rare or isolated phenomenon. Since 2014, Freedom House has documented 1 375 instances of physical transnational repression perpetrated by 54 origin states in 107 host states. There are cases where prolific perpetrators, including China, Russia, Türkiye and Iran, do notoriously interfere with our democracies. Their actions violate domestic law in the host country, amounting to violations of state sovereignty, undermining the rule of law, infringing upon fundamental human rights, and posing a serious threat to our collective national security.
Despite the undeniably large scale of this problem, we face a critical gap in our ability to fight back. There is a total absence of a tailored legal framework, and most notably, the lack of a common, universally agreed-upon definition of transnational repression. Because we do not have a unified definition, many cases remain completely unidentified, meaning the true scale of this phenomenon is likely much greater than what has been recorded.
Therefore, how can we defeat a threat that we have not even defined?
In my view, the Council of Europe is uniquely positioned to fill this gap. As a pan-European organisation for the defence of human rights and the rule of law, the Council of Europe should not compromise on any grounds and continue promoting even more the respect of human rights.
Furthermore, it should continue to lead a co-ordinated response to protect human rights across borders and reinforce democratic security and the rule of law in Europe and beyond. The definition I propose is clear: transnational repression is a form of foreign interference employed by a state, its organs, or its proxies to intimidate, silence, harass, abduct or kill even individuals beyond its borders, regardless of their nationality.
To understand the urgency and gravity of the issue, we must look closely at the methods being deployed right here on European soil. First is the most brutal and direct method: assassinations and physical violence used to silence critics. Authoritarian states use the power of fear to suppress dissent. We remember the poisoning of Mr Alexander LITVINENKO in London, a case where the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) found the Russian Federation responsible, and the horrific murder of dissident journalist Jamal KHASHOGGI inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.
In February 2024, Maxim KUZMINOV, a Russian pilot who defected to Ukraine, was shot dead in Spain in a targeted killing linked to Russian intelligence. In March 2024, Leonid VOLKOV, an aide to Alexei NAVALNY, was brutally attacked with a hammer in Vilnius. In London, independent Iranian journalist Pouria ZERAATI was stabbed outside his home in an assault characterised as an Iranian regime warning shot. In Germany, Turkish journalist Erk ACARER was attacked with knives and fists in the yard of his home, and in 2022, in Sweden, Turkish journalist Ahmet DÖNMEZ was assaulted while driving his six-year-old daughter from school.
These acts of physical violence send a chilling message to every exile: "You can never be safe. We will find you. Better for you not to talk."
Authoritarian regimes no longer rely solely on physical violence. They have learned to weaponise the very tools of international co-operation, even judiciary, that we built to fight crime. Most notably, we are witnessing the systemic misuse of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) notice system.
As of 2022, approximately 58% of INTERPOL's member states were classified as "partly free" or "not free" by Freedom House. This allows autocratic regimes to exploit Red and Blue Notices to hunt down dissidents. We saw this in Belarus, where Belarusian filmmaker Andrei GNYOT was arrested at a Belgrade airport on a politically motivated Belarusian Red Notice for alleged tax evasion. When host states execute these abusive requests without questioning their political motivation, they inadvertently become facilitators of transnational repression.
Beyond INTERPOL, we see the dangerous weaponisation of mutual legal assistance frameworks. Many states exploit these bilateral and multilateral agreements to gain access to privileged information about dissidents and political opponents to freeze their assets in host countries.
Trials sometimes prove to be a tool of transnational repression, rather than a service to justice. This is more evident in anti-money laundering and corruption charges against opponents.
As the Royal United Services Institute recently warned in its report, exploiting mutual legal assistance and extradition mechanisms allows hostile states to sustain campaigns against dissidents, turning tools meant for justice into instruments of persecution.
We must therefore confront the abuse of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures. There are cases where authorities deliberately exploit Financial Action Task Force standards to financially exclude and incapacitate their opponents by poisoning databases and filing false reports. They trigger automated risk databases like World-Check, trapping dissidents falsely labelled as suspected terrorists.
Such designations automatically add a person to banking compliance databases, causing banks and other financial institutions to deny services. The "no tipping" rule in these financial systems prevents victims from discovering why they are targeted, leaving them unable to mount a proper legal defence or access.
Greater transparency with INTERPOL is essential. Penalising states that misuse anti-money laundering recommendations to silence opponents is also vital.
Another reason we must fight back is that impunity and the ease with which perpetrators of transnational repression escape prosecution and accountability seem to have been permitted even in established democracies.
This may result in temptation to slide towards acts of transnational repression, either by acting on their own behalf or as proxies of another state or allies, and this amounts to negating our role as guarantors of human rights.
I will stop here, and I would like to listen to the interventions of our colleagues.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:40:57
Thank you, Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU.
I remind the Assembly that speaking time is limited to 3 minutes for spokespersons for the political groups and 2 minutes for other members.
In the debate, I call first Mr James MACCLEARY on behalf of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. Please.
Royaume-Uni, ADLE, Porte-parole du groupe
16:41:16
Thank you, Chair.
I am proud to have the opportunity to respond on behalf of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe today.
Transnational repression is one of the defining challenges facing democracies. As modern conflict moves increasingly into the grey zone, Europe’s adversaries continue to act with impunity to target their critics given sanctuary across Europe.
It has not gone unnoticed. Just nine days ago the European Parliament passed a motion calling for a zero-tolerance response to transnational repression in Europe.
Authoritarian regimes increasingly refuse to stop at their own borders. They seek to intimidate, threaten and silence critics wherever they may be.
A protester in exile. A journalist living abroad. A student studying overseas. A democracy activist who believed they had found safety in another country.
These people are increasingly finding that the reach of authoritarian governments extends well beyond their national frontiers.
In the United Kingdom, Hong Kongers and pro-democracy Chinese activists have faced growing intimidation and harassment. Bounties have been placed on the heads of activists living in Britain. Reports have emerged of surveillance, threats and pressure directed not only at individuals but also at their families living overseas.
Many UK-based Hong Kongers fear the proposed Chinese super embassy complex in central London could end up becoming their prison.
Nor is this challenge limited to China. Russia has used assassination, poisoning and intimidation beyond its borders. This included the high profile case of the poisoning of former intelligence officer Mr Sergei SKRIPAL and his daughter in Salisbury in the UK in 2018 and a year later the shooting of former Chechen rebel commander Mr Zelimkhan KHANGOSHVILI in a Berlin park.
Iran has targeted dissidents abroad. Belarus has pursued opponents in exile even going so far as to redirect a flight to seize a Russian journalist. Increasingly they are using local criminal networks and private investigators in European countries to do their dirty work for them adding a layer of deniability.
Authoritarian regimes are increasingly learning from one another. Democracies must do the same. We need stronger protections for victims of transnational repression. We need effective reporting mechanisms, closer intelligence co-operation, targeted sanctions against those responsible and stronger transparency requirements for foreign state-linked organisations operating within our countries.
Most importantly, we must recognise that these incidents are not isolated events. They are part of a deliberate strategy designed to export fear beyond authoritarian borders.
The Council of Europe is uniquely placed to respond. We should work together to establish common standards for identifying, monitoring and combatting transnational repression. Moving away from the reactive case-by-case model so easily exploited, we should support those targeted by hostile states and ensure law enforcement agencies have the tools they need to respond.
Europe must send a clear message. Our democracies are places of freedom, not hunting grounds for dictatorships. And those who seek to intimidate, threaten and silence people on European soil will be met with a united and determined response.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:44:24
Thank you.
And Ms Laura CASTEL, on behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left, please.
Espagne, GUE, Porte-parole du groupe
16:44:32
Thank you, Madam Chair.
First of all, let me congratulate the rapporteur for this important work, because indeed, transnational repression takes various forms, depending on circumstances and time. For example, silencing dissidents abroad by threatening them, abducting them or abusing extradition requests.
Yet some governments, Türkiye foremost among them, have systematically applied every sort of exploitation of international law enforcement tools, in addition to abducting dozens of people from other countries, several of which are themselves members of the Council of Europe. We are appalled that, as the only Council of Europe member state on the list, Türkiye ranks second, right after China, in the League of the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Belarus and Iran.
The abuse of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Red Notice system and the Stolen and Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) database has been the primary tool to circumvent the requirements of international law on extradition. Many dissidents have been deprived of their right to travel freely, their passports wrongly revoked on the basis of falsified declaration of laws. Counterterrorism and terrorism financing frameworks have likewise been turned into instruments of intimidation, branding peaceful critics abroad as financiers of terrorism, with consequences that follow them everywhere.
We therefore support the measures in Resolution 2509 and Recommendation 2257, including targeted sanctions against those involved in international repression and every legal measure against foreign diplomats and consular officials, complicit in it, including declaring them persona non grata and imposing visa restrictions.
With growing concern, we see these patterns spreading. In Ukraine, we observe raising challenges to human rights and the rule of law and a judicial system under pressure, an increased political targeting of cases and a growing appetite to persecute those who think differently or who uncover what is inconvenient for those in power. And here too, the abuse of INTERPOL is becoming a tool used ever more frequently. This is a deeply worrying sign because we want cases of transnational repression to decrease, not to increase. This Assembly will stand firmly for eradicating this phenomenon. And while it is almost impossible to reverse in countries like China, Iran, Türkiye or Belarus, we still hope Ukraine will not follow the same path.
This is why we so warmly welcome Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU's report, because it uncovers real cases. In my own work I have taken a stand in the case of Mr Muratkhan TOKMADI, whom the rapporteur also reflects. And the cases concerning Kazakhstan are likewise becoming worrying. My sincere wish is that Kazakhstan too will not follow the path of those at the top of the league of perpetrating states.
Dear colleagues,
We do not need many words nor sophisticated terms to support this report. We need only to follow up the cases and to recognise the simple existence of transnational repression for what it is: a serious threat to democracy and above all, the fragile democracies. This Assembly must take a firm stand and take this much used tool out of the hands of the authoritarian regimes.
Thank you, Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:48:33
Thank you.
And next, I call Mr Fabian MOLINA on behalf of the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group. Please.
Thank you, Madam Vice-President,
First and foremost, I want to congratulate our rapporteur, Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, for this clear-sighted and courageous report.
Let me start with a quote :
"In 2021, I received a video call from one of my siblings in Tibet. When I picked up, I found they were calling from the local police station, surrounded by half of our family. Police officers urged me to behave well abroad and refrain from engaging in activities that could go against Chinese policies. If I failed to obey, officers said my relatives would suffer consequences."
This terrible testimony, which reveals the psychological terror of transnational repression, was given by Dhonden, a Tibetan living in Switzerland, to the Guardian at the beginning of 2024.
For the Group of Socialists, Democrats and Greens, transnational repression is not a minor offence. It is an attack on the foundations of our democracies. When a regime reaches across borders to intimidate an activist on our streets, against a dissident who found refuge here, it is not only attacking that one person. It is attacking all of us. It sends a message to every critic, everywhere: there is no safe place to tell the truth.
At its core, the prevention of transnational repression is therefore a fight for freedom of expression, the right without which no democracy can breathe. If people who fled persecution cannot speak freely in Strasbourg, in Bucharest or London, then our freedom, too, is worth less.
Yes, much of this repression comes from outside: from Russia, from China, from Iran. But colleagues, unfortunately, it also comes from within. Member states of this very Council of Europe – Türkiye or Azerbaijan – pursue their critics across our borders. A state that signs our Convention and then hunts its own people abroad betrays everything we stand for. It is unacceptable, and we must say so plainly.
So what do we owe the people who trusted Europe with their safety? Let us stand up to protect their rights. Member states must systematically build the risk of transnational repression into their migration policy and their criminal justice so that we never return a refugee to their persecutor, and those who threaten and surveil on our soil are held to account.
And we must not leave those affected alone. We must support them through dedicated contact points they can trust, train our police and security services to recognise this threat instead of mistaking the victim for the problem, and strengthen international co-operation, because no country defeats a borderless threat behind its own borders.
Protecting victims of transnational repression is protecting ourselves. Defending their voice is defending our democratic security.
I invite you to support this report.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:52:01
Thank you. And the next speaker, I call Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS on behalf of the Group of the European People's Party. Please.
Lituanie, PPE/DC, Porte-parole du groupe
16:52:11
Thank you, Madam President.
Madam Chairwoman,
Dear colleagues,
Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU touched the bottom – the real masterminders of international or transnational repressions, and it was high time to do that after the European Parliament did it in a fantastic resolution addressing the international repression of human rights defenders.
Synchronising our moves with our colleagues in the European Parliament, we add something more. But I would like to turn your attention to concrete cases. The group of the European People's Party draws the attention of our national parliaments to the terrible actions of the Russian and Belarusian state security services in destabilising the security of our member states. By careful and concentrated actions, obvious and subliminal, they seek to increase the political temperature by financing radical groups in Europe with the objective of increasing the tensions between and within our societies and increasing anti-European trends across our population.
More recently, efforts have been made, if you remember, to disturb military installations in the Czech Republic in the place of Vrbice. For example, in Montreal, international aviation authorities just declared that flights from Athens to Vilnius and arresting this flight underway, this false accusation of a bomb by the Minsk regime was absolutely created by the terrorist act of the Belarusian regime.
Just in Lithuanian courts, in Polish courts, you have 22 suspected agents of the Russian military intelligence service (GRU), while they were behind white European parcel bomb plots when self-inflaming materials were put on the transportation aeroplanes. And there are now court proceedings going on.
Madam President, looking at this act of destabilisation by Russian and Belarusian intelligence services, we should come to the idea of declaring them a linked international terrorist group, as was declared by us, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard, as a threat to our democracy. So in this case, we should go with our legislative initiative forward.
And now, in our House, Belarusian and Russian remarkable opposition groups risking their life working under our auspices against the terrible LUKASHENKO and PUTIN regimes supporting the Ukrainian war of liberation. For this, in this case, we should increase our House security. We increase the working opposition group security and think about how to finance our security roof, especially when, a few days ago, you know, our computer system was attacked, under attack by this House.
So, thank you so much and let's think about how to be aware. And Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, your report is amazing, very scrupulously prepared and thank you for that.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:56:05
Thank you. And the next speaker, I call Mr Armen GEVORGYAN on behalf of European Conservatives, Patriots & Affiliates.
Arménie, CEPA, Porte-parole du groupe
16:56:17
This report is based on a fundamentally important recognition: states may misuse legitimate legal mechanisms not to pursue justice, but to target political opponents. This is the very foundation of the concept of transnational repression.
In this regard, I would like to raise two additional aspects of this problem.
The first concerns the misuse of international legal co-operation mechanisms for political purposes. If we acknowledge this risk in relation to individuals located outside a state’s borders, we should also be prepared to discuss situations where the same international instruments are used for domestic political persecution.
The underlying issue is not the geographical location of the victim. It is the willingness of public authorities to instrumentalise legal mechanisms for political purposes. If a state is prepared to misuse international legal co-operation against opponents abroad, we cannot ignore the possibility that the same instruments may also be used against political opponents within the country itself.
In this sense, the report points to a broader challenge: do international mechanisms serve the interests of justice, or do they become instruments of political struggle? This question calls on us to ensure that these mechanisms are not discredited by authoritarian tendencies emerging within Council of Europe member states.
The second aspect concerns restrictions on the right to return to one’s homeland.
Particular concern arises when public figures or members of diaspora communities are effectively denied entry to their homeland because of their political views or criticism of those in power. The right to maintain a connection with one’s homeland should never depend on political loyalty. Otherwise, a travel ban becomes a punishment for dissent.
Such measures also have a profound human dimension. They become a form of repression based on the deliberate infliction of psychological suffering and the humiliation of human dignity because of a person’s beliefs and opinions. For many members of diaspora communities, the homeland is not merely a territory. It is part of their identity, their history and their dignity. In such circumstances, it no longer matters where those individuals are physically located.
Dear colleagues,
Both of these phenomena share the same root cause: the use of state powers not to uphold the law, but to restrict political pluralism and punish dissent. Our response to these abuses must therefore be systematic and consistent.
Thank you very much.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
16:59:11
Thank you. This concludes the spokespersons for the political groups. We will continue with the speakers list.
In this debate I call next Ms Agnes Sirkka PRAMMER. Please.
Madam Vice-President,
What we are discussing here is a very, very important issue, and I would like to thank Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU for this truly excellent and thoroughly researched report.
This is because the issue at hand affects virtually every area we deal with here. It is not just a matter of individuals’ rights being jeopardised by states and of individuals being targeted; above all, it is a matter of our systems being attacked through the misuse of systems designed to enable states to co-operate – systems based on a great deal of trust, such as the Interpol system. This constitutes an abuse of that trust, and trust in systems is one of the most important assets in our constitutional state.
If I can no longer rely on the fact that, for example, a Red Notice alert is actually accurate; if I constantly have to question whether this might be an abuse, then the system no longer functions. If legal proceedings are brought in one country in an abusive manner in order to continue persecuting people abroad who are a thorn in the side of a regime, then trust in that judicial system is destroyed – and, above all, the trust of those who have to work within that system. If prosecutors and judges can no longer rely on receiving valid information and on basing their decisions on valid procedures, then the system is destroyed.
And it is our system. It is not the systems of the states that are carrying out this repression, but our own systems. The report sets out a number of ways in which we can take action against this, and we should all take this to heart. Thank you very much.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:01:28
Thank you very much.
And the next speaker, I call Ms Marianne BINDER-KELLER. Please.
Madam President, rapporteurs,
I would like to thank you very much for this report, which sets out in a compelling and nuanced manner the plight – as you yourselves state at the outset, to quote you – “in which political dissidents, journalists and human rights activists find themselves in exile”, because the persecution continues. And if I may be permitted to add, these dissidents often find themselves in a bind because, in the countries where they are living, they are sometimes also subject to general suspicion.
As I said, the persecution does not end; there is constant uncertainty as to how long it will last, and I am speaking now, for example, of Mother Russia, which, in the form of Mr Vladimir PUTIN, has come to its senses once more, to put it in the words of Mr Mikhail SHISHKIN, the great contemporary Russian author. He is an uncompromising critic of the Russian autocrat. "I stand unreservedly," he says, "with the Ukrainian people in their struggle against the Putin regime. That is why I have been declared a foreign agent in my home country and my books have been banned, even though I am the only writer to have been awarded all three of Russia’s major literary prizes."
Mr Mikhail SHISHKIN went public about being followed by suspected Russian spies. He believes that many Russian diplomats who were recently expelled from Western European countries – that was about two years ago – have come to Switzerland. The place is teeming with Russian agents. He claims to have spotted one outside his house just recently. When he tried to make contact with them, they sped off.
It is a shared responsibility of our Western constitutional states to combat this malpractice. And Mr Mikhail SHISHKIN believes it is important for those affected to speak out about it.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:04:00
Thank you very much.
And the next speaker, Mr Dimitrios MANTZOS. Please.
Unfortunately, he's not here. So I continue with the next speaker, and I call Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO.
Thank you Ms Kadri TALI, Madam President.
Colleagues, I want to first thank the rapporteur and the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights for this tremendous work.
At the very end of this important legal text, maybe not very interesting to read through for many, but in practice, it will mean a lot for many thousands of people who are today in trouble because of the misuse of international instruments which were previously actually designed to protect human rights, dignity and rights for all.
So we are talking about the phenomena of transnational repression. That can be a very wide phenomena in new international criminal law, because today we are talking about something that is not very evident for many. So we talk about states using political oppression when, for instance, you are in denial in your home state, or you don't agree with policies, as simple as that.
We have an example of a state which has been expelled from this house, the Russian Federation, and from the Council of Europe in general. And it does misuse, according to statistics, the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) charges, the INTERPOL cases, using it as transnational repression against many citizens, not only against Russians.
I would also like to mention those volunteers from Russia who actually fight shoulder to shoulder together with Ukrainians on the battlefields and defend the whole of Europe altogether. Of course it is also the services which include banking services, visas and many, many others.
However, today we also have to talk about national agencies which co-operate with INTERPOL and not overload it with cases. So they have to be transparent, they can't be political and they have to be practical.
Thank you dear colleagues, I call you to support the report.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:06:36
Thank you very much.
The next speaker, Mr Ivan RAČAN, please.
Thank you.
Colleagues, targeting political exiles is not a recent development. Historically, states have frequently pursued dissidents across borders. The intent of governments to suppress opposition abroad has always existed.
What makes this report necessary right now is the shift in how these operations are actually conducted. The methods have moved largely beyond physical violence. Today, foreign governments are actively misusing international and European bureaucratic systems. They are manipulating International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Red Notices to trigger unwarranted arrests, exploiting anti-money laundering regulations to cut off people's bank accounts, and using digital spyware to monitor individuals living legally within our jurisdictions. They are effectively using our own administrative tools against the people who reside here.
This is exactly why the Council of Europe has to deal with this. When our legal frameworks are used by foreign states to restrict mobility or freeze assets, it stops being just a foreign policy issue. It becomes a direct challenge to our domestic rule of law. If we do not implement the co-ordinated responses outlined in this report, we are essentially leaving our legal systems open to foreign manipulation. Adopting these recommendations is a necessary step to close those loopholes and maintain the integrity of our institutions.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:08:18
Thank you.
The next speaker, Ms Zeynep YILDIZ, please.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Dear colleagues,
Unfortunately, I must say that there are fundamental problems with this report. First of all, the report assumes from the outset that certain governments are engaged in transnational oppression without providing a sufficiently clear definition of the term, while using one-sided sources which are being used as a tool for disinformation for a specific political agenda.
While selecting the sources of the reports, our Assembly's institutional identity, credibility and reliability should be taken into consideration. I need to remind you once again to use so-called sources of criminal and terrorist organisations tasked as an agent of influence through political agendas designed to reinforce the economic networks of a specific cult is entirely incompatible with the institutional credibility of the body.
It is the collective responsibility of us all to prevent this institution from being weaponised and to safeguard our intellectual independence, institutional principles and impartiality.
Regarding the paragraphs concerning Türkiye in the explanatory memorandum, I would like to underline a few points. Using the terminology of the movements equates to becoming an instrument of the Fethullahist Terrorist Organisation, FETÖ. What we are dealing with here is not a movement, but a terrorist organisation that plotted a coup attempt and martyred 251 Turkish citizens.
Defining the structure, which is entirely in conflict with every single principle of our institution as a movement is, to say the very least, a stark display of institutional ignorance. Dear colleagues, to be clear, this is ignorance. This institution ought to be ashamed of this.
For that reason, I'm unable to support this report.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:10:33
Thank you.
The next speaker, I call Mr Murat Cahid CINGI, please.
Thank you, Madam President.
Dear colleagues,
First of all, I reject the report's one-sided reference to Türkiye. Presumably, the rapporteur used mostly Fethullah Terrorist Organisation (FETÖ) publications or resources.
Let us call things by their proper names. FETÖ is not a movement. It is a terrorist organisation that attempted to overthrow Türkiye's constitutional order via a military coup attempt and bombed the Turkish Parliament, killed more than 250 people and injured thousands of people who stood up to defend democracy on 15 July 2016. I believe this Assembly should stand with those who gave their lives defending democracy, not with those who have the blood of innocent people on their hands.
As a matter of fact, what truly surprises me is not what this report includes, but rather what it ignores. The report extensively speaks about oppression, yet remains silent on Israel. Today, people all over the world are paying a price simply for speaking out for the genocide in Gaza. Ms Francesca ALBANESE, Mr Mark RUFFALO, Mr Anwar EL GHAZI, Mr Steve BELL are the only tip of the iceberg. Countless actors, athletes, activists, academics, students, politicians, journalists, and even ordinary citizens have been threatened, intimidated and sanctioned.
Last but not least, the Global Sumud Flotilla, carrying the hopes and conscience of humanity to Gaza, was seized in international waters and the human rights activists on board were abducted, detained, abused, beaten and humiliated by Israeli forces.
Colleagues,
If we are serious about combatting transnational repression, our approach must be universal, principled, objective and consistent. No state should be treated differently and no victim should be overlooked because of political considerations.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:13:12
Thank you very much.
Thank you, that concludes the list of speakers.
And I call Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, rapporteur, to reply.
You have 3 minutes. Please.
I would like to thank all the participants for their interventions, their contributions, to this serious case.
Thank you for the incidents you have mentioned. Of course, the incidents of transnational repression against everybody are not acceptable. It is more than obvious and critical that we cannot allow transnational repression to ruin our democracies.
I first want to make clear that it is not the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) system or the judiciary at stake. What is, is their misuse or manipulation. And even objections of our noble colleagues from Türkiye are welcomed in this very serious case.
Dear colleagues, this report tries to provide some concrete solutions that we desperately need to fight back. This is obvious in Paragraph 11 of our draft resolution. We call on all members and observer states to enact legislation that officially defines and criminalises transnational repression, treating it as an aggravating factor in criminal prosecutions.
We must establish dedicated domestic focal points, set up secure reporting hotlines, introduce targeted sanctions against foreign officials who orchestrate these abuses. Finally, I ask you to support the proposal to call on the Committee of Ministers' draft and international legal instrument on preventing and punishing transnational repression, exactly for the reasons you have raised in your interventions.
Transnational repression menaces the very roots of our democratic societies and the core of our rule of law. That is why I therefore urge you to support this resolution and recommendation, so that the Council of Europe can lead the way in securing a safer and more just rules-based order.
Finally, I want to say something regarding myself. I stand before you today for the last time. I am very fortunate to be able to conclude a decade of my work for the Assembly with a report whose topic lies very close to my heart: fighting back against transnational repression, targeting freedom.
But not only that. I have tried throughout these years to contribute to our main mission and goal: the protection of human rights through democracy and the rule of law, but in a way that embraces even the last human being on Earth.
There is an Englishman, Sir David HUNT, whom I highly respect. He reminds us that it would be wrong to regard the rule of law, democracy and human rights as mere lifeless principles. Politicians and jurists all agree that our European Convention on Human Rights is a living instrument, and becomes meaningful only if it touches and protects human beings in their daily lives.
In the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, there is a phrase which reveals the true meaning of our mission. I quote: “Ignorance, neglect or contempt for human rights are the sole causes of public misfortune and government corruption.” [in French].
So we don't have the right, either to ignore people's human rights, nor forget our mission, nor allow any discount of human rights content. Otherwise, chaos and demerit, the motherhood of corruption will prevail.
This is the reason why we need strong democratic institutions of justice, rule of law and freedom that we must all abide by. For, as Mr Thomas HOBBES, an unconventional theorist, has written, "the state of nature is no better than a war of all against all, in which man is a wolf to man".
Unless their is a firm reorganisation of justice, there can be no art, no letters, no society, in which, worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death and the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. That's why we have to fight transnational repression and any form of repression worldwide.
Thank you very much.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:18:06
Thank you.
Ladies and gentlemen.
Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU has presented his last report today before the Assembly.
Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU has been such a figure in the work of the Assembly, being a member of the Parliamentary Assembly for a decade, since 2016. He has been an exceptional, active and committed member in the work of the Assembly, having fulfilled a great many roles, with particular commitment to the field of human rights, cultural co-operation, the rule of law and the work of the European Court of Human Rights.
He was Chairperson of the Committee on Rules, Ethics and Immunities, Chairperson of the Sub-Committee on the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and Chairperson of the Sub-Committee on Culture, Diversity and Heritage, and, above all, rapporteur on many significant reports of the Assembly. In particular in the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, allegations of systemic torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in places of detention in Europe, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and culture, the role of education in the digital era, the restrictions and streamlining of the rules of procedure of the Assembly and journalism in the context of the Israel-Gaza conflict.
In all his work, Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, has not only been a champion for the values of the Council of Europe, but also a close friend of many people here.
Costes, you really will be missed here. Thank you very much for all your work and for the commitment you have shown.
[Applause]
Does the Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS, wish to speak?
You may have 3 minutes.
Estonie, ADLE, Président de la Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme
17:20:39
Thank you very much, dear Chair.
Please don't forget that we still need to vote for Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU's resolution and report.
Before I say a few words on behalf of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, as the Committee Chair, I have two points on a more personal note. First, I know quite well what the so-called transnational repression means. I have been targeted by a Russian-triggered Interpol Red Notice since 2010 for an absurd charge of piracy. So I'm very happy that a pirate is chairing the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights in this institution.
And this method, this term, "transnational repression", was probably not invented back in 2010 yet. But the method itself, as was said before, is much older. It goes back to STALIN, it goes back to the Russian tsars, other dictators. And I am not sure, I'm happy to go with the report and with the term now if it actually is the correct one. Because we are really talking about murder, we are talking about terrorism, we are talking about extrajudicial killings, we are talking about making people disappear, that is, transnational repression sounds very mellow. It's a little bit like this hybrid war. Hybrid war is also real war. And transnational repression is actually international crime. That's what we are talking about.
Anyway, nonetheless, I would, of course, with all of you, congratulate Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU for the excellent work. It was a hard, hard report. He did several trips to Interpol headquarters, to the US Department of State, and to several US-based NGOs. He talked to several victims of international crime or transnational repression. And I'm very happy that the Council of Europe is taking this topic seriously. We started in 2023. There was a report by Sir Christopher CHOPE, and this is a continuation of this.
The Committee and I personally support the proposals, which have also been endorsed mostly unanimously by the Committee. I draw attention to the draft recommendation calling on the Committee of Ministers to prepare a new international legal instrument, potentially a convention. And this is important because it is not just to prevent, but also to punish transnational repression. And this is what we should pursue.
Thank you very much.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:23:44
Thank you, Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS.
And if I may give a word, just for a short while, Mr Pablo HISPÁN, please.
Thank you, Chair.
This is not a blue card, neither a challenge of the report. This is a hug, because Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU is one of the giants of this organisation. A giant that has tirelessly worked by the people and for the people and with the people, especially the more weak and the more vulnerable.
Thanks to him, I have learned a lot about this institution. How to do politics, but especially how to be a good person. Because of his humanity and his permanent smile. As he always says, before ideology is friendship. And you have always been a great friend. I will miss you a lot. Thank you, Costas.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:24:48
Thank you.
The debate is now closed.
The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights has presented the draft resolution document 16421 to which 20 amendments and two sub amendments have been tabled.
The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights has also presented a draft recommendation document 16421, to which one amendment has been tabled.
We will start by taking the amendments to the draft resolution. We will take them in the order in which they appear in the compendium. I remind you that speeches on amendments are limited to 30 seconds.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 3, 9, 5, 11, 7, 6, 13, 19 and 20 to the draft resolution document 16421, which were anonymously approved by the Committee, be declared as definitely approved.
Is that so, Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS?
If no one objects, I will consider amendments to be approved.
Is there an objection? No objection.
Amendments 3, 9, 5, 11, 7, 6, 13, 19, 20 to the draft resolution are therefore approved and will not be called.
I understand the Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 1, 14, 8, 10, 4, 12, 15, 2 and 16 to the draft resolution document 16421, which were rejected by the committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared as definitively rejected.
I understand that Amendments 17 and 21 were also rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority. However, because amendments 17 and 21 are subject to sub-amendments, they will still be taken separately.
Is that so, Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS?
Estonie, ADLE, Président de la Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme
17:26:56
Yes.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:26:58
If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be rejected.
Is there an objection?
Amendments 1, 14, 8, 10, 4, 12, 15, 2 and 16 to the draft resolution are therefore rejected and will not be called.
There is a sub-amendment proposed to Amendment 17.
I first call Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS to support Amendment 17. You have 30 seconds, please.
Thank you.
And thank you for the very scrupulous work of the Committee on all amendments.
So in the draft resolution at the end of Paragraph 1118, insert the following words "and establish a mechanism ensuring guaranteed access to basic banking services for persons denied access to financial services as a result of transnational repressions. Enable them to receive income, make payments and meet their daily needs."
That is about those guys who are against the regimes. And the regime sends their papers to the banks to freeze their economic activities instead of democratic countries. Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:28:39
Thank you.
I call Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, rapporteur, to support the sub-amendment.
The draft amendment is self-explanatory. Improve the quality of the text and make the amendments already mentioned more concrete.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:28:56
Thank you.
Does anyone else wish to speak against the sub-amendment?
What is Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS's opinion on the sub-amendment?
In favour. I am absolutely in favour.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:29:15
Thank you.
The Committee is obviously in favour of the sub-amendment. I shall now put the sub-amendment to vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
The sub-amendment is agreed, adopted.
Now we come to the main Amendment 17, as amended.
Does anyone wish to speak against the amendment, as amended?
What is the opinion of the Committee?
Estonie, ADLE, Président de la Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme
17:30:06
The Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights voted unanimously.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:30:15
I shall now put the amendment as amended to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
Amendment 17 as amended is agreed.
There is a sub-amendment proposed to Amendment 21.
I first call Ms Olena KHOMENKO to support Amendment 21. You have 30 seconds.
President, as a co-author of the amendment, I will support it.
Dear colleagues, we had an agreement to do the sub-amendment. But as I proposed the original text, it's with regard to not easing the measures of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL). We are referring again to the Russian Federation as one of the world's largest perpetrators.
We had cases when Ukrainian citizens, volunteers, representatives of the armed forces, business people were arrested in third countries on the request of the Russian Federation. They were released, some were not. So this is a misuse which we don't want to see elsewhere.
This is a very good amendment and I highly ask for you to support it.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:31:40
Thank you.
I call Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU, rapporteur, to support the sub-amendment.
You have 30 seconds, please.
The same reasoning as the previous one. It's self-explanatory. Improve the quality of amendments already tabled by making them more concrete on that issue.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:32:05
Thank you.
Does anyone else wish to speak against the sub-amendment?
I call... someone? No.
What is Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO's opinion on the sub-amendment?
Yes, Ms Mariia MEZENTSEVA-FEDORENKO again here.
We highly salute the strengthening of the text. And I think that Mr Constantinos EFSTATHIOU did something that other rapporteurs have never done. He didn't weaken, he didn't reject, he strengthened our amendment.
Colleagues, please support the sub-amendment and then the amendment as sub-amended. And we hope that the Interpol Executive Committee will never be misused but only strengthened.
Thank you.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:32:52
Thank you.
The Committee is obviously in favour of the sub-amendment. I shall now put the sub-amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
The sub-amendment is agreed.
Now we come to the main Amendment 21, as amended. Does anyone wish to speak against the amendment, as amended?
What is the opinion of the Committee?
I shall now put the amendment, as amended, to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
Amendment 21, as amended, is agreed.
We will now proceed to vote on the draft resolution contained in Document 16421, as amended. I remind you that a simple majority is required.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result to be displayed.
The draft resolution in Document 16421, as amended, is adopted.
We will now take the amendment to the draft recommendation. I remind you that speeches on amendments are limited to 30 seconds.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee on Legal affairs and Human Rights wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendment 18 to the draft recommendation, Document 16421, which was anonymously approved by the Committee, be declared as definitively approved. Is that so, Mr Eerik-Niiles KROSS?
Estonie, ADLE, Président de la Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme
17:35:06
Correct.
Estonie, ADLE, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:35:08
If no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be approved.
Is there an objection?
Amendment 18 to the draft recommendation is therefore approved and will not be called.
We will now proceed to vote on a draft recommendation contained in Document 16421 as amended.
I remind you that a two-thirds majority is required.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed.I call for the result to be displayed.
The draft recommendation in Document 16421 as amended is adopted.
Autriche, SOC, Présidente de l'Assemblée
17:36:12
Costis, before you leave, allow me also some words, and I will combine these words with words to Ms Laura CASTEL at the same time.
So, dear Costis, dear, dear Laura,
Today, we say goodbye to two very valued members. You will stay here until the end of the week. But it's on the occasion of your two last reports.
I think I need the chance to say something because I would like, on behalf of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), to express my sincere gratitude for your commitment, your work and your contribution to our common mission. Your final reports are a fitting symbol for your time here. Parliamentary work is not only about debates in this Chamber, but about dedication, dialogue and determination to make a difference through democratic institutions.
You have both brought your experience, your expertise and your very, very personal passion and commitment to this Assembly. You have contributed to our debates, strengthened our common efforts and helped uphold the values that unite us: democracy, rule of law and human rights.
PACE is built by people who serve it. Mandates may come to an end, but the impact of committed members remains in the work we continue and in the colleagues you all leave behind here.
I would like to congratulate you both wholeheartedly, dear Costis, dear Laura, for your committed service, for your sincere collegiality and your highly valuable contribution to this Assembly. I wish you both every success in the future, and I hope that you will always consider this Hemicycle as your home.
Thank you very much.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
17:43:28
Dear colleagues,
then we resume our meeting with the next item and the last item this afternoon, which is the debate on the report titled "Violent pornography: a test for human rights", presented by Ms Laura CASTEL on behalf of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination.
And we will then hear from Mr Joseph O'REILLY, who will present an opinion on behalf of the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development.
And I will now call Ms Laura CASTEL. And you have 7 minutes now and 3 minutes at the end to the reply to the debate. You have the floor, Ms Laura CASTEL. Laura.
Dear colleagues, in no other place or on no other platforms are women more dehumanised or objectified than in violent pornography. That is why the objective of this report is not to debate pornography, but to investigate the direct impact of extreme and degrading content on the dignity and safety of women and girls.
We are witnessing that digital content is increasingly pervasive, aggressive and violent. The spread of content depicting sexual violence to an indiscriminate community of users that includes minors is massive and must be prevented. There is an alarming rise in content depicting physical and psychological violence, sexual assault and dangerous practices like strangulation, leading to severe neurological consequences.
This violence is not gender neutral. 97% of violence seen targets women and girls and their suffering is a source of sexual excitement. Extensive multidisciplinary research identifies the correlation between violent pornography and violations of women's rights and shows that violent pornography leads to decreased empathy towards the pain of others, adolescent vulnerability and the normalisation of rape culture and a distorted notion of consent, and teaches viewers that women enjoy being coerced, abused or raped.
Colleagues, freedom of expression is a fundamental right. However, it's not absolute, and clarifying whether violent pornography infringes such limits is crucial, especially when it affects minors. That's why we asked the Venice Commission to prepare a study on this matter. And it confirms that states can legally limit violent pornography to protect public health and the rights of others, and that freedom of expression narrows when it involves dehumanisation.
Nevertheless, we should avoid subjective or moralistic criteria and we should focus instead on objective harm and structural discrimination against women. Also, it stresses that a gender-sensitive and harm-based approach should be integrated into legislation and judicial practice and emphasises the importance of the protection of minors through risk assessment, mitigation measures, rapid removal, blocking procedures for harmful content, proportional obligations imposed on online platforms and internet providers, procedural safe words, judicial review and effective remedies regarding blocking or take-down orders.
The Venice Commission concludes that international co-operation should be reinforced in order to align standards and facilitate cross-border evidence sharing and enforcement against the online dissemination of violent content.
Colleagues, in light of all the experts' considerations, we call on different measures: legal regulation, co-operation with online platforms, education, information and awareness-raising measures, crime prevention in the production of pornographic content and finally international co-operation on criminal matters. In this regard, we propose concrete measures such as the prohibition of the production and dissemination of material depicting rape, coercion or degradation, including non-consensual deepfakes; or the implementation of robust age verification systems and the removal of illegal content within 24 or even 48 hours; or the use of artificial intelligence (AI) detection tools and hash databases to identify and block violent or non-consensual material. But at the same time, AI has great potential as a tool to detect such content and limit its spread because it can process vast amounts of data in real time and identify tone of voice and patterns.
Also, we call for comprehensive and mandatory sexual education to help youth analyse critically and reject objectification, support the victims of the pornography industry or image abuse and offer immediate access to legal and psychological assistance.
Regarding the recommendations to the Committee of Ministers, since violent pornography is transnational, we call on them to lead international action and launch a worldwide campaign. As well, we call to co-organise an international conference on the effects and impacts of this violent content on health.
In a nutshell, this resolution concludes that violent pornography is a relevant human rights issue affecting Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which prohibits torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It normalises degradation, violence and sexual assault. And we as legislators and policymakers should address this, including the protection of minors from exposure and the harmful effects on individuals and society as a whole.
I hope all these proposals have your support as well as a fruitful discussion. Thank you, colleagues.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
17:51:11
Thank you, Ms Laura CASTEL.
I call on Mr Joseph O'REILLY for the opinion from the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and and Sustainable Development.
You have 3 minutes, Joseph.
Irlande, PPE/DC, Rapporteur pour avis
17:51:24
Thank you, President.
Can I begin by acknowledging Ms Laura CASTEL's exhaustive and detailed work to produce a quality report which has the support of the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development. I had very constructive exchanges with Ms Laura CASTEL throughout the process.
And I also want to acknowledge the great work of my colleague from the Secretariat of the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development, Ms Jannick DEVAUX.
Our Committee proposed a number of amendments to achieve the best possible warnings. Our second amendment sought to insert the term child sexual abuse material rendering it unambiguously illegal. Our third amendment emphasises the harmful effect of any form of pornography on children and the need to protect them from an exposure to it. Our fourth amendment emphasises the Lanzarote Convention principle that children cannot consent to pornography. Our fifth amendment calls on the Committee of Ministers to act on the Assembly's call to draft an age-appropriate comprehensive sex education programme. Our sixth amendment seeks to reinforce the report's call on all members and observer states to put in place legislation to criminalise sexual abuse material.
Our subsequent amendments require platforms to have up-to-date detection tools, insert the term women and children, need for public education campaigns, the promotion of the Day for the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, on 18 November this year, and age verification critically for "performers" to ensure that they are over 18.
Research in this whole sphere has established that most children are exposed intentionally or unintentionally to pornographic material. Number two, that tragically, pornography has become a key source of information and education about sexuality for many children. Number three, that boys are more likely to view it. Number four, that many adults view it frequently.
The exposure of children to pornography is associated with many harms such as violent and harmful sexual behaviour and an inability to form mutually respectful good relationships. Its most extreme results involve rape and gratuitous violence.
Again, I strongly support this major and comprehensive report, congratulate Ms Laura CASTEL and urge this plenary to enthusiastically endorse it.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
17:54:42
Thank you.
And now we'll go to the speakers list. And I remind the Assembly that the speaking time is limited to 3 minutes for spokespersons for groups and 2 minutes for other members.
And in the debate, I call first, from the Group of the Unified European Left, Ms Alessandra MAIORINO. You have the floor.
Italie, GUE, Porte-parole du groupe
17:55:24
Thank you, Mister President.
On behalf of the Group of the Unified European Left (UEL), I would like to thank the rapporteur for bringing before this Assembly an issue that has remained too long in a political blind spot.
For years, we have discussed violence against women, gender stereotypes and rape culture. Yet, we have often been reluctant to look at one of the largest global industries, which is built upon the commodification of women's bodies and the eroticisation of domination.
Research cited by the rapporteur indicates that 90% of young people are exposed to pornography, some are exposed to between 5 000 hours before the age of 20. Algorithms used by major platforms are designed to maximise engagement and, in doing so, often recommend increasingly violent content.
The issue here is not pornography as such. It is the normalisation of violence.
The report refers to a large body of research linking violent pornography to increased acceptance of violence against women, sexist attitudes, sexual coercion and sexual assault. It cites a review of 500 studies concluding that pornography contributes to gender-based violence.
Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (GREVIO) has repeatedly warned that the normalisation of practices such as strangulation, degradation and non-consensual acts undermines young people's understanding of healthy relationships and genuine consent.
But I would like to raise another question that deserves greater political attention. Too often, the debate focuses exclusively on consumers while ignoring the conditions under which violent pornography is produced. What does consent really mean when economic vulnerability is the condition for participation? Can we genuinely speak of free choice in an industry where visibility, income and survival may depend on producing increasingly extreme, degrading or violent content?
These are not moral questions. These are questions about power, inequality and exploitation. For the UEL Group, there are priorities.
First of all, sexual education and digital literacy are indispensable. If algorithms are educating our children before schools and families do so, then the democratic institutions have already lost ground.
Second, online platforms must finally be held accountable.
Third, our response must remain firmly rooted in women's rights, children's rights and human dignity. Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, but it cannot exempt a multibillion-euro industry from scrutiny when there is growing evidence of its role in normalising violence and inequality.
The real question before us is not whether violent pornography influences society. It is why society continues to treat one of the world's most powerful cultural industries as though it had no influence at all.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
17:58:47
Thank you.
And I now call, from the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group, Ms Luz MARTINEZ SEIJO. You have the floor.
Espagne, SOC, Porte-parole du groupe
17:58:57
Thank you very much, President.
Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to start off by congratulating Ms Laura CASTEL for all her efforts to produce such a measured text in such a complicated environment. We are facing a challenge that directly undermines human rights, equality and the protection of young people: the proliferation of violent pornography in the digital space.
We are not talking about neutral content but rather a reality that trivialises violence, erodes the principle of consent and dehumanises women and girls in particular. Let us be clear about the fact that this kind of content depicts the kind of acts in which violence is depicted as not only normal, but also as something desirable, and that has all kinds of serious implications for society, particularly for young people at an early age. Because adolescents are at a sensitive stage in their development and are subject to intense passions. And this makes it more difficult, when developing their sexuality, to develop empathy and consideration towards others.
Now, some of the figures that have been cited in the report show that young people exposed to violent pornography tend to internalise messages, such as the fact that violence is part and parcel of their sexuality, or that women actually desire these kinds of violence practices, and can often mean that girls have to accept more violent practices and that boys feel that they have to adopt violent or coercive practices. Both of these factors serve to perpetuate gender violence at a very early age.
That is why this report suggests that we take a comprehensive approach and that we need some clearer rules to prohibit violent pornography and make sure that illicit or non-consensual content is taken down as quickly as possible.
We also call on digital platforms to take more responsibility to verify their content and make sure there is greater transparency surrounding this type of content.
Thirdly, we need to look carefully at sex and emotional education. We cannot allow algorithms on the internet to be the primary educators. It is important that we base such education on respect, on bodily autonomy and on consent, and make sure that young people develop their critical thinking so they can detect those kinds of messages that seek to normalise sexual violence.
We have to make sure that freedom of expression cannot serve as a pretext for those who are promoting violence and who are harming human dignity. That is a democratic requirement. We have to build a culture of consent and genuine equality, and that is why we should determinedly press for that focus, and make sure we articulate effectively, as well as make sure that we hold content providers responsible and make sure that we educate young people for a life free of violence.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:02:28
Thank you.
And I now call on Mr Rónán MULLEN from Group of the European People's Party.
Irlande, PPE/DC, Porte-parole du groupe
18:02:37
Thank you very much, Mister Chairman.
First of all, I want to congratulate Ms Laura CASTEL on this report. A lot of hard work has gone into it, and the Group of the European People's Party supports the report, as do I.
Is it the perfect report? No. No report is perfect. It is better to see this report as, I think, a step on a journey to dealing with the cancer of pornography in our society, because it is pornography, in general, that is the problem. It's better to think of violent and extreme pornography as a result, not a cause. Because what the research, of course, shows is that when people are exposed to pornography, particularly the young, they are gradually exposed to more and more extreme forms and indeed find themselves in need of accessing more and more extreme forms of pornography.
And that is why people such as Ms Reem ALSALEM, the UN Special Rapporteur, are very clear that, in the end, there is a problem with pornography per se. That is not, however, to subtract from the very important goal that the rapporteur has identified, that by targeting violent and extreme pornography, we can deal with a very particular problem that is there, and it needs a response that includes, ultimately, recourse to the civil and criminal law, in a way that of course wouldn't attract support just now, regrettably, in relation to pornography in general.
But sooner or later, we are going to have to grasp the nettle, that freedom of expression does not extend to commodifying other people, especially not women and children, but indeed no other human being. And we have a wrong idea of freedom of expression when we see recourse to forms of pornography as somehow a legitimate expression of that. Pornography is not cost-free; it never is. There is no ethical porn.
Pornography is on the rise, and it's a catastrophe. There is a link between it and with the violent behaviours that need to be further investigated. It also has a damaging impact on the mental health of youth. And I want to thank the rapporteur for accepting some of my amendments, touching, for example, on the harms that pornography does in terms of young people's mental health. Also, the need to target payment networks, because that is a key part of targeting the pornography industry.
It violates human dignity in every situation. We must never forget either that children's access to pornography per se is already a form of sexual abuse. And anything that ever colludes in children being able to access pornography is in itself a form of sexual abuse. We need to come to that point in our collective thinking if we're going to put people's rights and dignity front and centre.
Finally, I would say the rights of parents are very important here. The only way you can build trust and get the kind of comprehensive education that the rapporteur calls for, and that this report calls for, is ultimately to respect the primary role of parents as educators. Nothing else will work. And they have moral values that are mostly, in almost every situation, sound. And I think sooner or later we will have to accept as well that parents are partners, not opponents, in the inculcation of the kind of values in young men and women that will lead to a gentle and more respectful society.
But, overall, I want to congratulate the rapporteur on all her hard work.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:06:16
Thank you.
And I now call on Mr Paweł JABŁOŃSKI from the European Conservatives, Patriots & Affiliates Group.
Pologne, CEPA, Porte-parole du groupe
18:06:23
Thank you, President.
And I can only subscribe to what Mr Rónán MULLEN has said. Congratulations to the rapporteur. Very, very good work.
And I, as a conservative, I'm happy that there are some rare occasions when I can even support reports drafted by a member of the far left, which is very good situation. Because the main goal of what we are working on here is too important not to do so. We might have some differences. I will tell about it a little bit later.
But it addresses indeed one of the most important challenges. How will our children perceive sexuality, how they will treat each other, their future wives and husbands, will they be able to form functioning marriages and families? And indeed, for this reason, this is a question of our existence, of our survival.
There are some things that I don't precisely like. For example, that there is written in the recommendation that the violent pornography is a threat to women. It is obviously true, but let us not lose sight of the fact that it's also a huge threat for men, especially for young boys whose minds are being affected, are reshaped by these violent images changing ways, how they perceive women, how they perceive their future wives, harming badly their ability to form functioning families.
Some differences aside, I will still be supporting this as the goal is too important.
And let us be precise about what it targets. Because it's not about freedom of expression. It's not that we are targeting some forms of art, some political messages. It's directly violence. And there is no human right to gain profits from images of rape, of strangulation. There is no right as such. And even the European Convention on Human Rights permits us to impose some limitations.
The most important thing, and perhaps, and this was very, very accurately described in the report, is that what the porn industry is doing to our children is not just a mistake, that some children are mistakenly looking at these images. This is a plan, this is a way of making money. This industry is luring kids into watching these materials. They are falsely labelling it with the names of children's cartoons, so that they have future customers and something must be done about this. I believe that this is a very good step. Although this fight will be very, very tough, very difficult.
But let's face it, this is a culture war. This is a war that we should all be fighting in the interest of our children, in the interest of our survival, of our existence. If this is the war that we would refuse to fight we would be defeated by these multinational corporations that are only counting the money but they don't care about how our children will be affected.
So let's vote for that altogether, putting aside our day-to-day political differences because indeed the goal is too important.
Thank you once again, congratulations for the report.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:09:29
Thank you.
And I now call on Ms Bernadeta COMA from the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
Andorre, ADLE, Porte-parole du groupe
18:09:35
Mister President,
Dear colleagues,
On behalf of the Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), I would first of all like to extend my warmest thanks to Ms Laura CASTEL for the quality of her report and the thorough work she has devoted to a subject that is both sensitive and crucial.
This report reminds us of a reality that we can no longer ignore: violent pornography is not merely a question of morality or individual choice. It is a matter of human rights, gender equality, the protection of minors and respect for human dignity.
Over the years, pornographic content has become more accessible, more widespread and, in many cases, more violent. The violence depicted in this content is predominantly directed at women and girls. It trivialises behaviour which, in reality, constitutes sexual violence or serious violations of personal integrity. It conveys the dangerous idea that domination, humiliation or coercion could be part of normal sexuality, thereby undermining the culture of consent that we strive to promote.
The report also draws our attention to the worrying impact of this content on children and adolescents. Today, the internet and social media are often the primary source of information on sexuality for young people. However, pornography can under no circumstances serve as an educational model. It distorts perceptions of emotional relationships, undermines understanding of consent and has a lasting influence on behaviour.
The research cited in the report also highlights significant psychological and neurological consequences, particularly among the youngest children, whose brains are still developing.
In light of these challenges, the ALDE Group fully supports the report’s key recommendations: strengthening the protection of minors through effective age verification systems, speeding up the removal of illegal content, supporting victims, holding digital platforms more accountable, and strengthening international co-operation.
Our response must therefore be co-ordinated at the European and international level.
Above all, however, we fully endorse the view that comprehensive sexuality education – tailored to young people’s age and based on respect, equality and consent – is one of the most effective tools for preventing such violence.
All sexual activity must be based on consent. Freedom of expression is one of the cornerstones of our democracies. But no freedom can serve as a pretext for trivialising violence or denying human dignity.
Thank you for your attention.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:12:37
Thank you very much.
And now we open the list for the members who wish to speak.
And the first is Ms Aysu BANKOĞLU.
Thank you, Mister President.
Dear colleagues,
First, I would like to thank dear Laura for this timely and important report. It was really nice to meet you here and to be partners for women's rights and fighters for women's rights. I'm really pleased to meet you here.
Dear colleagues,
Gender-based violence is a scourge that has many causes, the main one being the patriarchy and the imbalance of power between women and men in the economy, in society and within the family. Such violence continues to find new ways, of course, of perpetuating and spreading itself. One of these is violent pornography, where violence against women is not only normalised, but often presented as desirable and even glamourised.
I would like to focus on one particular aspect of this report and resolution, which I consider especially important, which is prevention. More specifically, prevention through information and education. As many experts regularly point out, generation after generation of children in Europe has pornography as almost their main source of information about sex and sexuality. It is a source of misinformation, it is misleading and becoming increasingly so. So, teenagers and even pre-teens are exposed to the wrong, dangerous and distorted idea that violence is a standard part of any sexual encounter.
Boys and girls feel almost expected to, respectively, perpetrate this kind of violence and accept it. They receive this harmful information, and too often they have no place to talk about it. Age-appropriate, evidence-based, comprehensive sexuality education in schools is where this conversation should happen.
So, I think, this awareness will empower them to reject such harmful notions and ensure their personal relationships are always defined by consent and mutual respect. It is time to make comprehensive sexual education a reality for all school students, as already recommended on many occasions by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:15:19
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Mr Niklaus-Samuel GUGGER.
Dear Chair,
Dear colleagues,
Freedom is a human right, including the right to a self-determined, respectful sexuality. One that builds, not destroys. Yet millions of children are being robbed of that freedom. A smartphone. One click. That's all it takes to enter a world of violent pornography. Not only on porn sites, but also on social media, messaging apps, even video games.
The fact is alarming: 90% of online pornographic content contains violence against women. Half of all boys aged 12 to 13 visit porn sites every month. Nearly one in two young people says that they imitate what they see. Pornography has become the sex education of an entire generation. The consequences are real. Children develop a distorted view of sexuality. Consent becomes submission. Some developed addictions, others carry trauma for life. Women are dehumanised. Sexual violence is normalised. Images shape attitudes. Attitudes shape action.
We must act. And we can act. Resolution 1835 showed us the way. The legal frameworks exist. Age verification is technically possible. In Switzerland, distributing pornography to minors is already a criminal offence. What is missing is political will. That's why I introduced the motion "ban porn for kids" in the Swiss parliament with full success.
Children deserve freedom, not addiction. Respect, not exploitation. A sexuality grounded in dignity, consent and mutual respect. Let's stop protecting the profits of a billion-dollar industry. Let's start protecting our children.
Thank you for your attention.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:17:26
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Mr Marc RISCH.
Dear colleagues, I would like to speak in German, please.
Many thanks to the rapporteur. I would like to highlight a few aspects of the report.
The report calls for a structured dialogue and co-operation with online platforms. It goes without saying that dialogue is important – always. But when it comes to protecting victims, particularly girls and women, dialogue is ineffective without maximum legislative pressure in the background.
Take this example: the OnlyFans platform is rightly classified by critics as a platform for digital pimping and prostitution. Online courses are offered and networks formed to train men to become OnlyFans managers. A key focus here is on making women emotionally dependent, with courses that teach how to imprison a soul and sexually exploit women. It is a filthy business that must be combatted – nationally and internationally – with the sharpest weapons at the legislature’s disposal.
The violent pornography that is now almost freely accessible is the product of years of shifting boundaries, social desensitisation and habituation. We are familiar with the metaphor of the frog that finds itself in a slowly heating environment, grows accustomed to it and eventually dies unnoticed. And right now, in real time, the loving development of sexuality, eroticism and healthy sexuality are dying. Young girls and boys no longer know what sexuality actually is in the sense of Humana naturalis.
Sexual expectations today are shaped by a porn industry that is as aggressive as it gets. A perverse form of expectation management that already appears to be having a knock-on effect on pop culture. The song "Würg mich" ("Choke Me") recently made it onto the podium at the Eurovision Song Contest.
Let’s take a closer look. From the perspective of infectious diseases and preventive medicine, it is not clear why the depiction of male genitalia without condoms during sexual intercourse and the visibility of bodily fluids – both behind paywalls and elsewhere – has not long since been banned and blacklisted. This is where it all begins when the report speaks of life-threatening acts.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:20:02
Thank you.
And the next speaker is Ms Wanda NOWICKA.
You have the floor.
Thank you, Chair.
While freedom of expression is a fundamental human rights recognised by democratic societies, it is not absolute. Exercising freedom of expression does not give right to hurt, humiliate and exploit. Violent pornography raises significant concerns about the impact of the societies, especially on children, adolescents and it is a real form of violence.
Recently, pornography has drastically evolved. It can be easily accessed by children and young people on their mobile phones. Extremely worrying is a phenomenon of using children's images for pornographic purposes, which is a drastic form of violence and it is a crime. Violent pornography has a detrimental effect on women's and girls self-esteem and dignity. It is necessary to stop violent pornography and prevent negative impact on children, adolescents, women and girls.
The Polish government has recently adopted the draft Law on the protection of children against pornographic content on the web. I am sure that the Polish parliament will vote in favour. Other measures include also comprehensive sex education at schools. We have to remember that children who do not have access to quality sex education are at greater risk of exposure to pornography in social media.
I also strongly support the recommendations of the report to provide in national legislation a clear definition of violent pornography which includes content depicting rape, humiliation, life-threatening acts and all other forms of sexual violence. It is also very important to introduce effective sanctions against online platforms and internet service providers who allow the dissemination of illegal and violent pornographic materials and persistently fail to comply with obligations of removal of pornography from the platforms.
And last words. I would like to thank and congratulate Ms Laura CASTEL for her report.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:22:45
Thank you so much.
And the next speaker is Mr Georgios STAMATIS.
You have the floor.
Thank you.
Dear colleagues,
After the smuggling for the migrants, refugees, after the human trafficking, the new theme that we have is violent pornography. And I would like to congratulate Ms Laura CASTEL, not only for her commitment and path for this report, because this report is one step, two steps, maybe three steps forward from today for tomorrow.
We have not only to protect women, we have to protect our society. Behind violent pornography there are men and dirty minds and huge amounts of money. So we have to destroy this industry. What kind of platforms do we have today? Everybody knows about the dark internet and their websites. So we have to protect our children, our girls, our women and humanity.
And this report shows not only the commitment of the rapporteur, but the steps that each country can make to protect women in this. I have to say one thing to these women: trust yourselves, not others. And we have to empower all these women, all these victims of violent pornography.
And finally, I would like to say something in Spanish: Laura,
I would like to thank you for your work, your co-operation and all of your endeavours in this Assembly.
Best of luck.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:24:56
Thank you very much.
And the next speaker is Baroness Lyn BROWN.
You have the floor.
Thank you.
The online world has grown. Pornography has proliferated. And this report accurately describes, violent pornography featuring women strangled, slapped, spat on, or worse. It's been normalised.
These vile male power fantasies objectify women as submissive, constantly available, existing solely for the gratification of men. Exposure can alter what young men and women believe as acceptable in their own relationships, creating a culture of sexual violence and dangerous practices, such as strangulation.
There is no safe way to strangle someone, even a small amount of pressure on the neck can harm the brain, with devastating consequences. Yet, many porn sites actively push extreme content and they host outright illegal videos, including child sexual abuse and rape.
This year the UK has made progress tackling pornography that depicts dangerous or illegal acts. We have criminalised the depiction of strangulation, incest and adults pretending to be under 16. Porn sites are required actively to detect and block such content, with enforcement and fines for non-compliance. Yet, there is much left to do to ensure parity between offline and online pornography. What is illegal on the high street should be illegal online too.
As this report rightly says, we must challenge harmful practices and expectations through comprehensive sex education, reaffirming consent as a prerequisite for every single sexual interaction.
Let's affirm, extreme pornography promotes coercion and violence. It promotes misogyny. We've got to recognise this threat to women and girls and work to restrict the poisonous content that the porn barons are able to peddle.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:27:11
Thank you very much.
And the next speaker is Ms Kolbrún Áslaugar BALDURSDÓTTIR
You have the floor.
Mister President.
I would like to begin by thanking the rapporteur, Ms Laura CASTEL, for this extensive report. The rapporteur has examined the issue in depth and spoken to experts, victims and lawyers from around the world.
The fundamental question is whether violent pornography is part of free speech or whether it constitutes systemic violence against women and children that we have a duty to stop.
Research shows that around 90% of young people have seen pornography. Today, access to such material is easy through smartphones and social media. Many young people are exposed to pornography for the first time between the ages of 11 and 13, often by accident.
As a psychologist myself, I am well aware of the consequences that repeated exposure to pornography can have on young children and people. Pornography can give young people an unrealistic image of sex and relationships. Research also suggests that excessive exposure may affect how young people understand consent, relationships and appropriate behaviour.
The report reminds us that violent pornography is not gender-neutral. In the vast majority of cases, women and girls are the targets of the violence depicted. It is therefore crucial to intervene early through prevention and to strengthen sex education so that young people understand boundaries, consent and what constitutes a healthy and respectful relationship.
The law must be clear, and online platforms and social media companies must take greater responsibility for identifying and removing illegal content.
Protecting children and women from violence is a public health issue.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:29:21
Thank you so much. And the next speaker is Ms Patricia STEPHENSON. You have the floor.
Thank you very much. And I really want to congratulate Ms Laura CASTEL and Mr Joseph O'REILLY for their work on this really, really excellent, important report.
There are serious concerns about the increasing proliferation of violent and extreme pornographic content on online forums, and, in particular, how this content normalises gender-based violence and the dehumanisation of women and girls.
There's a mass growing availability of such content online. It is extremely concerning when set within the context of rising sexual violence rates in Europe. In Ireland, one in four women has experienced some form of sexual violence as an adult with their partner.
This is why the existence of violent and extreme pornography which glamourises and encourages violence during sex, including depictions of sexual assault, coercion and non-consensual conduct, is so alarming. Of particular concern is how the dangerous practice of strangulation, often referred to as "non-fatal strangulation", is becoming increasingly normalised and common among young people’s sexual habits.
A UK-based study found that nearly half of sexually active young people had experienced strangulation and that more than half of those under 35 had. More than half of 35-year-olds had experienced strangulation during sex.
Depictions of choking are now rife on mainstream porn sites, and experts have attributed the rise of this practice among young people to their increased exposure to this online content. A 2023 report found that the average age at which a child first accesses this content is 13 years old.
Can you imagine the brain of a 13-year-old child seeing this really, really extreme content? It's incredibly alarming.
So I fully endorse this report's specific call for comprehensive sex education for young people to counter the harmful material they are being exposed to online, and a key component of this education needs to be greater media literacy, as the report suggests, to help young people identify and reject violent pornography in all of its forms.
This is so fundamental when we talk about gender-based violence, when we talk about the escalating figures of gender-based violence, despite the commitments that we have under the Istanbul Convention, prevention is fundamental. We can do all of the protection stuff, we can have all of the great access to justice opportunities, which we still don't, but until we tackle the prevention piece, we are going to be on this uphill battle.
So thank you so much.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:31:34
Thank you so much.
And now it's Ms Agnes Sirkka PRAMMER.
Agnes, you have the floor.
Mister President,
Dear colleagues,
I would like to thank you for this report, as it takes a very nuanced approach. And that is important when dealing with this issue, because pornography in itself is not bad; rather, the problem lies in violent pornography. Violent pornography is a major problem, precisely because it is not only accessible to people who can handle it – those who are adults capable of making informed, independent decisions – but is accessible to everyone, and in particular to young people.
And if we think back to when we were at the age where we were interested in it and tried to get hold of pornography, we had to secretly pop some huge VHS tapes into some massive video recorders and make sure you didn’t get caught by your parents or other guardians. Now you just use your mobile, pull the duvet over your head or sit in the school loo, and everything is accessible. And the worst violent pornographic videos aren’t just accessible on the dark web or via some hidden channels. All you have to do is press the ‘I’m over 18’ button, and then you're in – and a world of violence opens up, along with role models and depictions that a young mind simply cannot process, nor should it be expected to.
That is why it is important that we regulate this area. We cannot rely on platforms to regulate themselves. Because, as has already been said, platforms want to make money. Our task is to put regulations in place here. We also ban speeding because it is dangerous. We also ban drugs because they are dangerous. And that is why, despite freedom of expression, it is permissible to ban violent pornography: simply because it is dangerous.
Thank you very much.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:33:41
Thank you. And the next speaker is Ms Valérie PILLER CARRARD. You have the floor.
Thank you, Mister President,
Dear colleagues,
Digitalisation is causing a dramatic surge in the consumption of pornography. Facilitated by the smartphone, it has never been so accessible, free and violent.
This violence is not neutral: it targets women, girls and children on a massive scale. By subjugating them and turning them into objects, violent pornography dehumanises and trivialises gender-based violence. It paves the way for an increase in such violence in real life.
What is the impact on our young people who are discovering sexuality through these images of domination? As a parliamentarian, but also as the mother of three teenage boys, this issue concerns me deeply. A young boy who stumbles across these scenes will feel arousal – engineered by algorithms – and believe that the adult world condones this violence. Curious, often inexperienced and in search of role models, the young man will return to this violent pornography site, believing that sexuality is what he sees. This can have disastrous repercussions on his overall view of girls, on how he will interact with them in the future, and on his attitude towards violence.
Hence, the importance of establishing a dialogue in schools and strengthening age-appropriate sex education that emphasises that consent and mutual agreement are essential before any sexual act, out of respect for the other person.
Colleagues, I urge you to support this report and its resolution. It is urgent that we press our governments to take measures to restrict access to violent pornography.
I shall conclude with this quote from Doctor GARCIA, taken from the excellent report by our colleague Ms Laura CASTEL, who stated: “What is the need to incorporate violence inflicted on women and girls in sex videos? Why should boys and girls develop a vision of sexuality that is based on aggression, and why should adults be convinced that this is an acceptable, pleasurable and almost necessary component of sex?”
Thank you for your attention.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:35:57
Thank you very much.
And the last speaker will be Mr Francesco VERDUCCI.
Francesco, you have the floor.
Thank you, Chair.
Dear Ms Laura CASTEL, as your report states, violent pornography is not neutral, and that is the crux of the matter. The crux lies in the marks it leaves, the repercussions, the toxic elements – not just for adolescents, but for our entire society. It is a form of consumption which, more often than not, is not a free choice but is induced and imposed by the cut-throat market of platforms and algorithms; we must therefore demand regulations, without fail, where violence, humiliation and coercion are portrayed as if they were ordinary forms of sexuality. This produces a profound, distorting effect that destroys precisely that culture of consent and respect which must form the basis of every human relationship.
For this reason, I wish to emphasise that the fight against pornography cannot be understood in a reactionary or obscurantist sense. It would be disastrous if anyone were to use it as a pretext to halt sex and emotional education in schools. It is precisely education about relationships, emotions and inclusive sexuality that is the most powerful means we have to counter models of violent pornography, and to ensure we can always distinguish between what constitutes consent and what constitutes coercion.
This is a very serious issue – cultural, social, fundamental – and one that lies at the very heart of our everyday relationships. It is such a serious issue that it shapes who we are and the very idea of the society we want. Because, as we know full well, an egalitarian democracy and a fairer world can only be built on the basis of equal and fair emotional relationships.
Thank you, Ms Laura CASTEL, for this work and for what you will continue to do.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:38:29
Thank you very much.
That concludes the list of speakers and I now call on Ms Laura CASTEL. You have 3 minutes to reply.
Well, first of all, thank you.
Thank you for the broadest support, for all your comments.
Thanks also for the valuable discussions that we have done in the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination throughout these two years and all these very good discussions.
Thanks also to the priceless co-operation with the Venice Commission and also thank you to the visit in the United Kingdom, because the United Kingdom legislation and policies has been a source of inspiration.
Dear colleagues,
During these 2 years drafting this report, we understood several facts that we all agreed on. Violent pornography constitutes a significant human rights problem. The violence depicted primarily affects women and girls and there is a growing concern among international organisations about its potential effects on gender equality, public health, sexual violence and child development.
And finally, violent pornography should not be considered solely a matter of freedom of expression or entertainment, but also a challenge to human rights. Because violent pornography is not harmless fiction, it is a systemic threat to gender equality, child protection and public health. We must act, therefore, through a co-ordinated response to protect human rights for all.
I would like to conclude by thanking the Secretary of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination, Mr Giorgio LODDO, and the Secretary General of my political group, Ms Anna KOLOTOVA, for the unconditional help and support in the preparation of this report.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:40:48
Thank you so much.
And does the Chairperson want to speak? And it's okay to be moved.
Monaco, ADLE, Présidente de la Commission sur l'égalité et la non-discrimination
18:41:02
Thank you, Mr President,
First and foremost, I would also like to say how much I have enjoyed working with you over the years.
We are witnessing an escalation in pornography, with increasingly violent practices designed to meet demand and grab attention. However, whilst pornography may be an expression of free sexuality, it must not be an industry that dehumanises people.
In many videos, we are no longer simply talking about filmed sexuality. We are seeing scenes of violence and humiliation, which can often be likened to acts of torture.
This raises a key question: that of consent. Can we truly speak of free and informed consent when economic or psychological pressures, or manipulation, are involved? In law, consent obtained under duress is not consent.
Here, we must distinguish between two realities.
On the one hand, pornography as scripted fiction.
On the other hand, "porn crime" refers to situations where videos serve as a medium for real-life violence: rape, revenge porn, abuse or humiliation. These are not my own words, but those of women – former actresses or victims of this industry – who have spoken out.
This is no longer cinema; it is reality.
Given the way it has evolved, pornography – especially without any accompanying education – contributes to violence against women. Must Eros coexist with Thanatos? I don’t think so. Sylvie PIERRE-BROSSOLETTE is right when she claims that these platforms are "factory-producing future rapists".
Even psychologists are sounding the alarm, arguing that this content enables the eroticisation and fantasising of domination, humiliation and sexual violence. It trivialises brutality, incest and even child sexual abuse.
Furthermore, the widespread access of minors to these platforms, despite European debates on age verification, poses a problem. Current measures, which can easily be circumvented via VPNs or by hacking accounts, remain inadequate. Some reports even mention the theft of videos from censored platforms in order to republish them illegally on other sites, with the aim of circumventing the control mechanisms put in place.
This issue is therefore not a moral one. It is a social issue, and now, a matter of criminal policy.
The Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination thanks the rapporteur for her work, which emphasises that whilst freedom of expression remains a fundamental principle when it relates to consensual, non-violent content that respects human dignity, restricting it becomes legitimate, proportionate and necessary when the content is violent, coercive or degrading, in order to guarantee safety and dignity.
Thank you once again, Ms Laura CASTEL, for this report, and thank you for your hard work on the Committee.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:44:06
The Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination has presented a draft resolution to which 25 amendments and three sub-amendments have been tabled. The Committee has also presented a draft recommendation to which five amendments have been been tabled.
And we will start by taking the amendments to the draft resolution. They will be taken in the order in which they appear in the Compendium. And I remind you, speeches on amendments are limited to 30 seconds.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 1, 2, 17, 3, 4, 5, 26, 22, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, which were unanimously approved by the Committee, be declared as definitively approved.
Is that so? That is so.
So, if no one objects, I'll consider the amendments to be approved.
Is there any objection? There's no objection.
So, Amendments 1, 2, 17, 3, 4, 5, 26, 22, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 to the draft resolution are therefore approved and will not be called.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee also wishes to propose to the Assembly that Amendments 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25 and 27, to the draft resolution, which were rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared as definitively rejected. I understand that Amendments 15 and 21 were also rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority. However, because Amendments 15 and 21 are subject to sub-amendments, they will be taken separately.
I understand that Amendment 26 was also rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority. However, because Amendment 26 is subject to an oral amendment, it will be taken separately. Is that so, Ms Béatrice FRESKO-ROLFO? It is so. Thank you.
So if no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be rejected.
Yes?
Vice-President,
Dear colleagues,
With this Amendment 16, you are effectively undermining the whole report. This is really about violent pornography.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:46:54
We just need to see if there are 10 members who object to the amendment. There have to be 10 members objecting. You cannot have a speech now.
Okay, thank you.
There are no objections.
So I call that Amendment 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25 and 27 to the draft resolution are therefore rejected and will not be called.
Thank you.
Then, there is a sub-amendment proposed to Amendment 15.
And I first call Mr Rónán MULLEN to support Amendment 15. You have 30 seconds, Mr Rónán MULLEN.
Thank you, Mister President.
And want to thank the rapporteur again for proposing this sub-amendment.
I think this just sets the context that, against the background of violent pornography, there is often a hidden violence and a lack of freedom, coercion, situations of economic and social disadvantage, even where pornography is not ostensibly violent or extreme. That, as the sub-amendment proposes, it may benefit from situations where participants are actually very much disadvantaged and oppressed.
Thank you.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:48:34
Thank you.
And I call on Ms Laura CASTEL to support the sub-amendment.
Yes. Thank you, Chair.
My proposal is to substitute the word "almost", because he proposes "almost invariably proceed and benefit" by "may proceed and benefit".
So change "almost" for the word "may".
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:48:59
Does anyone want to speak against the sub-amendment? That is not the case.
What is the opinion of Mr Rónán MULLEN?
Sorry. I would obviously have preferred it not to have been changed at all, but I'm happy with the compromise and accept the sub-amendment.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:49:24
Okay, and the Committee is obviously in favour of the sub-amendment. So I'll now put it to the vote.
The vote is open.
And I close the vote. I call for the result.
The amendment is adopted.
Thank you.
And now we come to the main Amendment 15. Does anyone want to speak against the Amendment 15? It's not the case.
What is the opinion of the Committee? And the Committee is in favour. I now put the amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed. I call for the result.
The amendment is adopted.
And now we turn to sub-amendments proposed to Amendment 21.
I call Mr Rónán MULLEN to support Amendment 21. And you have 30 seconds, Mr Rónán MULLEN.
Thank you very much.
This has to do with research, if I recall correctly. Sorry. This has to do with requiring online platforms hosting pornographic and sexually explicit content to prevent private individuals from uploading such content. So I think that's changed to "uploading violent content". And again, I'm happy to accept that compromise.
The important point is that private individuals would not be enabled to upload content where these websites and platforms are operating because this is a very unaccountable behaviour, and that exposes much greater levels of risk of very harmful content.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:51:51
Thank you. I ask Ms Laura CASTEL to support Sub-amendment 1.
My proposal is, instead of after Paragraph 16.2, put in Paragraph 16.2.2, which is one part of the proposal. And then substitute the word "such", "uploading such content". Instead of this, I propose the word "uploading violent content". This is the proposal of the sub-amendment.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:52:32
Thank you.
And with this I think, as I heard, you have talked now about both sub-amendments.
But I also heard, Mr Rónán MULLEN, that you supported the Sub-Amendment 1.
Is that true? Yes, you are nodding so, and the Committee on Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development is obviously in favour.
And I now put Sub-Amendment 1 to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed.
I call for the result.
The Sub-Amendment 1 is adopted.
I now call on...
No. You have actually also spoken about Sub-Amendment 2, Ms Laura CASTEL.
So, does anyone want to speak against this sub-amendment?
And what is here the opinion of Mr Rónán MULLEN?
You are in favour. Thank you. And the Committee on Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development is obviously in favour.
And I'll now put the Sub-Amendment 2 to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed.
I call for the result.
And the sub-amendment is adopted.
And now we go to the main one, Amendment 21 as amended.
Does anyone wants to speak against this amendment?
That's not the case.
What is the opinion of the Committee? The Committee is in favour.
So I now put it to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed.
I call for the results.
And the Amendment, as amended, is adopted.
And then we move on to Amendment 26.
And here I understand, Mr Rónán MULLEN, that your wish is to withdraw Amendment 26 in favour of a compromise amendment.
Is that so? That is so.
And then I have received this oral amendment from Ms Laura CASTEL, who is the rapporteur, which reads as follows: "In paragraph 16.3.7 replace the words 'violent pornographNay with the words 'violent and non-violent pornography".
And in my opinion, this oral amendment meets the criteria.
Is there any opposition to the amendment being debated?
That's not the case, so therefore I call Ms Laura CASTEL to support the oral amendment.
You have 30 seconds.
It's because it's about research, research about the social and psychological effects. So it is okay. Support research on these effects on the normal, I would say, pornography. So not delete violent, the word violent, instead try to research violent pornography and pornography research effects, yes.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
18:56:22
Thank you very much.
Does anyone want to speak against this oral amendment?
That's not the case, and the Committee is obviously in favour, and I now put the oral amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
The vote is closed. I call for the result.
The amendment is adopted.
We will now proceed to vote on the draft resolution, and here a simple majority is required.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed. I call for the results.
The resolution as amended is adopted.
[Applause]
And now we move to the draft recommendation and take the five amendments which have been put forward. And I remind you again that speeches are limited to 30 seconds.
I understand that the Chairperson of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination wishes to propose to the Assembly that amendments 28, 29 and 32 to the draft recommendation, which were rejected by the Committee with a two-thirds majority, be declared definitively rejected.
Is that so, Ms Béatrice FRESKO-ROLFO? It is so.
And if no one objects, I will consider the amendments to be approved.
Is there any objection? Ah, to be rejected, of course. Is there any objection to them being objected? That's not the case.
So Amendments 28, 29 and 32 to the draft recommendation are therefore rejected and will not be called.
We will then move to Amendment 13. And I call Mr Joseph O'REILLY, rapporteur for opinion, to support Amendment 13. And you have 30 seconds, Mr Joseph O'REILLY.
You move this amendment. Does anybody want to speak against?
What is the opinion of the Committee? You were in favour with a large majority.
I'll now put it to the vote.
The vote is open for Amendment number 13.
And the vote is closed. I call for the result.
The amendment is adopted.
And I go to Amendment 14. I call again, Mr Joseph O'REILLY, to support Amendment 14.
Irlande, PPE/DC, Rapporteur pour avis
19:00:03
Thank you.
Just to say, I want to underline the crucial role and responsibility of technology companies in ensuring that children are effectively protected, in particular, through safety by design for devices and tools. So in other words, that there are sufficient protections technologically.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
19:00:30
Thank you.
Does anybody want to speak against? That's not the case.
What is your opinion of the Committee?
Monaco, ADLE, Présidente de la Commission sur l'égalité et la non-discrimination
19:00:38
Passed by a very large majority.
Danemark, SOC, Président de l'Assemblée
19:00:41
The Committee is in favour with a large majority.
I now put the amendment to the vote.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed. I call for the results.
The amendment is agreed to.
Then we come to the draft recommendation contained in Document 16422 as amended. And I remind you that a two-thirds majority is required.
The vote is open.
And the vote is closed. I call for the result.
The recommendation is adopted.
Thank you very much and congratulations.
[Applause]
And the Assembly will hold its next public sitting tomorrow morning at 10:15 a.m., with the Agenda approved on Monday morning.
The sitting is adjourned. Have a good evening, everyone. Sleep tight.